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Economy of Tajikistan vs United Kingdom compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Tajikistan has a GDP of $14.2B compared to $3.69T for the United Kingdom, ranking 145/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Tajikistan has $3.54B in government debt (24.9% of GDP), compared to $3.73T (101.2% of GDP) in the United Kingdom.

Tajikistan vs United Kingdom GDP by year

Tajikistan
United Kingdom
1x
Year GDP, current $
Tajikistan United Kingdom
2024 $14,204,575,549 $3,686,033,044,482
2023 $12,244,169,293 $3,420,796,653,789
2022 $10,713,525,200 $3,181,244,350,465
2021 $8,937,805,347 $3,194,559,188,926
2020 $8,133,963,551 $2,724,001,478,305
2019 $8,300,813,599 $2,875,710,080,015
2018 $7,764,999,999 $2,897,028,009,916
2017 $7,536,402,853 $2,699,118,387,873
2016 $6,992,416,097 $2,706,807,606,539
2015 $8,271,431,485 $2,945,579,890,258
2014 $9,112,605,459 $3,085,362,169,410
2013 $8,448,411,318 $2,796,908,333,283
2012 $7,633,036,903 $2,719,715,961,540
2011 $6,522,756,255 $2,675,590,034,129
2010 $5,642,221,099 $2,496,740,681,057
2009 $4,979,472,364 $2,429,358,155,476
2008 $5,161,299,725 $2,945,251,838,235
2007 $3,719,524,541 $3,104,699,879,952
2006 $2,830,213,849 $2,719,558,417,663
2005 $2,312,352,021 $2,551,361,818,182
2004 $2,076,176,869 $2,429,774,807,763
2003 $1,555,318,261 $2,061,227,755,102
2002 $1,221,106,220 $1,790,536,570,743
2001 $1,080,772,551 $1,656,171,009,069
2000 $860,541,842 $1,671,597,821,153
1999 $1,086,612,290 $1,693,458,987,219
1998 $1,320,199,582 $1,660,821,464,061
1997 $921,518,033 $1,569,317,288,802
1996 $1,043,654,822 $1,425,287,051,482
1995 $1,231,561,860 $1,349,094,208,616
1994 $1,522,001,206 $1,140,489,745,944
1993 $1,646,623,195 $1,061,388,722,256
1992 $1,908,554,572 $1,179,659,529,660
1991 $2,536,585,366 $1,142,797,178,131
1990 $2,629,395,066 $1,093,169,389,205
1989 - $926,884,816,754
1988 - $910,122,732,124
1987 - $745,162,608,269
1986 - $601,452,653,181
1985 - $489,285,164,271
1984 - $461,487,097,632
1983 - $489,618,008,186
1982 - $515,048,916,841
1981 - $540,765,675,241
1980 - $564,947,710,899
1979 - $438,994,070,309
1978 - $335,883,029,722
1977 - $263,066,457,352
1976 - $232,614,555,256
1975 - $241,756,637,168
1974 - $206,131,369,799
1973 - $192,537,971,583
1972 - $169,965,034,965
1971 - $148,113,896,325
1970 - $130,671,946,244
1969 - $116,464,702,803
1968 - $107,759,910,068
1967 - $113,116,888,211
1966 - $108,572,752,102
1965 - $101,824,755,079
1964 - $94,407,558,351
1963 - $86,561,961,812
1962 - $81,247,564,157
1961 - $77,741,965,703
1960 - $73,233,967,692

