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Economy of Slovenia vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Slovenia has a GDP of $73B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 86/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Slovenia has $48.6B in government debt (66.6% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Slovenia vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Slovenia
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Slovenia United Kingdom
2024 $72,972,015,197 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $69,255,264,238 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $59,899,117,741 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $61,540,813,362 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $53,384,760,135 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $53,909,922,736 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $53,689,067,640 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $48,153,200,135 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $44,290,685,824 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $42,709,468,275 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $49,514,466,380 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $47,867,056,859 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $46,167,053,954 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $51,199,194,599 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $47,793,117,241 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $49,975,540,955 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $55,509,332,322 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $47,880,266,543 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $39,260,368,837 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $35,947,936,824 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $34,156,553,313 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $29,360,575,032 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $23,214,593,516 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $20,668,868,707 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $20,159,190,702 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $22,609,669,084 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $22,058,635,314 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $20,726,878,752 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $21,470,699,363 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $21,367,422,159 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $16,400,767,070 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $14,449,298,372 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $14,277,261,541 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $14,454,495,059 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $19,832,029,087 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 - $926,884,816,754
1988 - $910,122,732,124
1987 - $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Slovenia vs United Kingdom by year

Slovenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Slovenia United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $34,301 $57,186 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $32,660 $56,064 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $28,360 $52,347 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $29,193 $45,914 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $25,392 $41,767 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $25,814 $42,373 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $25,888 $38,620 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $23,303 $36,180 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $21,448 $33,575 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $20,697 $31,336 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $24,013 $30,572 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $23,237 $29,634 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $22,442 $28,787 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $24,941 $28,716 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $23,330 $27,579 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $24,502 $27,229 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $27,462 $29,461 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $23,725 $27,468 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $19,563 $25,571 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $17,970 $23,682 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $17,104 $22,588 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $14,712 $20,916 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $11,639 $20,004 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $10,376 $18,763 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $10,136 $17,892 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $11,401 $17,007 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $11,132 $15,994 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $10,437 $15,257 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $10,797 $14,284 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $10,738 $13,637 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $8,244 $13,975 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $7,255 $12,976 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $7,151 $12,296 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $7,229 $12,698 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $9,925 $13,491 $19,095 $16,505
1989 - - $16,239 -
1988 - - $15,987 -
1987 - - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Slovenia's GDP per capita is $34,301, ranking 34/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Slovenia ranks 37th at $57,186, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Slovenia United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$73B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
86/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
1.73%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$34,301
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
34/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,186
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
37/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$48.6B
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
66.6%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,842
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
29/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,215
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$11.4B
2024
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
20.6%
2023
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.1%
2023
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
46.5%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.97%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.7%
2024
4.36%
2024
Population
2124138
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Slovenia
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Slovenia United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 46.5% 66.6% 44% 101.2%
2023 46.4% 68.3% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 47.7% 72.8% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 49.9% 74.8% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 51.8% 80.2% 50% 105.8%
2019 43.8% 66% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 44.1% 71% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 44.6% 74.9% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 46.9% 79.4% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 49.5% 83.4% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 50.6% 81.1% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 57.7% 70.8% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 50% 54.1% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 51.4% 46.8% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 50.7% 38.6% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 50% 34.9% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 45.2% 21.9% 41% 50.8%
2007 43.5% 22.9% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 45.7% 26.2% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 46.7% 26.6% 38.4% 41%
2004 46.9% 27.1% 38% 39.8%
2003 47.6% 27% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 47.8% 27.7% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 49.2% 26.3% 34.7% 35%
2000 47.8% 26.1% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 47.2% 23.8% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 46.4% 22.8% 34.5% 42%
1997 45.4% 22.1% 34.9% 44.1%
1996 45.2% 21.6% 35.7% 43.7%
1995 53% 18.2% 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Slovenia's government spending was $33.9B, accounting for 46.5% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 66.6% in Slovenia and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 66/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Slovenia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Slovenia United Kingdom
2024 -0.93% -5.75%
2023 -2.59% -6.05%
2022 -3.02% -4.56%
2021 -4.61% -7.72%
2020 -7.68% -13.2%
2019 0.68% -2.47%
2018 0.9% -2.27%
2017 0.05% -2.49%
2016 -2% -3.31%
2015 -2.84% -4.59%
2014 -4.53% -5.53%
2013 -11.2% -5.34%
2012 -4.2% -7.45%
2011 -6.69% -7.38%
2010 -5.56% -9.22%
2009 -5.87% -10.1%
2008 -1.44% -5.09%
2007 -0.08% -2.65%
2006 -1.26% -2.76%
2005 -1.38% -3.15%
2004 -1.98% -3.16%
2003 -2.66% -3.22%
2002 -2.47% -1.96%
2001 -4.58% 0.34%
2000 -3.77% 1.4%
1999 -3.04% 0.76%
1998 -2.39% -0.21%
1997 -2.37% -2.01%
1996 -1.16% -3.65%
1995 -8.19% -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Slovenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $681M, equivalent to 0.93% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Slovenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Slovenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.23% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.26% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Slovenia

