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Economy of Comoros vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Comoros has a GDP of $1.44B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 183/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Comoros has $463M in government debt (32.2% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Comoros vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Comoros
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Comoros United Kingdom
2024 $1,440,991,455 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $1,326,836,543 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $1,222,485,532 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $1,272,238,391 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $1,218,763,671 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $1,187,915,409 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $1,178,530,633 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $1,077,439,757 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $1,012,835,493 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $966,029,601 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $1,149,587,661 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $1,116,224,107 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $1,015,843,491 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $1,023,086,274 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $907,978,731 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $905,341,173 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $915,659,108 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $795,673,153 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $688,498,642 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $655,375,096 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $622,679,660 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $546,830,041 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $427,360,070 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $372,746,486 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $339,504,306 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $371,921,712 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $363,932,160 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $362,816,806 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $392,488,149 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $392,774,714 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $314,789,556 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $427,750,823 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $436,552,922 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $400,592,663 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $401,561,022 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $328,665,081 $926,884,816,754
1988 $336,422,522 $910,122,732,124
1987 $313,292,323 $745,162,608,269
1986 $258,143,903 $601,452,653,181
1985 $191,944,892 $489,285,164,271
1984 $189,102,734 $461,487,097,632
1983 $196,193,380 $489,618,008,186
1982 $202,152,462 $515,048,916,841
1981 $212,958,382 $540,765,675,241
1980 $243,390,496 $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Comoros vs United Kingdom by year

Comoros
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Comoros United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,663 $3,959 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $1,560 $3,812 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $1,465 $3,642 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $1,555 $3,378 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $1,519 $3,245 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $1,510 $3,293 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $1,527 $3,276 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $1,424 $3,347 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $1,365 $3,139 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $1,329 $2,949 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $1,616 $2,938 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $1,603 $2,833 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $1,490 $2,679 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $1,531 $2,472 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $1,387 $2,372 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $1,410 $2,304 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $1,455 $2,262 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $1,290 $2,178 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $1,138 $2,146 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,106 $2,162 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,072 $2,025 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $960 $1,949 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $765 $1,912 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $681 $1,838 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $633 $1,741 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $707 $1,753 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $704 $1,713 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $715 $1,723 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $786 $1,651 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $801 $1,657 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $653 $1,564 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $903 $1,623 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $939 $1,575 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $879 $1,464 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $903 $1,546 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $759 - $16,239 -
1988 $798 - $15,987 -
1987 $763 - $13,119 -
1986 $646 - $10,611 -
1985 $494 - $8,652 -
1984 $501 - $8,179 -
1983 $534 - $8,692 -
1982 $566 - $9,146 -
1981 $613 - $9,599 -
1980 $721 - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

Comoros' GDP per capita is $1,663, ranking 161/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Comoros ranks 167th at $3,959, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Comoros United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$1.44B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
183/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
3.34%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,663
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
161/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,959
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
167/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$463M
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
32.2%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$535
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
166/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,192
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
33.6%
2014
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.6%
2014
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.1%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.39%
2021
4.36%
2024
Population
903776
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Comoros
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Comoros United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 19.1% 32.2% 44% 101.2%
2023 17.9% 28.7% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 18.4% 28.2% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 20% 26.3% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 18.8% 24.3% 50% 105.8%
2019 20.1% 21.2% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 19.2% 17% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 18.8% 18.9% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 18.9% 16.2% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 19.1% 14.3% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 14.5% 11.8% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 14.8% 10.3% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 14.9% 25.1% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 13.2% 27.7% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 13.3% 30.5% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 13.7% 31.7% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 15.1% 33.2% 41% 50.8%
2007 13.1% 35.6% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 12.5% 38.5% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 12.8% 39.9% 38.4% 41%
2004 11.7% 42.4% 38% 39.8%
2003 12.8% 44.4% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 14.3% 48.2% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 13% 53% 34.7% 35%
2000 9.74% 60.7% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 11.5% 64.5% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 13.1% 69.4% 34.5% 42%
1997 14.5% 70.9% 34.9% 44.1%
1996 15.5% 75.4% 35.7% 43.7%
1995 18.4% 77.7% 37.6% 43.7%
1994 21.8% 87.8% 37.5% 40.7%
1993 16.3% 95.7% 37.8% 38%
1992 20.4% 101% 37.8% 33.2%
1991 19.9% 103.9% 35.9% 28.5%
1990 20.3% 108.1% 35% 28.5%
1989 19.7% 113.7% 39.7% 31.4%
1988 20.2% 119.9% 40.3% 36.6%
1987 22.4% 128.8% 42.7% 41.8%
1986 25.6% 136.6% 44.6% 42.9%
1985 24.8% 142.8% 48.7% 42.9%
1984 23.3% 150.1% 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Comoros' government spending was $276M, accounting for 19.1% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.2% in Comoros and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 153/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Comoros

