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Economy of Finland vs Seychelles compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Finland has a GDP of $300B compared to $2.17B for the Seychelles, ranking 48/197 and 176/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $247B in government debt (86.4% of GDP), compared to $1.25B (59.3% of GDP) in the Seychelles.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Finland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Seychelles
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Finland Seychelles
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,279,481,824 $49,407,156,991 $12,012,025 $132,183,660
1961 $5,984,433,774 $53,164,408,474 $11,592,024 $125,730,088
1962 $6,407,796,043 $54,749,742,179 $12,642,026 $136,302,205
1963 $6,958,916,548 $56,548,325,760 $13,923,029 $150,117,255
1964 $7,848,987,793 $59,510,715,323 $15,393,032 $159,003,065
1965 $8,680,393,839 $62,666,483,933 $15,603,032 $157,316,725
1966 $9,306,142,172 $64,153,448,687 $16,443,034 $179,178,255
1967 $9,468,272,357 $65,544,827,212 $16,632,032 $180,082,639
1968 $8,916,565,041 $67,054,514,651 $16,074,028 $193,684,705
1969 $10,177,524,839 $73,487,247,215 $16,452,028 $193,684,705
1970 $11,358,529,162 $78,977,062,520 $18,432,032 $210,868,160
1971 $12,528,522,307 $80,838,489,675 $21,965,951 $244,294,508
1972 $14,744,499,570 $87,091,738,772 $30,645,123 $259,705,357
1973 $19,474,098,335 $93,174,076,320 $36,896,280 $283,219,564
1974 $24,851,036,710 $96,189,686,453 $43,134,496 $286,909,490
1975 $29,475,251,333 $97,925,812,134 $47,803,146 $296,025,766
1976 $31,852,352,670 $98,263,052,167 $49,278,982 $344,211,798
1977 $33,502,784,418 $98,498,402,622 $64,526,401 $322,904,307
1978 $36,259,392,058 $101,374,267,934 $85,552,366 $391,204,033
1979 $44,469,218,440 $108,594,068,216 $127,261,099 $452,992,130
1980 $53,649,984,061 $114,446,254,119 $156,783,830 $429,886,465
1981 $52,440,066,134 $115,921,906,116 $163,750,728 $413,220,699
1982 $52,784,013,815 $119,500,085,463 $157,211,790 $404,662,591
1983 $50,956,447,481 $123,209,187,440 $156,098,237 $402,168,917
1984 $52,870,993,273 $127,184,572,428 $160,992,921 $419,484,794
1985 $55,856,676,899 $131,686,975,464 $179,691,483 $462,665,475
1986 $73,511,611,541 $135,315,082,419 $221,147,061 $466,190,739
1987 $91,564,993,913 $140,133,697,120 $265,212,957 $488,915,451
1988 $109,039,090,263 $147,464,248,897 $301,985,618 $514,957,094
1989 $118,991,270,611 $154,961,227,426 $324,333,367 $567,923,802
1990 $141,446,120,355 $156,033,016,628 $392,163,561 $610,261,195
1991 $127,794,441,994 $146,857,345,005 $398,307,170 $627,107,005
1992 $112,537,828,511 $141,994,349,627 $461,409,399 $672,089,666
1993 $89,112,105,756 $140,887,056,303 $504,230,621 $721,174,866
1994 $103,182,697,780 $146,472,344,494 $517,570,058 $703,602,944
1995 $134,060,457,516 $152,674,521,262 $540,733,048 $707,015,677
1996 $131,991,975,149 $158,266,465,562 $535,250,347 $777,702,722
1997 $126,862,902,302 $168,391,880,312 $598,966,982 $872,533,006
1998 $133,990,876,725 $177,576,428,489 $647,287,376 $894,062,243
1999 $135,234,241,918 $185,370,756,399 $662,838,615 $910,799,133
2000 $125,967,821,111 $196,036,503,504 $654,212,394 $949,537,227
2001 $129,519,672,869 $201,212,380,923 $662,064,156 $927,971,690
2002 $140,360,963,812 $204,607,490,635 $742,134,838 $939,226,436
2003 $171,612,867,736 $208,723,783,983 $750,847,230 $883,932,969
2004 $197,458,297,640 $217,083,963,685 $893,012,218 $858,736,867
2005 $204,859,368,791 $223,113,056,548 $977,899,382 $936,072,663
2006 $217,044,068,234 $232,081,249,320 $1,081,441,283 $1,024,120,861
2007 $256,360,251,538 $244,411,266,035 $1,077,308,814 $1,115,022,509
2008 $285,698,662,071 $246,328,504,349 $979,597,394 $1,084,627,595
2009 $253,480,783,439 $226,434,937,569 $850,901,620 $1,057,735,599
2010 $249,429,613,683 $233,609,048,325 $981,616,542 $1,105,387,984
2011 $275,126,915,516 $239,193,226,293 $1,058,918,707 $1,210,507,987
2012 $257,443,384,493 $235,550,695,854 $1,089,407,839 $1,248,162,998
2013 $270,268,036,626 $233,242,909,052 $1,333,160,407 $1,263,811,654
2014 $273,478,528,955 $232,127,848,351 $1,387,577,870 $1,315,169,065
2015 $233,210,733,506 $233,210,733,506 $1,432,403,352 $1,432,403,352
2016 $238,777,818,793 $239,208,760,000 $1,568,513,348 $1,605,975,219
2017 $253,846,138,440 $247,110,710,502 $1,675,370,641 $1,717,657,340
2018 $273,869,255,596 $250,058,685,919 $1,784,313,927 $1,802,500,556
2019 $267,014,821,129 $253,433,824,169 $1,868,690,097 $1,901,895,701
2020 $270,000,311,606 $247,120,696,232 $1,382,551,752 $1,678,615,793
2021 $294,223,210,496 $253,734,502,126 $1,487,173,795 $1,687,886,479
2022 $280,253,099,309 $255,670,602,725 $2,018,346,589 $1,902,424,765
2023 $294,950,618,733 $253,249,645,355 $2,187,379,755 $1,945,405,358
2024 $299,835,625,551 $252,859,096,868 $2,167,239,562 $2,012,826,895

