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Economy of Marshall Islands vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Marshall Islands has a GDP of $290M compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 193/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Marshall Islands has $38.4M in government debt (13.2% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Marshall Islands vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Marshall Islands
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Marshall Islands United Kingdom
2024 $290,108,490 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $263,761,322 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $258,723,511 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $261,245,544 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $241,800,000 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $232,900,000 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $220,000,000 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $213,700,000 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $201,800,000 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $183,700,000 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $186,000,000 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $186,400,000 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $180,700,000 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $172,300,000 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $161,100,000 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $151,200,000 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $146,600,000 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $150,500,000 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $143,200,000 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $138,000,000 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $132,900,000 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $131,128,500 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $131,960,000 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $122,406,100 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $114,838,500 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $113,352,100 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $112,070,100 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $109,884,700 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $110,858,000 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $120,230,000 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $108,071,000 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $99,461,000 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $91,063,000 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $82,507,000 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $78,476,000 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $72,798,000 $926,884,816,754
1988 $70,688,000 $910,122,732,124
1987 $62,983,000 $745,162,608,269
1986 $55,989,000 $601,452,653,181
1985 $43,879,000 $489,285,164,271
1984 $45,144,000 $461,487,097,632
1983 $41,749,000 $489,618,008,186
1982 $34,918,000 $515,048,916,841
1981 $31,020,000 $540,765,675,241
1980 $26,710,653 $564,947,710,899
1979 $25,545,346 $438,994,070,309
1978 $22,209,370 $335,883,029,722
1977 $20,210,069 $263,066,457,352
1976 $18,153,647 $232,614,555,256
1975 $16,691,301 $241,756,637,168
1974 $15,217,532 $206,131,369,799
1973 $11,607,366 $192,537,971,583
1972 $9,973,652 $169,965,034,965
1971 $9,116,810 $148,113,896,325
1970 $8,408,486 $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Marshall Islands vs United Kingdom by year

Marshall Islands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Marshall Islands United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $7,726 $8,195 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $6,793 $7,549 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $6,456 $7,431 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $6,315 $6,768 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $5,662 $6,137 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $5,292 $6,045 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $4,858 $5,232 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $4,593 $4,719 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $4,230 $4,366 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $3,764 $4,125 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $3,735 $3,931 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $3,678 $3,845 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $3,514 $3,590 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $3,319 $3,537 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $3,095 $3,473 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $2,907 $3,253 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $2,818 $3,118 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $2,892 $3,309 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $2,754 $3,110 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $2,659 $3,017 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $2,566 $2,880 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $2,539 $2,824 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $2,566 $2,825 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $2,394 $2,700 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $2,265 $2,490 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $2,258 $2,400 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $2,254 $2,422 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $2,231 $2,434 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $2,273 $2,583 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $2,491 $2,858 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $2,265 $2,617 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $2,112 $2,452 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $1,963 $2,293 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $1,811 $2,131 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $1,758 $2,102 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $1,670 - $16,239 -
1988 $1,670 - $15,987 -
1987 $1,543 - $13,119 -
1986 $1,425 - $10,611 -
1985 $1,162 - $8,652 -
1984 $1,245 - $8,179 -
1983 $1,199 - $8,692 -
1982 $1,046 - $9,146 -
1981 $969 - $9,599 -
1980 $868 - $10,032 -
1979 $859 - $7,805 -
1978 $771 - $5,977 -
1977 $724 - $4,681 -
1976 $672 - $4,138 -
1975 $638 - $4,300 -
1974 $602 - $3,666 -
1973 $472 - $3,426 -
1972 $416 - $3,030 -
1971 $390 - $2,650 -
1970 $373 - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Marshall Islands' GDP per capita is $7,726, ranking 96/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Marshall Islands ranks 139th at $8,195, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Marshall Islands United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$290M
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
193/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
2.5%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,726
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
96/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,195
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
139/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$38.4M
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
13.2%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,022
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
142/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,044
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.5%
2019
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2019
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
71.6%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.2%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
9.82%
2021
4.36%
2024
Population
35058
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Marshall Islands
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Marshall Islands United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 71.6% 13.2% 44% 101.2%
2023 68.4% 18.2% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 67.7% 19.8% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 69.8% 20.1% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 67.8% 21.7% 50% 105.8%
2019 65.5% 25.1% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 60.5% 24.7% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 63.7% 26.5% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 56.8% 29.2% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 56.3% 33.9% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 49.2% 34.9% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 55% 33.4% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 53.2% 37.6% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 55.9% 35.9% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 59.2% 38.8% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 63.1% 41.2% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 64.3% 44.1% 41% 50.8%
2007 67.2% 42.2% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 61.2% 44.4% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 85.3% 45.8% 38.4% 41%
2004 54.5% 46.8% 38% 39.8%
2003 52.9% 43.7% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 55.2% 37.2% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 58.8% 32.7% 34.7% 35%
2000 56.5% 27.3% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 48.7% 26.1% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 50.5% 18.1% 34.5% 42%
1997 55% 8.73% 34.9% 44.1%
1996 - - 35.7% 43.7%
1995 - - 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, the Marshall Islands' government spending was $208M, accounting for 71.6% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 13.2% in the Marshall Islands and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 179/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Marshall Islands

