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Economy of Ukraine vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Ukraine has a GDP of $214B compared to $4T for the United Kingdom, ranking 57/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ukraine has $233B in government debt (108.7% of GDP), compared to $4.1T (102.3% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Ukraine vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Ukraine
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ukraine United Kingdom
2025 $214,233,312,784 $4,002,587,541,846
2024 $190,833,835,445 $3,695,539,513,534
2023 $181,221,517,869 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $161,989,520,721 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $199,765,859,571 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $156,617,722,013 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $153,883,047,510 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $130,891,088,294 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $112,090,505,082 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $93,355,869,404 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $91,030,967,789 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $133,503,871,862 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $190,498,811,460 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $182,591,753,828 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $169,333,835,202 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $141,209,170,427 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $121,552,153,444 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $188,110,390,660 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $148,733,861,386 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $111,884,752,475 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $89,238,865,119 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $67,220,154,164 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $52,010,355,753 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $43,956,163,612 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $39,309,580,983 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $32,375,083,935 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $31,580,639,554 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $41,882,523,345 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $50,151,531,592 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $44,558,831,005 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $48,213,856,469 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $52,549,580,265 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $65,648,559,903 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $73,945,908,384 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $77,350,733,982 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $81,393,558,423 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $82,709,161,099 $926,884,816,754
1988 $74,703,517,903 $910,122,732,124
1987 $64,087,694,038 $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ukraine vs United Kingdom by year

Ukraine
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ukraine United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,496 - $57,602 -
2024 $5,040 $18,549 $53,341 $62,009
2023 $4,803 $17,665 $49,920 $59,911
2022 $3,946 $14,770 $47,035 $59,022
2021 $4,510 $17,846 $47,696 $51,004
2020 $3,505 $15,541 $40,815 $48,230
2019 $3,423 $14,217 $43,161 $50,065
2018 $2,895 $12,555 $43,704 $47,212
2017 $2,467 $11,536 $40,918 $46,113
2016 $2,047 $10,865 $41,259 $44,085
2015 $1,988 $9,922 $45,256 $42,515
2014 $2,904 $10,494 $47,747 $41,267
2013 $4,130 $10,904 $43,608 $39,948
2012 $3,951 $9,552 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $3,657 $9,127 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $3,040 $8,453 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $2,607 $7,995 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $4,018 $9,324 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $3,160 $8,900 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $2,366 $7,971 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,875 $7,142 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,401 $6,663 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,076 $5,764 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $903 $5,123 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $800 $4,747 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $653 $4,228 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $632 $3,871 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $831 $3,794 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $987 $3,794 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $870 $3,812 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $933 $4,124 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $1,009 $4,565 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $1,254 $5,766 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $1,413 $6,568 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $1,483 $7,148 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $1,564 $7,591 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $1,593 - $16,239 -
1988 $1,444 - $15,987 -
1987 $1,244 - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

Ukraine's GDP per capita is $5,496, ranking 118/197, compared to $57,602 in the United Kingdom, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ukraine ranks 101st at $18,549, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Ukraine United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$214B
2025
$4T
2025
GDP rank
57/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP growth
1.82%
2024-2025
1.39%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,496
2025
$57,602
2025
GDP per capita rank
118/197
2025
21/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$18,549
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
101/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$233B
2025
$4.1T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
108.7%
2025
102.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$5,977
2025
$58,936
2025
Government debt per person rank
76/185
2025
7/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,580
2026
$43,539
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.42B
2018
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,428,000
2026
Number of billionaires
7
2026
56
2026
Income share by richest 10%
21.7%
2020
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2020
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
74.5%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
12.7%
2024-2025
3.88%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
15.5%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
9.83%
2021
4.9%
2025
Population
40408451
70071289

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ukraine
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ukraine United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 74.5% 108.7% 43.6% 102.3%
2024 71.2% 89.7% 43.7% 99.9%
2023 73.4% 81.2% 44.2% 98.9%
2022 65.4% 77.7% 43.2% 97.5%
2021 40.5% 48.9% 44.9% 103.4%
2020 45.6% 60.5% 49.3% 104.8%
2019 41.5% 50.5% 38.3% 84.9%
2018 41.9% 60.4% 38.5% 85.6%
2017 41.7% 71.6% 38.8% 86.1%
2016 40.8% 79.5% 39.3% 87.3%
2015 43% 79.3% 40.1% 87.3%
2014 44.8% 70.3% 40.8% 86.5%
2013 46.3% 39% 41.6% 84.9%
2012 47.1% 36.1% 43.3% 84.1%
2011 44% 35.5% 43.3% 81.1%
2010 47.3% 39.1% 44.5% 75.5%
2009 46.8% 34.1% 44.2% 64.5%
2008 45.4% 19.7% 40.6% 50.6%
2007 42.1% 11.8% 38.4% 43%
2006 42.9% 14.3% 38.2% 41.9%
2005 42.6% 17.1% 38.3% 40.9%
2004 40.1% 23.9% 37.9% 39.7%
2003 37.5% 28.3% 37% 36.6%
2002 36.5% 32.3% 35.8% 35.3%
2001 35.3% 35.3% 34.5% 34.8%
2000 35.4% 43.7% 33.8% 37.5%
1999 26.7% 61% 33.7% 40.3%
1998 38.4% 48.1% 34.3% 41.8%
1997 42.2% 29.9% 34.7% 43.9%
1996 38.2% 24.4% 35.6% 43.5%
1995 42.7% 30.2% 37.5% 43.5%
1994 - - 37.4% 40.6%
1993 - - 37.6% 37.8%
1992 - - 37.7% 33.1%
1991 - - 35.7% 28.4%
1990 - - 34.9% 28.4%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Ukraine's government spending was $160B, accounting for 74.5% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.75T, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 108.7% in Ukraine and 102.3% in the United Kingdom, ranking 16/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ukraine