Economic indicators

Finland Seychelles
Gross domestic product
$300B
2024
$2.17B
2024
GDP rank
48/197
2024
176/197
2024
GDP growth
1.66%
2023-2024
-0.92%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,189
2024
$17,859
2024
GDP per capita rank
22/197
2024
63/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$64,091
2024
$33,239
2024
Government debt
$247B
2024
$1.25B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
86.4%
2025
59.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$43,897
2024
$10,323
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2024
59/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$37,252
2025
$9,988
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
$811M
2024
Number of billionaires
7
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
23.9%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.6%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.5%
2025
36%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.57%
2023-2024
0.31%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
8.34%
2024
2.59%
2024
Population
5643254
125181

GDP per capita in Finland vs Seychelles

Finland's GDP per capita is $53,189, ranking 22/197, compared to $17,859 in the Seychelles, ranking 63/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 28th at $64,091, while the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239.

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Finland Seychelles
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,192 - $288.1 -
1961 $1,341 - $270.3 -
1962 $1,427 - $287 -
1963 $1,538 - $308 -
1964 $1,726 - $332 -
1965 $1,902 - $328 -
1966 $2,032 - $338 -
1967 $2,056 - $333 -
1968 $1,927 - $314 -
1969 $2,201 - $314 -
1970 $2,466 - $344 -
1971 $2,716 - $402 -
1972 $3,178 - $547 -
1973 $4,174 - $649 -
1974 $5,298 - $745 -
1975 $6,256 - $806 -
1976 $6,740 - $814 -
1977 $7,070 - $1,044 -
1978 $7,629 - $1,377 -
1979 $9,333 - $2,030 -
1980 $11,225 - $2,478 -
1981 $10,925 - $2,557 -
1982 $10,935 - $2,441 -
1983 $10,494 - $2,426 -
1984 $10,830 - $2,488 -
1985 $11,394 - $2,754 -
1986 $14,947 - $3,368 -
1987 $18,565 - $3,872 -
1988 $22,044 - $4,392 -
1989 $23,969 - $4,689 -
1990 $28,366 $18,135 $5,642 $8,955
1991 $25,489 $17,550 $5,655 $9,387
1992 $22,320 $17,260 $6,520 $10,243
1993 $17,589 $17,446 $6,979 $11,020
1994 $20,278 $18,445 $6,975 $10,692
1995 $26,246 $19,555 $7,181 $10,809
1996 $25,757 $20,060 $7,004 $11,931
1997 $24,682 $21,782 $7,747 $13,458
1998 $26,000 $23,568 $8,210 $13,675
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $8,243 $13,853
2000 $24,336 $26,777 $8,064 $14,638
2001 $24,965 $27,801 $8,153 $14,615
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $8,864 $14,570
2003 $32,920 $29,046 $9,070 $14,142
2004 $37,768 $31,199 $10,828 $14,160
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $11,802 $15,846
2006 $41,214 $34,448 $12,783 $17,503
2007 $48,473 $37,844 $12,669 $19,473
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $11,265 $18,881
2009 $47,478 $37,969 $9,747 $18,453
2010 $46,506 $38,951 $10,935 $18,982
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $12,110 $21,781
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $12,337 $22,264
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $14,821 $22,487
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $15,188 $24,985
2015 $42,560 $42,269 $15,333 $25,435
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $16,567 $28,811
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $17,480 $30,675
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $18,440 $32,091