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

GDP per capita in Tajikistan vs United Kingdom by year

Tajikistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Kingdom
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Tajikistan United Kingdom
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $1,341 $5,406 $53,246 $62,009
2023 $1,178 $4,964 $49,944 $59,911
2022 $1,052 $4,514 $47,057 $59,022
2021 $897 $3,986 $47,691 $51,004
2020 $834 $3,654 $40,813 $48,230
2019 $871 $3,460 $43,159 $50,065
2018 $834 $3,069 $43,703 $47,212
2017 $829 $3,017 $40,917 $46,113
2016 $789 $2,914 $41,258 $44,085
2015 $957 $2,975 $45,255 $42,515
2014 $1,082 $3,152 $47,746 $41,267
2013 $1,028 $2,919 $43,607 $39,948
2012 $952 $2,679 $42,688 $38,337
2011 $834 $2,456 $42,296 $37,224
2010 $737 $2,291 $39,778 $36,484
2009 $665 $2,171 $39,009 $35,042
2008 $703 $2,120 $47,652 $36,745
2007 $517 $1,966 $50,629 $35,522
2006 $401 $1,810 $44,695 $34,727
2005 $334 $1,673 $42,240 $32,726
2004 $306 $1,550 $40,504 $32,051
2003 $233.6 $1,396 $34,557 $30,314
2002 $187 $1,257 $30,159 $29,089
2001 $168.7 $1,139 $28,014 $27,913
2000 $136.9 $1,036 $28,384 $26,536
1999 $175 $947 $28,858 $24,494
1998 $213.7 $905 $28,396 $23,689
1997 $150.1 $855 $26,910 $23,071
1996 $172 $836 $24,503 $21,947
1995 $207 $1,006 $23,253 $20,595
1994 $261.3 $1,148 $19,709 $19,605
1993 $287.6 $1,454 $18,389 $18,336
1992 $338 $1,721 $20,487 $17,349
1991 $458 $2,417 $19,901 $16,791
1990 $487 $2,583 $19,095 $16,505
1989 - - $16,239 -
1988 - - $15,987 -
1987 - - $13,119 -
1986 - - $10,611 -
1985 - - $8,652 -
1984 - - $8,179 -
1983 - - $8,692 -
1982 - - $9,146 -
1981 - - $9,599 -
1980 - - $10,032 -
1979 - - $7,805 -
1978 - - $5,977 -
1977 - - $4,681 -
1976 - - $4,138 -
1975 - - $4,300 -
1974 - - $3,666 -
1973 - - $3,426 -
1972 - - $3,030 -
1971 - - $2,650 -
1970 - - $2,348 -
1969 - - $2,101 -
1968 - - $1,952 -
1967 - - $2,059 -
1966 - - $1,987 -
1965 - - $1,874 -
1964 - - $1,748 -
1963 - - $1,613 -
1962 - - $1,526 -
1961 - - $1,472 -
1960 - - $1,398 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

Tajikistan's GDP per capita is $1,341, ranking 166/197, compared to $53,246 in the United Kingdom, ranking 22/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Tajikistan ranks 157th at $5,406, while the United Kingdom ranks 32nd at $62,009.

Economic indicators

Tajikistan United Kingdom
Gross domestic product
$14.2B
2024
$3.69T
2024
GDP rank
145/197
2024
6/197
2024
GDP growth
8.4%
2023-2024
1.13%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$1,341
2024
$53,246
2024
GDP per capita rank
166/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$5,406
2024
$62,009
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
157/197
2024
32/197
2024
Government debt
$3.54B
2024
$3.73T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
24.9%
2024
101.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$335
2024
$53,900
2024
Government debt per person rank
175/185
2024
7/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,591
2026
$39,230
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.1T
2022
Number of millionaires n/a
2,624,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
55
2025
Income share by richest 10%
28.2%
2024
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2024
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
44%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.5%
2023-2024
3.27%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
7.75%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
0.08%
2016
4.36%
2024
Population
11038274
70154914

