Skip to content

Economy of Laos vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Laos has a GDP of $16.5B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 139/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Laos has $16.6B in government debt (100.5% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Laos vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Laos
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Laos United Kingdom
2024 $16,502,933,121 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $15,843,155,731 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $15,468,785,204 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $18,827,148,531 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $18,981,805,250 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $18,740,561,513 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $18,141,641,090 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $17,071,155,481 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $15,912,501,723 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $14,426,380,126 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $13,279,245,886 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $11,983,252,627 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $10,192,846,339 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $8,750,104,617 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $7,131,771,015 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $5,836,137,330 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $5,446,433,157 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $4,223,152,739 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $3,455,030,061 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $2,735,558,735 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $2,366,398,120 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $2,023,324,407 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $1,758,176,653 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $1,768,619,058 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $1,731,198,022 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $1,454,430,642 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $1,280,177,839 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $1,747,011,857 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $1,873,671,550 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $1,763,536,305 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $1,543,606,345 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $1,327,748,690 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $1,127,806,945 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $1,028,087,972 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $865,559,879 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 $714,046,821 $926,884,816,754
1988 $598,961,269 $910,122,732,124
1987 $1,087,273,104 $745,162,608,269
1986 $1,776,842,097 $601,452,653,181
1985 $2,366,666,616 $489,285,164,271
1984 $1,757,142,856 $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Laos vs United Kingdom by year

Laos
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Laos United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,124 $9,776 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $2,067 $9,292 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $2,046 $8,766 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $2,526 $8,080 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $2,584 $7,913 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $2,589 $7,743 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $2,545 $7,487 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $2,432 $7,142 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $2,303 $6,743 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $2,121 $6,086 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $1,981 $5,799 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $1,813 $5,222 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $1,564 $4,781 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $1,362 $4,100 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $1,126 $3,772 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $935 $3,485 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $886 $3,271 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $697 $3,021 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $579 $2,777 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $466 $2,519 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $409 $2,315 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $355 $2,151 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $313 $2,020 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $320 $1,908 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $319 $1,794 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $272.3 $1,686 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $243.9 $1,577 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $339 $1,528 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $371 $1,435 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $358 $1,349 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $321 $1,265 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $283.4 $1,176 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $247.3 $1,114 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $231.8 $1,061 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $200.7 $1,012 $19,095 $16,505
1989 $170.4 - $16,239 -
1988 $147.1 - $15,987 -
1987 $274.7 - $13,119 -
1986 $462 - $10,611 -
1985 $633 - $8,652 -
1984 $483 - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

Laos' GDP per capita is $2,124, ranking 155/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Laos ranks 134th at $9,776, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Laos United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$16.5B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
139/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
4.13%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,124
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
155/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$9,776
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
134/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$16.6B
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
100.5%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,134
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
119/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,096
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.2%
2018
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2018
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
15.7%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
23.1%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
1.21%
2022
4.36%
2024
Population
8004838
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Laos
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Laos United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 15.7% 100.5% 44% 101.2%
2023 16.4% 116.5% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 14.7% 130.7% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 15.7% 92.9% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 18.4% 76% 50% 105.8%
2019 18.6% 69.1% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 20.7% 60.6% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 21.8% 57.2% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 21.1% 54.5% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 25.8% 53.1% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 25% 53.5% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 24.2% 49.5% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 24.7% 46.1% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 20.2% 43% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 22.4% 49.3% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 20.1% 51.8% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 16.1% 51.7% 41% 50.8%
2007 15.1% 55.9% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 14.7% 60% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 15.3% 73.2% 38.4% 41%
2004 13.6% 80.7% 38% 39.8%
2003 16% 90.1% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 16.6% 95.3% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 18.8% 94.7% 34.7% 35%
2000 19.9% - 33.9% 37.7%
1999 - - 33.9% 40.4%
1998 - - 34.5% 42%
1997 - - 34.9% 44.1%
1996 - - 35.7% 43.7%
1995 - - 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Laos' government spending was $2.58B, accounting for 15.7% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 100.5% in Laos and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 24/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Laos

