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Economy of Uganda vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Uganda has a GDP of $62B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 89/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Uganda has $33.6B in government debt (54.2% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Uganda vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Uganda
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Uganda United Kingdom
2025 $61,985,829,288 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $53,911,907,079 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $48,768,955,863 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $45,565,333,211 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $40,529,788,749 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $37,600,368,242 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $35,353,061,003 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $32,927,025,620 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $30,744,473,841 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $29,203,988,696 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $32,387,183,730 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $32,612,397,257 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $28,915,786,517 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $27,305,915,911 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $27,871,725,241 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $26,673,441,431 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $25,127,805,567 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $14,440,404,132 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $11,902,564,495 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $9,977,647,683 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $9,239,221,763 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $7,939,487,548 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $6,606,884,275 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $6,178,563,591 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $5,840,503,869 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $6,193,246,837 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $5,998,563,258 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $6,584,815,847 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $6,269,333,313 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $6,044,585,327 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $5,755,818,842 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $3,990,430,447 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $3,220,439,044 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $2,857,457,762 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $3,321,729,160 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $4,304,399,310 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $5,276,480,799 $926,884,816,754
1988 $6,508,931,652 $910,122,732,124
1987 $6,269,522,042 $745,162,608,269
1986 $3,923,244,050 $601,452,653,181
1985 $3,519,695,444 $489,285,164,271
1984 $3,615,647,477 $461,487,097,632
1983 $2,240,333,333 $489,618,008,186
1982 $2,177,500,000 $515,048,916,841
1981 $1,337,300,000 $540,765,675,241
1980 $1,244,610,000 $564,947,710,899
1979 $2,139,025,000 $438,994,070,309
1978 $2,420,260,870 $335,883,029,722
1977 $2,936,470,588 $263,066,457,352
1976 $2,447,300,000 $232,614,555,256
1975 $2,359,555,556 $241,756,637,168
1974 $2,098,944,967 $206,131,369,799
1973 $1,701,829,789 $192,537,971,583
1972 $1,490,970,181 $169,965,034,965
1971 $1,417,191,656 $148,113,896,325
1970 $1,259,554,809 $130,671,946,244
1969 $1,168,556,629 $116,464,702,803
1968 $1,037,379,252 $107,759,910,068
1967 $967,240,655 $113,116,888,211
1966 $925,381,492 $108,572,752,102
1965 $884,502,310 $101,824,755,079
1964 $589,247,687 $94,407,558,351
1963 $516,315,231 $86,561,961,812
1962 $449,158,233 $81,247,564,157
1961 $441,667,335 $77,741,965,703
1960 $423,145,605 $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Uganda vs United Kingdom by year

Uganda
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Uganda United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,206 - $57,602 -
2024 $1,078 $3,273 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $1,002 $3,098 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $963 $2,919 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $883 $2,685 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $846 $2,532 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $822 $2,441 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $792 $2,312 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $765 $2,158 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $753 $2,165 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $863 $2,190 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $896 $2,134 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $818 $2,045 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $795 $2,032 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $836 $2,268 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $823 $2,092 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $799 $2,015 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $473 $1,931 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $401 $1,795 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $347 $1,660 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $330 $1,497 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $292.4 $1,405 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $250.7 $1,320 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $242 $1,255 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $236 $1,173 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $258.1 $1,124 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $257.9 $1,100 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $292.5 $1,037 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $286.8 $1,007 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $284.7 $969 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $278.5 $897 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $198.4 $809 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $165.6 $770 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $152.1 $719 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $183 $703 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $245 $666 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $310 - $16,239 -
1988 $395 - $15,987 -
1987 $393 - $13,119 -
1986 $253.6 - $10,611 -
1985 $234.3 - $8,652 -
1984 $247.5 - $8,179 -
1983 $157.5 - $8,692 -
1982 $157 - $9,146 -
1981 $98.6 - $9,599 -
1980 $93.8 - $10,032 -
1979 $164.5 - $7,805 -
1978 $190.7 - $5,977 -
1977 $237.6 - $4,681 -
1976 $203.3 - $4,138 -
1975 $201.2 - $4,300 -
1974 $183.7 - $3,666 -
1973 $152.7 - $3,426 -
1972 $137 - $3,030 -
1971 $133.5 - $2,650 -
1970 $122 - $2,348 -
1969 $116.7 - $2,101 -
1968 $106.9 - $1,952 -
1967 $102.8 - $2,059 -
1966 $101.4 - $1,987 -
1965 $100 - $1,874 -
1964 $68.6 - $1,748 -
1963 $62 - $1,613 -
1962 $55.5 - $1,526 -
1961 $56.2 - $1,472 -
1960 $55.4 - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

Uganda's GDP per capita is $1,206, ranking 173/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Uganda ranks 176th at $3,273, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Uganda United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$62B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
89/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
6.33%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,206
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
173/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,273
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
176/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$33.6B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
54.2%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$654
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
157/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,595
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
34.5%
2019
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.4%
2019
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.6%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
9.75%
2024
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.42%
2021
4.9%
2025
Population
53495325
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Uganda
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Uganda United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 22.2% 54.2% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 18.4% 51.8% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 19.3% 50.4% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 19.5% 49.9% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 22% 50.3% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 21.4% 46.8% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 18.3% 38% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 16.2% 35% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 16.3% 33.6% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 15.2% 31.3% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 14.9% 28% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 13.6% 24.8% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 13.3% 22.1% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 13.1% 19.5% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 13.2% 18% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 15.4% 18.4% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 11.8% 14.8% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 12.9% 15.7% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 13.2% 17% 38.4% 43%
2006 13.7% 27.8% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 14.5% 42.6% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 15.6% 49% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 16.5% 55.1% 37% 36.6%
2002 16.8% 54.7% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 16.2% 51.4% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 15.2% 48.5% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 14.7% 47.7% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 14% 45.1% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 13.9% 44.2% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 - - 35.6% 43.5%
1995 - - 37.5% 43.5%
1994 - - 37.4% 40.6%
1993 - - 37.6% 37.8%
1992 - - 37.7% 33.1%
1991 - - 35.7% 28.4%
1990 - - 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Uganda's government spending was $13.8B, accounting for 22.2% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 54.2% in Uganda and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 93/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Uganda