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Comoros United Kingdom
2024 -2.92% -5.75%
2023 -1.34% -6.05%
2022 -3.93% -4.56%
2021 -2.81% -7.72%
2020 -0.52% -13.2%
2019 -4.3% -2.47%
2018 -1.35% -2.27%
2017 -0.1% -2.49%
2016 -5.52% -3.31%
2015 2.6% -4.59%
2014 -0.33% -5.53%
2013 10.5% -5.34%
2012 1.96% -7.45%
2011 0.86% -7.38%
2010 4.2% -9.22%
2009 0.36% -10.1%
2008 -1.46% -5.09%
2007 -1.18% -2.65%
2006 -1.51% -2.76%
2005 -1.41% -3.15%
2004 -0.98% -3.16%
2003 -2.05% -3.22%
2002 -2.15% -1.96%
2001 -2.13% 0.34%
2000 -1.14% 1.4%
1999 -0.46% 0.76%
1998 -2% -0.21%
1997 -1.3% -2.01%
1996 -3.43% -3.65%
1995 -4.13% -4.99%
1994 -3.7% -5.74%
1993 1.27% -6.62%
1992 -1.99% -5.41%
1991 -2.26% -2.77%
1990 -1.03% -1.54%
1989 -1.31% 0.77%
1988 -2.69% 0.46%
1987 -3.11% -1.79%
1986 -4.83% -2.56%
1985 -5.02% -5.57%
1984 -5.7% -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Comoros' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $42.1M, equivalent to 2.92% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Comoros recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 36 years. On average, Comoros posted an annual deficit equal to 1.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.02% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Comoros

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Comoros United Kingdom
2024 5% 3.27%
2023 8.5% 6.79%
2022 12.4% 7.92%
2021 0% 2.52%
2020 0.8% 0.99%
2019 3.7% 1.74%
2018 1.7% 2.29%
2017 0.1% 2.56%
2016 0.8% 1.01%
2015 0.9% 0.37%
2014 0% 1.45%
2013 0.4% 2.29%
2012 5.9% 2.57%
2011 2.2% 3.86%
2010 3.9% 2.49%
2009 4.8% 1.96%
2008 4.8% 3.52%
2007 4.5% 2.39%
2006 3.4% 2.46%
2005 3% 2.09%
2004 4.5% 1.39%
2003 3.7% 1.38%
2002 3.6% 1.52%
2001 5.6% 1.53%
2000 5.9% 1.18%
1999 1.1% 1.75%
1998 1.2% 1.82%
1997 1.5% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Comoros has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.35%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 5% in Comoros and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Comoros
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $327K
Raw agricultural goods $121K
Machinery & equipment $10K
Textiles & consumer goods $9K
Wood & paper products $9K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $349K
Machinery & equipment $287K
Chemicals & pharma $143K
Textiles & consumer goods $86K
Weapons & explosives $21K
Raw materials & minerals $19K
Wood & paper products $19K
Miscellaneous $16K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2K

Balance of trade

Comoros United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$24.6M
2023
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
80/190
2023
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.86%
2023
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$299M
2023
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$32.1M
2023
$494B
2024
Service imports
$205M
2023
$411B
2024
Service exports
$116M
2023
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.5%
2024
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
9.91%
2024
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Comoros United Kingdom
Economic freedom 52.7 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 145/197 35/197
Property rights 25.3 93.6
Government integrity 17.9 83
Judicial effectiveness 23.1 83.1
Tax burden 65.3 61.7
Government spending 89.8 41.1
Fiscal health 86 32.4
Business freedom 55.3 83.6
Labor freedom 56.2 61.2
Monetary freedom 73.8 71.9
Trade freedom 64.2 82.8
Investment freedom 45 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Comoros
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Comoros United Kingdom
2026 52.7 70.4
2025 51.4 69.3
2024 52 68.6
2023 53.5 69.9
2022 50.4 72.7
2021 55.7 78.4
2020 53.7 79.3
2019 55.4 78.9
2018 56.2 78
2017 55.8 76.4
2016 52.4 76.4
2015 52.1 75.8
2014 51.4 74.9
2013 47.5 74.8
2012 45.7 74.1
2011 43.8 74.5
2010 44.9 76.5
2009 43.3 79
2008 - 79.4
2007 - 79.9
2006 - 80.4
2005 - 79.2
2004 - 77.7
2003 - 77.5
2002 - 78.5
2001 - 77.6
2000 - 77.3
1999 - 76.2
1998 - 76.5
1997 - 76.4
1996 - 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Comoros is 52.7, ranking 145/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Comoros United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
50.1%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.56%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
36.6%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.38B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,980
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$324M
2024
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
166/177
2024
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.35M
2023
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$7.1M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.7%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
44.8%
2020
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
11.7%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.