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Slovenia United Kingdom
2024 1.97% 3.27%
2023 7.45% 6.79%
2022 8.83% 7.92%
2021 1.92% 2.52%
2020 -0.05% 0.99%
2019 1.63% 1.74%
2018 1.74% 2.29%
2017 1.43% 2.56%
2016 -0.05% 1.01%
2015 -0.53% 0.37%
2014 0.2% 1.45%
2013 1.77% 2.29%
2012 2.6% 2.57%
2011 1.8% 3.86%
2010 1.8% 2.49%
2009 0.84% 1.96%
2008 5.65% 3.52%
2007 3.66% 2.39%
2006 2.46% 2.46%
2005 2.45% 2.09%
2004 3.59% 1.39%
2003 5.54% 1.38%
2002 7.48% 1.52%
2001 8.38% 1.53%
2000 8.91% 1.18%
1999 6.16% 1.75%
1998 7.89% 1.82%
1997 8.36% 2.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Slovenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.71%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 1.97% in Slovenia and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Slovenia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $464M
Chemicals & pharma $151M
Metals $94.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $82.4M
Transport & tourism services $76.4M
Business & finance services $55.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $53.9M
Raw materials & minerals $39.1M
Wood & paper products $38.8M
IT & IP services $33.5M
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $114M
Machinery & equipment $99.5M
Business & finance services $78.5M
Transport & tourism services $72.7M
IT & IP services $63.6M
Metals $21.6M
Government & miscellaneous services $20.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $19.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.5M
Wood & paper products $9.26M

Balance of trade

Slovenia United Kingdom
Current account balance
$3.32B
2024
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
37/190
2024
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.55%
2024
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$45.2B
2024
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$45.6B
2024
$494B
2024
Service imports
$9.52B
2024
$411B
2024
Service exports
$13.6B
2024
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
74.7%
2024
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
80.9%
2024
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Slovenia United Kingdom
Economic freedom 69.7 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 40/197 35/197
Property rights 87.6 93.6
Government integrity 66.1 83
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 83.1
Tax burden 55.5 61.7
Government spending 34.1 41.1
Fiscal health 83.5 32.4
Business freedom 78.7 83.6
Labor freedom 62.7 61.2
Monetary freedom 77.5 71.9
Trade freedom 79.4 82.8
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Slovenia
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Slovenia United Kingdom
2026 69.7 70.4
2025 68.3 69.3
2024 65.9 68.6
2023 68.5 69.9
2022 70.5 72.7
2021 68.3 78.4
2020 67.8 79.3
2019 65.5 78.9
2018 64.8 78
2017 59.2 76.4
2016 60.6 76.4
2015 60.3 75.8
2014 62.7 74.9
2013 61.7 74.8
2012 62.9 74.1
2011 64.6 74.5
2010 64.7 76.5
2009 62.9 79
2008 60.2 79.4
2007 59.6 79.9
2006 61.9 80.4
2005 59.6 79.2
2004 59.2 77.7
2003 57.7 77.5
2002 57.8 78.5
2001 61.8 77.6
2000 58.3 77.3
1999 61.3 76.2
1998 60.7 76.5
1997 55.6 76.4
1996 50.4 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/slovenia/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Slovenia is 69.7, ranking 40/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Slovenia United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
57.9%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.1%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.54%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$67.6B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$56,520
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.83B
2024
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
118/177
2024
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$405M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.87B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$1.46B
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.7%
2022
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.