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Uganda United Kingdom
2025 -7.13% -5.38%
2024 -3.93% -6.06%
2023 -4.87% -6.05%
2022 -5.44% -4.6%
2021 -7.76% -7.54%
2020 -7.76% -12.9%
2019 -4.82% -2.38%
2018 -3.02% -2.23%
2017 -3.83% -2.48%
2016 -2.64% -3.28%
2015 -2.59% -4.53%
2014 -2.74% -5.47%
2013 -3.19% -5.29%
2012 -2.39% -7.96%
2011 -2.04% -7.42%
2010 -4.64% -9.25%
2009 -1.61% -9.97%
2008 -1.99% -5.05%
2007 -0.82% -2.63%
2006 -0.64% -2.74%
2005 -0.17% -3.13%
2004 0.34% -3.14%
2003 -0.97% -3.19%
2002 -2.07% -1.95%
2001 -0.99% 0.34%
2000 -0.62% 1.4%
1999 -1.24% 0.76%
1998 -0.7% -0.21%
1997 -0.83% -2%
1996 - -3.63%
1995 - -4.97%
1994 - -5.72%
1993 - -6.6%
1992 - -5.39%
1991 - -2.76%
1990 - -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Uganda's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.42B, equivalent to 7.13% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Uganda recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Uganda posted an annual deficit equal to 2.8% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.29% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Uganda

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Uganda United Kingdom
2025 3.6% 3.88%
2024 3.3% 3.27%
2023 5.4% 6.79%
2022 7.2% 7.92%
2021 2.2% 2.52%
2020 2.8% 0.99%
2019 2.1% 1.74%
2018 2.5% 2.29%
2017 5.6% 2.56%
2016 5.2% 1.01%
2015 3.7% 0.37%
2014 4.3% 1.45%
2013 5.5% 2.29%
2012 14% 2.57%
2011 18.7% 3.86%
2010 4% 2.49%
2009 13% 1.96%
2008 12% 3.52%
2007 6.1% 2.39%
2006 7.2% 2.46%
2005 8.6% 2.09%
2004 3.7% 1.39%
2003 8.7% 1.38%
2002 -0.3% 1.52%
2001 1.9% 1.53%
2000 3.4% 1.18%
1999 5.8% 1.75%
1998 5.8% 1.82%
1997 7.7% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Uganda has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.99%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 3.6% in Uganda and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Uganda
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $26.8M
Raw materials & minerals $2.44M
Textiles & consumer goods $870K
Machinery & equipment $618K
Wood & paper products $423K
Animal & marine products $364K
Metals $124K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $121K
Precious metals & jewellery $38K
Chemicals & pharma $11K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $34.9M
Chemicals & pharma $15.7M
Metals $5.66M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.86M
Miscellaneous $2.12M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.1M
Wood & paper products $1.45M
Raw materials & minerals $1.09M
Raw agricultural goods $338K
Animal & marine products $337K

Balance of trade

Uganda United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$4.19B
2024
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
160/190
2024
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.78%
2024
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$11.7B
2024
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$8.67B
2024
$506B
2025
Service imports
$4.45B
2024
$450B
2025
Service exports
$2.56B
2024
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.8%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Uganda United Kingdom
Economic freedom 52.4 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 149/197 35/197
Property rights 42.2 93.6
Government integrity 25.1 83
Judicial effectiveness 29.4 83.1
Tax burden 73.4 61.7
Government spending 89 41.1
Fiscal health 58.3 32.4
Business freedom 50.2 83.6
Labor freedom 55.9 61.2
Monetary freedom 77.1 71.9
Trade freedom 58 82.8
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Uganda
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Uganda United Kingdom
2026 52.4 70.4
2025 51.3 69.3
2024 50.7 68.6
2023 51.4 69.9
2022 54.2 72.7
2021 58.6 78.4
2020 59.5 79.3
2019 59.7 78.9
2018 62 78
2017 60.9 76.4
2016 59.3 76.4
2015 59.7 75.8
2014 59.9 74.9
2013 61.1 74.8
2012 61.9 74.1
2011 61.7 74.5
2010 62.2 76.5
2009 63.5 79
2008 63.8 79.4
2007 63.1 79.9
2006 63.9 80.4
2005 62.9 79.2
2004 64.1 77.7
2003 60.1 77.5
2002 61 78.5
2001 60.4 77.6
2000 58.2 77.3
1999 64.8 76.2
1998 64.7 76.5
1997 66.6 76.4
1996 66.2 76.4
1995 62.9 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Uganda is 52.4, ranking 149/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Uganda United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
42.1%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24.3%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
26.1%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$57.8B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,410
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$3.48B
2024
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
116/177
2024
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.26B
2024
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.26B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$400K
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.97%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2023
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/uganda/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.