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Economy of Ukraine vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ukraine has a GDP of $191B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 57/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ukraine has $171B in government debt (89.7% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Ukraine vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Ukraine
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ukraine United Kingdom
2024 $190,741,262,415 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $181,221,517,869 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $161,989,520,721 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $199,765,859,571 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $156,617,722,013 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $153,883,047,510 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $130,891,088,294 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $112,090,505,082 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $93,355,869,404 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $91,030,967,789 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $133,503,871,862 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $190,498,811,460 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $182,591,753,828 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $169,333,835,202 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $141,209,170,427 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $121,552,153,444 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $188,110,390,660 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $148,733,861,386 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $111,884,752,475 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $89,238,865,119 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $67,220,154,164 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $52,010,355,753 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $43,956,163,612 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $39,309,580,983 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $32,375,083,935 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $31,580,639,554 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $41,882,523,345 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $50,151,531,592 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $44,558,831,005 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $48,213,856,469 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $52,549,580,265 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $65,648,559,903 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $73,945,908,384 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $77,350,733,982 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $81,393,558,423 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $82,709,161,099 $926,884,816,754
1988 $74,703,517,903 $910,122,732,124
1987 $64,087,694,038 $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ukraine vs United Kingdom by year

Ukraine
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ukraine United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $5,038 $18,550 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $4,803 $17,665 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $3,946 $14,770 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $4,510 $17,846 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $3,505 $15,541 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $3,423 $14,217 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $2,895 $12,555 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $2,467 $11,536 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $2,047 $10,865 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $1,988 $9,922 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $2,904 $10,494 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $4,130 $10,904 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $3,951 $9,552 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $3,657 $9,127 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $3,040 $8,453 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $2,607 $7,995 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $4,018 $9,324 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $3,160 $8,900 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $2,366 $7,971 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $1,875 $7,142 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $1,401 $6,663 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $1,076 $5,764 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $903 $5,123 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $800 $4,747 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $653 $4,228 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $632 $3,871 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $831 $3,794 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $987 $3,794 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $870 $3,812 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $933 $4,124 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $1,009 $4,565 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $1,254 $5,766 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $1,413 $6,568 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $1,483 $7,148 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $1,564 $7,591 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $1,593 - $16,239 -
1988 $1,444 - $15,987 -
1987 $1,244 - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

Ukraine's GDP per capita is $5,038, ranking 120/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ukraine ranks 101st at $18,550, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Ukraine United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$191B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
57/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
2.91%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$5,038
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
120/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$18,550
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
101/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$171B
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
89.7%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,520
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
86/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,370
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.42B
2018
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires
7
2025
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
21.7%
2020
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2020
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
71.3%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
6.5%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15.5%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
9.83%
2021
4.36%
2024
Population
40125599
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ukraine
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ukraine United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 71.3% 89.7% 44% 101.2%
2023 73.4% 81.2% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 65.4% 77.7% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 40.5% 48.9% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 45.6% 60.5% 50% 105.8%
2019 41.5% 50.5% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 41.9% 60.4% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 41.7% 71.6% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 40.8% 79.5% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 43% 79.3% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 44.8% 70.3% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 48.1% 40.5% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 49% 37.5% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 45.7% 36.9% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 49.2% 40.6% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 48.6% 35.4% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 47.1% 20.4% 41% 50.8%
2007 43.7% 12.3% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 44.6% 14.8% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 44.2% 17.7% 38.4% 41%
2004 41.6% 24.8% 38% 39.8%
2003 38.9% 29.4% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 37.9% 33.6% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 36.7% 36.7% 34.7% 35%
2000 35.5% 43.8% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 25.8% 59% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 37.1% 46.5% 34.5% 42%
1997 40.8% 28.9% 34.9% 44.1%
1996 36.9% 24.4% 35.7% 43.7%
1995 41.3% 30.2% 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Ukraine's government spending was $136B, accounting for 71.3% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 89.7% in Ukraine and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 33/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ukraine