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Tajikistan
Spending

Debt
United Kingdom
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Tajikistan United Kingdom
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 27.7% 24.9% 44% 101.2%
2023 28% 29.9% 44.8% 100.4%
2022 27.4% 31.8% 44.1% 99.6%
2021 27.6% 42% 45.8% 105.1%
2020 29.2% 50.9% 50% 105.8%
2019 28.8% 43.2% 38.8% 85.7%
2018 30.9% 46.3% 38.9% 86.3%
2017 33.8% 46.3% 39.2% 86.7%
2016 32.7% 42.2% 39.6% 87.8%
2015 31.9% 35% 40.4% 87.9%
2014 27.5% 27.9% 41.2% 87.1%
2013 27.7% 29.3% 41.8% 85.3%
2012 24.7% 32.5% 43.6% 84.5%
2011 24.3% 35.5% 43.5% 81.4%
2010 25.9% 36.8% 44.7% 75.9%
2009 23.6% 36.9% 44.6% 64.9%
2008 20.2% 30.2% 41% 50.8%
2007 20.3% 34.3% 38.7% 43.2%
2006 21.6% 36.8% 38.4% 42.1%
2005 22.9% 45.8% 38.4% 41%
2004 20.2% 49.4% 38% 39.8%
2003 19.1% 69.8% 37.2% 36.8%
2002 19.1% 98.3% 35.9% 35.4%
2001 17.3% 99.4% 34.7% 35%
2000 18.1% 111.4% 33.9% 37.7%
1999 17.5% 107.8% 33.9% 40.4%
1998 17.1% 96.6% 34.5% 42%
1997 - - 34.9% 44.1%
1996 - - 35.7% 43.7%
1995 - - 37.6% 43.7%
1994 - - 37.5% 40.7%
1993 - - 37.8% 38%
1992 - - 37.8% 33.2%
1991 - - 35.9% 28.5%
1990 - - 35% 28.5%
1989 - - 39.7% 31.4%
1988 - - 40.3% 36.6%
1987 - - 42.7% 41.8%
1986 - - 44.6% 42.9%
1985 - - 48.7% 42.9%
1984 - - 50.3% 44.1%
1983 - - 50.4% 44.2%
1982 - - 50.8% 44.7%
1981 - - 51.2% 41.1%
1980 - - 47.6% 43.7%
1979 - - 45.1% 44.5%
1978 - - 46.2% 47.3%
1977 - - 46.8% 53.7%
1976 - - 49.2% 47.7%
1975 - - 49.1% 49.6%
1974 - - 47.8% 56.2%
1973 - - 43.5% 58.5%
1972 - - 42.3% 65%
1971 - - 41.2% 67.9%
1970 - - 42% 73.4%
1969 - - 39.2% 82.8%
1968 - - 40.3% 88.5%
1967 - - 40.1% 89.1%
1966 - - 35.7% 91.9%
1965 - - 34.6% 94.6%
1964 - - 32.8% 101.1%
1963 - - 37.4% 108.6%
1962 - - 33.8% 110.5%
1961 - - 31.5% 113.8%
1960 - - 33.1% 117.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Tajikistan's government spending was $3.93B, accounting for 27.7% of its GDP, while the United Kingdom spent $1.62T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 24.9% in Tajikistan and 101.2% in the United Kingdom, ranking 166/185 and 22/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Tajikistan