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Laos United Kingdom
2024 2.34% -5.75%
2023 -0.01% -6.05%
2022 0.06% -4.56%
2021 -0.67% -7.72%
2020 -5.37% -13.2%
2019 -3.2% -2.47%
2018 -4.46% -2.27%
2017 -5.51% -2.49%
2016 -5.06% -3.31%
2015 -5.57% -4.59%
2014 -3.13% -5.53%
2013 -4.03% -5.34%
2012 -2.34% -7.45%
2011 -1.43% -7.38%
2010 -1.47% -9.22%
2009 -3.1% -10.1%
2008 -1.86% -5.09%
2007 -1.12% -2.65%
2006 -1.48% -2.76%
2005 -2.54% -3.15%
2004 -1.81% -3.16%
2003 -3.89% -3.22%
2002 -2.85% -1.96%
2001 -3.68% 0.34%
2000 -3.58% 1.4%
1999 - 0.76%
1998 - -0.21%
1997 - -2.01%
1996 - -3.65%
1995 - -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Laos' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $386M, equivalent to 2.34% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Laos recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Laos posted an annual deficit equal to 2.63% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.71% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Laos

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Laos United Kingdom
2024 23.1% 3.27%
2023 31.2% 6.79%
2022 23% 7.92%
2021 3.8% 2.52%
2020 5.1% 0.99%
2019 3.3% 1.74%
2018 2% 2.29%
2017 0.8% 2.56%
2016 1.6% 1.01%
2015 1.3% 0.37%
2014 4.1% 1.45%
2013 6.4% 2.29%
2012 4.3% 2.57%
2011 7.6% 3.86%
2010 6% 2.49%
2009 0.1% 1.96%
2008 7.6% 3.52%
2007 4.7% 2.39%
2006 6.5% 2.46%
2005 7.2% 2.09%
2004 10.5% 1.39%
2003 15.5% 1.38%
2002 10.6% 1.52%
2001 7.8% 1.53%
2000 8.4% 1.18%
1999 128.4% 1.75%
1998 90.1% 1.82%
1997 19.5% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Laos has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 15.7%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 23.1% in Laos and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Laos
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $22.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.1M
Raw agricultural goods $476K
Raw materials & minerals $333K
Machinery & equipment $18K
Miscellaneous $14K
Metals $7K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $13M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $907K
Precious metals & jewellery $875K
Textiles & consumer goods $701K
Wood & paper products $691K
Chemicals & pharma $554K
Animal & marine products $170K
Raw materials & minerals $87K
Metals $63K
Miscellaneous $20K

Balance of trade

Laos United Kingdom
Current account balance
$531M
2024
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
61/190
2024
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.22%
2024
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$8.66B
2024
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$9.39B
2024
$494B
2024
Service imports
$1.27B
2024
$411B
2024
Service exports
$1.73B
2024
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.9%
2016
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.2%
2016
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Laos United Kingdom
Economic freedom 50.9 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 157/197 35/197
Property rights 41.1 93.6
Government integrity 25.9 83
Judicial effectiveness 10.2 83.1
Tax burden 88.5 61.7
Government spending 92.7 41.1
Fiscal health 80 32.4
Business freedom 54.2 83.6
Labor freedom 40.7 61.2
Monetary freedom 53.3 71.9
Trade freedom 69 82.8
Investment freedom 35 70
Financial freedom 20 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Laos
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Laos United Kingdom
2026 50.9 70.4
2025 51.1 69.3
2024 50.6 68.6
2023 50.3 69.9
2022 49.2 72.7
2021 53.9 78.4
2020 55.5 79.3
2019 57.4 78.9
2018 53.6 78
2017 54 76.4
2016 49.8 76.4
2015 51.4 75.8
2014 51.2 74.9
2013 50.1 74.8
2012 50 74.1
2011 51.3 74.5
2010 51.1 76.5
2009 50.4 79
2008 50.3 79.4
2007 50.3 79.9
2006 47.5 80.4
2005 44.4 79.2
2004 42 77.7
2003 41 77.5
2002 36.8 78.5
2001 33.5 77.6
2000 36.8 77.3
1999 35.2 76.2
1998 35.2 76.5
1997 35.1 76.4
1996 38.5 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Laos is 50.9, ranking 157/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Laos United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
43.5%
2024
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29%
2024
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$15.5B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,160
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.77B
2023
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
129/177
2023
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$988M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$988M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
13.8%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
22%
2020
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29%
2016
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/laos/united-kingdom | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.