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $19,142 $34,219
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $14,041 $31,056
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $14,983 $29,980
2022 $50,441 $61,347 $16,837 $29,973
2023 $52,822 $61,613 $18,263 $31,781
2024 $53,189 $64,091 $17,859 $33,239

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Finland's government spending was $172B, accounting for 57.5% of its GDP, while the Seychelles' spent $739M, or 36% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 86.4% in Finland and 59.3% in the Seychelles, ranking 38/185 and 85/185, respectively.

Finland
Government spending

Government debt
Seychelles
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Finland Seychelles
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 22.5% 9.96% - -
1961 22.7% 9.12% - -
1962 23.9% 10.3% - -
1963 21.6% 12.2% - -
1964 22.8% 12.5% - -
1965 23.2% 13% - -
1966 23.3% 13.7% - -
1967 23.5% 14.2% - -
1968 25.5% 13.9% - -
1969 22.2% 10.8% - -
1970 21.9% 9.19% - -
1971 22.8% 7.94% - -
1972 20.4% 6.46% - -
1973 21.8% 4.42% - -
1974 22.9% 2.97% - -
1975 38.6% 6.76% - -
1976 39.8% 7.09% - -
1977 41.7% 8.22% - -
1978 41.3% 10.7% - -
1979 40.3% 11% - -
1980 40.1% 10.9% - -
1981 41% 11.5% - -
1982 42.7% 13.9% - -
1983 44.4% 15.4% 47.9% 12.4%
1984 44.4% 15.2% 50.5% 15.3%
1985 46.3% 15.8% 53% 26.5%
1986 46.9% 16.4% 58% 31.5%
1987 47.8% 17.6% 49.7% 37%
1988 46.4% 16.5% 46.7% 41.3%
1989 44.4% 14.3% 51.7% 39.9%
1990 47.1% 13.9% 46.1% 80.4%
1991 55.8% 21.9% 52.1% 89.2%
1992 60.8% 39.3% 50.7% 79.9%
1993 63.7% 54.2% 60.4% 82.2%
1994 62.2% 56.2% 63.6% 123.5%
1995 60% 55.2% 53.1% 133.5%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 59.1% 146.7%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 54.7% 143%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 60.7% 161.2%
1999 49.9% 44% 56.1% 159.8%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 55.4% 177.8%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 46.8% 199.8%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 56.3% 195.9%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 44.6% 177%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 39.9% 163.2%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 39% 144.1%
2006 48.3% 38% 43.6% 135.1%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 41.9% 144%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 27% 192.1%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 32.1% 106.1%
2010 54% 50.1% 34.6% 82.2%
2011 53.8% 52% 36.4% 82.5%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 38.6% 80.1%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 37.8% 68.2%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 33.4% 70.4%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 31.5% 64.7%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 34.5% 62.8%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 34.3% 56.7%
2018 52.9% 65.3% 33% 51.3%
2019 52.6% 65.2% 31.7% 48.9%
2020 56.4% 75.4% 46.7% 77.4%
2021 55.1% 73.2% 38.8% 71.2%
2022 52.6% 74% 31.3% 60%
2023 55.8% 77.3% 32.9% 55.3%
2024 57.4% 82.5% 34.1% 57.8%
2025 57.5% 86.4% 36% 59.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$12.6B, equivalent to -4.21% of GDP. This compares to the Seychelles' deficit of -$31.8M, or -1.47% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while the Seychelles ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Finland posted an annual surplus equal to +0.12% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.06% of GDP for the Seychelles.