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ukraine United Kingdom
2024 -17.2% -5.75%
2023 -19.3% -6.05%
2022 -15.6% -4.56%
2021 -3.97% -7.72%
2020 -5.92% -13.2%
2019 -2.08% -2.47%
2018 -2.12% -2.27%
2017 -2.36% -2.49%
2016 -2.46% -3.31%
2015 -1.16% -4.59%
2014 -4.46% -5.53%
2013 -4.78% -5.34%
2012 -4.31% -7.45%
2011 -2.76% -7.38%
2010 -5.77% -9.22%
2009 -6.27% -10.1%
2008 -3.14% -5.09%
2007 -1.97% -2.65%
2006 -1.36% -2.76%
2005 -2.28% -3.15%
2004 -4.41% -3.16%
2003 -0.89% -3.22%
2002 -1.84% -1.96%
2001 -3.03% 0.34%
2000 -3.19% 1.4%
1999 4.95% 0.76%
1998 -2.69% -0.21%
1997 -5.37% -2.01%
1996 -3.09% -3.65%
1995 -4.72% -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Ukraine's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $32.8B, equivalent to 17.2% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Ukraine recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Ukraine posted an annual deficit equal to 4.45% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.26% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ukraine

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ukraine United Kingdom
2024 6.5% 3.27%
2023 12.9% 6.79%
2022 20.2% 7.92%
2021 9.4% 2.52%
2020 2.7% 0.99%
2019 7.9% 1.74%
2018 10.9% 2.29%
2017 14.4% 2.56%
2016 13.9% 1.01%
2015 48.7% 0.37%
2014 12.1% 1.45%
2013 -0.3% 2.29%
2012 0.6% 2.57%
2011 8% 3.86%
2010 9.4% 2.49%
2009 15.9% 1.96%
2008 25.2% 3.52%
2007 12.8% 2.39%
2006 9.1% 2.46%
2005 13.5% 2.09%
2004 9% 1.39%
2003 5.2% 1.38%
2002 0.8% 1.52%
2001 12% 1.53%
2000 28.2% 1.18%
1999 22.7% 1.75%
1998 10.6% 1.82%
1997 15.9% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Ukraine has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 12.8%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 6.5% in Ukraine and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Ukraine
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $513M
Raw agricultural goods $220M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $149M
Transport & tourism services $136M
Business & finance services $117M
Animal & marine products $77.7M
Machinery & equipment $46.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $33.9M
Metals $32.6M
Wood & paper products $19.3M
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $504M
Transport & tourism services $430M
Chemicals & pharma $84.7M
Business & finance services $77.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $72.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $51.2M
Metals $31.4M
Animal & marine products $16.3M
IT & IP services $14.8M
Miscellaneous $11.8M

Balance of trade

Ukraine United Kingdom
Current account balance
-$15.1B
2024
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
179/190
2024
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.94%
2024
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$72.3B
2024
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$39.3B
2024
$494B
2024
Service imports
$22.9B
2024
$411B
2024
Service exports
$17.3B
2024
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.3%
2024
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
29.4%
2024
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ukraine United Kingdom
Economic freedom 54.1 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 135/197 35/197
Property rights 21.6 93.6
Government integrity 35 83
Judicial effectiveness 28.2 83.1
Tax burden 83.7 61.7
Government spending 0 41.1
Fiscal health 3.9 32.4
Business freedom 57.4 83.6
Labor freedom 46.9 61.2
Monetary freedom 65.7 71.9
Trade freedom 73 82.8
Investment freedom 35 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ukraine
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ukraine United Kingdom
2026 - 70.4
2025 - 69.3
2024 - 68.6
2023 - 69.9
2022 54.1 72.7
2021 56.2 78.4
2020 54.9 79.3
2019 52.3 78.9
2018 51.9 78
2017 48.1 76.4
2016 46.8 76.4
2015 46.9 75.8
2014 49.3 74.9
2013 46.3 74.8
2012 46.1 74.1
2011 45.8 74.5
2010 46.4 76.5
2009 48.8 79
2008 51 79.4
2007 51.5 79.9
2006 54.4 80.4
2005 55.8 79.2
2004 53.7 77.7
2003 51.1 77.5
2002 48.2 78.5
2001 48.5 77.6
2000 47.8 77.3
1999 43.7 76.2
1998 40.4 76.5
1997 43.5 76.4
1996 40.6 76.4
1995 39.9 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/ukraine/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ukraine is 54.1, ranking 135/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ukraine United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
60.6%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
19%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.11%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$184B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$18,560
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$43.8B
2024
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2024
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.71B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.02B
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$305M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.42%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
23.2%
2020
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.6%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.