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ukraine United Kingdom
2025 -23.3% -5.38%
2024 -17.2% -6.06%
2023 -19.3% -6.05%
2022 -15.6% -4.6%
2021 -3.97% -7.54%
2020 -5.92% -12.9%
2019 -2.08% -2.38%
2018 -2.12% -2.23%
2017 -2.36% -2.48%
2016 -2.46% -3.28%
2015 -1.16% -4.53%
2014 -4.46% -5.47%
2013 -4.6% -5.29%
2012 -4.15% -7.96%
2011 -2.66% -7.42%
2010 -5.56% -9.25%
2009 -6.04% -9.97%
2008 -3.02% -5.05%
2007 -1.89% -2.63%
2006 -1.31% -2.74%
2005 -2.19% -3.13%
2004 -4.25% -3.14%
2003 -0.86% -3.19%
2002 -1.77% -1.95%
2001 -2.92% 0.34%
2000 -3.18% 1.4%
1999 5.12% 0.76%
1998 -2.78% -0.21%
1997 -5.56% -2%
1996 -3.2% -3.63%
1995 -4.88% -4.97%
1994 - -5.72%
1993 - -6.6%
1992 - -5.39%
1991 - -2.76%
1990 - -1.53%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2025, Ukraine's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $50B, equivalent to 23.3% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $215B, or 5.38% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Ukraine recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Ukraine posted an annual deficit equal to 5.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.29% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ukraine

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ukraine United Kingdom
2025 12.7% 3.88%
2024 6.5% 3.27%
2023 12.9% 6.79%
2022 20.2% 7.92%
2021 9.4% 2.52%
2020 2.7% 0.99%
2019 7.9% 1.74%
2018 10.9% 2.29%
2017 14.4% 2.56%
2016 13.9% 1.01%
2015 48.7% 0.37%
2014 12.1% 1.45%
2013 -0.3% 2.29%
2012 0.6% 2.57%
2011 8% 3.86%
2010 9.4% 2.49%
2009 15.9% 1.96%
2008 25.2% 3.52%
2007 12.8% 2.39%
2006 9.1% 2.46%
2005 13.5% 2.09%
2004 9% 1.39%
2003 5.2% 1.38%
2002 0.8% 1.52%
2001 12% 1.53%
2000 28.2% 1.18%
1999 22.7% 1.75%
1998 10.6% 1.82%
1997 15.9% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Ukraine has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 12.8%, compared with 2.46% in the United Kingdom. In 2025, inflation was 12.7% in Ukraine and 3.88% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Ukraine
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $513M
Raw agricultural goods $220M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $149M
Transport & tourism services $136M
Business & finance services $117M
Animal & marine products $77.7M
Machinery & equipment $46.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $33.9M
Metals $32.6M
Wood & paper products $19.3M
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $722M
Transport & tourism services $150M
Chemicals & pharma $93.3M
Business & finance services $82M
IT & IP services $76.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $76M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $27.8M
Manufacturing & construction services $22.4M
Raw materials & minerals $16.8M
Animal & marine products $14.8M

Balance of trade

Ukraine United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$15.2B
2024
-$97.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
180/190
2024
189/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.96%
2024
-2.43%
2025
Goods imports
$72.3B
2024
$827B
2025
Goods exports
$39.3B
2024
$506B
2025
Service imports
$23.1B
2024
$450B
2025
Service exports
$17.3B
2024
$720B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
51.8%
2025
31.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.3%
2025
30.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ukraine United Kingdom
Economic freedom 54.1 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 135/197 35/197
Property rights 21.6 93.6
Government integrity 35 83
Judicial effectiveness 28.2 83.1
Tax burden 83.7 61.7
Government spending 0 41.1
Fiscal health 3.9 32.4
Business freedom 57.4 83.6
Labor freedom 46.9 61.2
Monetary freedom 65.7 71.9
Trade freedom 73 82.8
Investment freedom 35 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ukraine
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ukraine United Kingdom
2026 - 70.4
2025 - 69.3
2024 - 68.6
2023 - 69.9
2022 54.1 72.7
2021 56.2 78.4
2020 54.9 79.3
2019 52.3 78.9
2018 51.9 78
2017 48.1 76.4
2016 46.8 76.4
2015 46.9 75.8
2014 49.3 74.9
2013 46.3 74.8
2012 46.1 74.1
2011 45.8 74.5
2010 46.4 76.5
2009 48.8 79
2008 51 79.4
2007 51.5 79.9
2006 54.4 80.4
2005 55.8 79.2
2004 53.7 77.7
2003 51.1 77.5
2002 48.2 78.5
2001 48.5 77.6
2000 47.8 77.3
1999 43.7 76.2
1998 40.4 76.5
1997 43.5 76.4
1996 40.6 76.4
1995 39.9 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ukraine is 54.1, ranking 135/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ukraine United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
61%
2025
73.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
17.9%
2025
16.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.57%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$201B
2025
$3.79T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$18,750
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$57.3B
2025
$214B
2025
Total reserves ranking
43/177
2025
19/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.71B
2024
$10.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.02B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$305M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
23.2%
2020
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.8%
2025
19.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.