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Seychelles
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Seychelles
1882 0.2% -
1883 0% -
1884 -0.2% -
1885 -1.2% -
1886 0% -
1887 -1.46% -
1888 -0.59% -
1889 0.18% -
1890 0.17% -
1891 0.16% -
1892 0.82% -
1893 0% -
1894 -0.62% -
1895 -1.21% -
1896 -0.56% -
1897 -0.37% -
1898 -4.55% -
1899 -1% -
1900 -0.52% -
1901 -2.13% -
1902 -1.74% -
1903 -0.3% -
1904 -1.63% -
1905 -1.28% -
1906 0.86% -
1907 0.24% -
1908 -1.92% -
1909 -2.64% -
1910 -0.3% -
1911 -0.14% -
1912 0.33% -
1913 -0.25% -
1914 -1.15% -
1915 -0.29% -
1916 1.48% -
1917 -1.27% -
1918 -11.4% -
1919 -7.49% -
1920 -2.6% -
1921 -2.59% -
1922 0.62% -
1923 -2.3% -
1924 0.04% -
1925 -2.92% -
1926 -2.9% -
1927 -0.32% -
1928 -2.07% -
1929 -0.78% -
1930 -1.94% -
1931 -2.32% -
1932 -2.61% -
1933 -1.63% -
1934 -2.81% -
1935 -3.81% -
1936 -3.75% -
1937 -4.44% -
1938 -1.48% -
1939 -9.76% -
1940 -36.9% -
1941 -35.8% -
1942 -16.4% -
1943 -14.2% -
1944 -21.5% -
1945 -6.35% -
1946 -15.3% -
1947 -5.99% -
1948 1.88% -
1949 -2.77% -
1950 -0.26% -
1951 1.1% -
1952 -1.24% -
1953 0.02% -
1954 -0.17% -
1955 -1% -
1956 -1.14% -
1957 0.08% -
1958 -1.73% -
1959 -0.12% -
1960 -0.52% -
1961 -3.03% -
1962 -2.37% -
1963 -2.5% -
1964 -1.35% -
1965 -1.67% -
1966 -1.08% -
1967 -0.26% -
1968 -1.69% -
1969 0.94% -
1970 1.06% -
1971 0.15% -
1972 -0.18% -
1973 1.48% -
1974 -0.03% -
1975 4.96% -
1976 7.65% -
1977 6.27% -
1978 3.83% -
1979 3.41% -
1980 3.7% -
1981 5.11% -
1982 3.06% -
1983 1.52% -3.13%
1984 3.23% -6.09%
1985 3.33% -4.86%
1986 3.83% -10.1%
1987 1.63% 2.77%
1988 5.09% 11.8%
1989 6.73% 8.26%
1990 6.63% 11.9%
1991 0.3% 3.15%
1992 -4.88% 6.44%
1993 -8.09% -3.62%
1994 -6.41% -6.95%
1995 -5.98% -2.58%
1996 -3.37% -9.69%
1997 -1.33% -5.91%
1998 1.54% -16.7%
1999 1.6% -10.3%
2000 6.73% -14.7%
2001 4.89% -8.93%
2002 3.97% -16.3%
2003 2.34% 3.4%
2004 2.16% 0.44%
2005 2.59% 0.42%
2006 3.93% -2.54%
2007 5.12% -9.93%
2008 4.18% 7.88%
2009 -2.48% 4.84%
2010 -2.57% 0.52%
2011 -1.01% 3.36%
2012 -2.15% 2.93%
2013 -2.52% 0.33%
2014 -2.99% 2.87%
2015 -2.43% 1.39%
2016 -1.68% 0.02%
2017 -0.61% -1.67%
2018 -1.13% -0.8%
2019 -0.93% 0.42%
2020 -5.53% -15.7%
2021 -2.69% -5.76%
2022 -0.17% -0.76%
2023 -3% -1.14%
2024 -4.21% -1.47%
2025 -3.51% -1.19%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.79%, compared with 4.82% in the Seychelles. In 2024, inflation was 1.57% in Finland and 0.31% in the Seychelles.