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Marshall Islands United Kingdom
2024 3.61% -5.75%
2023 1.14% -6.05%
2022 0.68% -4.56%
2021 0.18% -7.72%
2020 2.54% -13.2%
2019 -1.8% -2.47%
2018 2.55% -2.27%
2017 4.38% -2.49%
2016 3.88% -3.31%
2015 2.81% -4.59%
2014 3.2% -5.53%
2013 -0.23% -5.34%
2012 -0.76% -7.45%
2011 2.13% -7.38%
2010 3.51% -9.22%
2009 1.51% -10.1%
2008 3.68% -5.09%
2007 0.27% -2.65%
2006 0.24% -2.76%
2005 -22.3% -3.15%
2004 -1.6% -3.16%
2003 10.5% -3.22%
2002 5.12% -1.96%
2001 7.83% 0.34%
2000 7.84% 1.4%
1999 9.01% 0.76%
1998 13.5% -0.21%
1997 7.91% -2.01%
1996 - -3.65%
1995 - -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, the Marshall Islands' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.5M, equivalent to 3.61% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, the Marshall Islands recorded a fiscal deficit in 5 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, the Marshall Islands posted an annual surplus equal to 2.55% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.25% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Marshall Islands

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Marshall Islands United Kingdom
2024 5.2% 3.27%
2023 7.4% 6.79%
2022 2.8% 7.92%
2021 2.2% 2.52%
2020 -0.7% 0.99%
2019 -0.1% 1.74%
2018 0.8% 2.29%
2017 0.1% 2.56%
2016 -1.5% 1.01%
2015 -2.2% 0.37%
2014 1.1% 1.45%
2013 1.9% 2.29%
2012 4.3% 2.57%
2011 5.4% 3.86%
2010 1.8% 2.49%
2009 0.5% 1.96%
2008 14.7% 3.52%
2007 2.6% 2.39%
2006 5.3% 2.46%
2005 3.5% 2.09%
2004 2% 1.39%
2003 - 1.38%
2002 - 1.52%
2001 - 1.53%
2000 - 1.18%
1999 - 1.75%
1998 - 1.82%
1997 - 2.2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (2004–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 21 years, the Marshall Islands has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.72%, compared with 2.66% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 5.2% in the Marshall Islands and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Marshall Islands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $11.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $292K
Animal & marine products $63K
Wood & paper products $58K
Raw materials & minerals $12K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $28.2M
Raw materials & minerals $8.32M
Metals $3.65M
Precious metals & jewellery $589K
Textiles & consumer goods $226K
Wood & paper products $107K
Chemicals & pharma $70K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25K
Miscellaneous $2K

Balance of trade

Marshall Islands United Kingdom
Current account balance
$76.3M
2021
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
70/190
2021
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+29.2%
2021
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$133M
2021
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$121M
2021
$494B
2024
Service imports
$73.1M
2021
$411B
2024
Service exports
$9.44M
2021
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
81.7%
2024
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.1%
2024
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Marshall Islands United Kingdom
Economic freedom 58 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 113/197 35/197
Property rights n/a 93.6
Government integrity n/a 83
Judicial effectiveness n/a 83.1
Tax burden n/a 61.7
Government spending n/a 41.1
Fiscal health n/a 32.4
Business freedom n/a 83.6
Labor freedom n/a 61.2
Monetary freedom n/a 71.9
Trade freedom n/a 82.8
Investment freedom n/a 70
Financial freedom n/a 80

Other economic metrics

Marshall Islands United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
67%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
13.2%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
19.6%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$319M
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,680
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$499K
2021
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.7M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
7.2%
2019
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.7%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/marshall-islands/united-kingdom | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  5. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.