Inflation
Finland

Seychelles
Year Inflation
Finland Seychelles Finland Seychelles
1996 0.63% -1.1%
1997 1.19% 0.62%
1998 1.4% 2.58%
1999 1.16% 6.35%
2000 3.04% 6.27%
2001 2.58% 5.97%
2002 1.57% 0.18%
2003 0.88% 3.3%
2004 0.19% 3.86%
2005 0.62% 0.91%
2006 1.57% -0.35%
2007 2.51% 5.32%
2008 4.07% 37%
2009 -0% 31.8%
2010 1.18% -2.4%
2011 3.42% 2.56%
2012 2.81% 7.11%
2013 1.48% 4.34%
2014 1.04% 1.39%
2015 -0.21% 4.04%
2016 0.36% -1.02%
2017 0.75% 2.86%
2018 1.08% 3.7%
2019 1.02% 1.81%
2020 0.29% 1.2%
2021 2.19% 9.77%
2022 7.12% 2.63%
2023 6.25% -1.04%
2024 1.57% 0.31%

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $3.49M
Chemicals & pharma $170K
Metals $127K
Wood & paper products $15K
Textiles & consumer goods $13K
Raw materials & minerals $11K
Seychelles
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.25M
Wood & paper products $28K
Textiles & consumer goods $22K
Chemicals & pharma $11K

Balance of trade

Finland Seychelles
Current account balance
-$90.6M
2024
-$155M
2023
Current account balance ranking
86/189
2024
90/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.03%
2024
-7.09%
2023
Goods imports
$76.4B
2024
$1.43B
2023
Goods exports
$83.1B
2024
$542M
2023
Service imports
$47.4B
2024
$1.01B
2023
Service exports
$42B
2024
$1.83B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.9%
2024
103.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.6%
2024
85.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Seychelles
Economic freedom 77 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 58/197
Property rights 100 74
Government integrity 94.8 75
Judicial effectiveness 97 63.7
Tax burden 68.2 79.7
Government spending 7.3 64.6
Fiscal health 81.5 83.2
Business freedom 88.3 78.8
Labor freedom 65.6 56.5
Monetary freedom 76.1 75.6
Trade freedom 79.6 85.2
Investment freedom 85 30
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 77, ranking 15/197, compared to 66.4 for the Seychelles, ranking 58/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Finland
Seychelles
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Seychelles
1996 63.7 -
1997 65.2 -
1998 63.5 -
1999 63.9 -
2000 64.3 -
2001 69.7 -
2002 73.6 -
2003 73.7 -
2004 73.4 -
2005 71 -
2006 72.9 -
2007 74 -
2008 74.6 -
2009 74.5 47.8
2010 73.8 47.9
2011 74 51.2
2012 72.3 53
2013 74 54.9
2014 73.4 56.2
2015 73.4 57.5
2016 72.6 62.2
2017 74 61.8
2018 74.1 61.6
2019 74.9 61.4
2020 75.7 64.3
2021 76.1 66.3
2022 78.3 61.1
2023 77.1 59.5
2024 76.3 60.4
2025 77 66.4

More economic indicators

Finland Seychelles
Services, % of GDP
62.9%
2024
65.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.1%
2024
12.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.46%
2024
2.45%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$292B
2024
$2.12B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$64,340
2024
$32,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$18B
2024
$774M
2024
Total reserves ranking
65/177
2024
146/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$3.49B
2024
-$279M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.54B
2024
$299M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$6.03B
2024
$46.1M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
25.3%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.7%
2024
17.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Economy vs Finland vs Seychelles
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.