United Kingdom
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Tajikistan United Kingdom
2024 0.28% -5.75%
2023 -0.93% -6.05%
2022 -0.23% -4.56%
2021 -0.64% -7.72%
2020 -4.34% -13.2%
2019 -2.04% -2.47%
2018 -2.69% -2.27%
2017 -5.65% -2.49%
2016 -2.91% -3.31%
2015 -1.96% -4.59%
2014 0.92% -5.53%
2013 -0.73% -5.34%
2012 0.41% -7.45%
2011 0.6% -7.38%
2010 -2.71% -9.22%
2009 -0.2% -10.1%
2008 1.94% -5.09%
2007 2.13% -2.65%
2006 2% -2.76%
2005 -2.83% -3.15%
2004 -2.32% -3.16%
2003 -1.74% -3.22%
2002 -2.4% -1.96%
2001 -2.11% 0.34%
2000 -4.51% 1.4%
1999 -4.03% 0.76%
1998 -5.09% -0.21%
1997 - -2.01%
1996 - -3.65%
1995 - -4.99%
1994 - -5.74%
1993 - -6.62%
1992 - -5.41%
1991 - -2.77%
1990 - -1.54%
1989 - 0.77%
1988 - 0.46%
1987 - -1.79%
1986 - -2.56%
1985 - -5.57%
1984 - -6.39%
1983 - -6.26%
1982 - -5.66%
1981 - -7.03%
1980 - -5.65%
1979 - -5.79%
1978 - -6.63%
1977 - -4.41%
1976 - -5.61%
1975 - -5.08%
1974 - -4.06%
1973 - -4.29%
1972 - -1.66%
1971 - 1.48%
1970 - 2.61%
1969 - 1.03%
1968 - -2.3%
1967 - -4.57%
1966 - -1.59%
1965 - -2.06%
1964 - -1.76%
1963 - -5.47%
1962 - -0.49%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.75%
1959 - -0.58%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - -1.04%
1956 - 0.55%
1955 - -0.39%
1954 - -1.65%
1953 - -2.84%
1952 - -1.26%
1951 - 2.03%
1950 - 0.34%
1949 - 3.01%
1948 - -0.39%
1947 - -15.8%
1946 - -22.5%
1945 - -30.9%
1944 - -29.7%
1943 - -33.3%
1942 - -31.6%
1941 - -32%
1940 - -12.1%
1939 - -2.99%
1938 - 0%
1937 - 0.82%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 0.37%
1934 - 0.48%
1933 - 0.99%
1932 - -0.15%
1931 - 0.8%
1930 - 1.01%
1929 - 0.75%
1928 - 1.75%
1927 - 1.62%
1926 - 0.6%
1925 - 0.84%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - 2.23%
1922 - 2.45%
1921 - 1.15%
1920 - 4.2%
1919 - -6.28%
1918 - -34.4%
1917 - -48.8%
1916 - -50.6%
1915 - -30%
1914 - -14.6%
1913 - 0.25%
1912 - 0.22%
1911 - 0.51%
1910 - 1.75%
1909 - -1.25%
1908 - 0.34%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.58%
1905 - 0.36%
1904 - 0.2%
1903 - -0.22%
1902 - -1.77%
1901 - -2.74%
1900 - -2.96%
1899 - -0.79%
1898 - 0.01%
1897 - 0.25%
1896 - 0.17%
1895 - 0.3%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - -0.007%
1892 - 0.14%
1891 - 0.19%
1890 - 0.23%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - 0.27%
1887 - 0.25%
1886 - 0.07%
1885 - -0.21%
1884 - -0.04%
1883 - 0.06%
1882 - 0.02%
1881 - 0.06%
1880 - 0.1%
1879 - -0.86%
1878 - -0.18%
1877 - -0.18%
1876 - 0.09%
1875 - 0%
1874 - 0.09%
1873 - 0%
1872 - 0.55%
1871 - 0.29%
1870 - 0%
1869 - 0.77%
1868 - -0.45%
1867 - -0.45%
1866 - 0.11%
1865 - 0%
1864 - 0.24%
1863 - 0%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.4%
1860 - -0.43%
1859 - 0%
1858 - -0.15%
1857 - -0.15%
1856 - -0.6%
1855 - -3.57%
1854 - -3.39%
1853 - 0.5%
1852 - 0.35%
1851 - 0.35%
1850 - 0.37%
1849 - 0.34%
1848 - -0.17%
1847 - -6.13%
1846 - 0.52%
1845 - 0.56%
1844 - 0.59%
1843 - 0.44%
1842 - -0.87%
1841 - -0.42%
1840 - -0.2%
1839 - -0.18%
1838 - -0.19%
1837 - -0.21%
1836 - 0.59%
1835 - 0.42%
1834 - 0.23%
1833 - 0.24%
1832 - 0%
1831 - 0%
1830 - 0.45%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

In 2024, Tajikistan's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $39.2M, equivalent to 0.28% of GDP. This compares to the United Kingdom's deficit of $212B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 27 years, Tajikistan recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while the United Kingdom ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Tajikistan posted an annual deficit equal to 1.55% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.34% of GDP for the United Kingdom.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Tajikistan

United Kingdom
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Tajikistan United Kingdom
2024 3.5% 3.27%
2023 3.7% 6.79%
2022 6.6% 7.92%
2021 9% 2.52%
2020 8.6% 0.99%
2019 7.8% 1.74%
2018 3.8% 2.29%
2017 7.3% 2.56%
2016 5.9% 1.01%
2015 5.8% 0.37%
2014 6.1% 1.45%
2013 5% 2.29%
2012 5.8% 2.57%
2011 12.4% 3.86%
2010 6.5% 2.49%
2009 6.4% 1.96%
2008 20.4% 3.52%
2007 13.2% 2.39%
2006 10% 2.46%
2005 7.3% 2.09%
2004 7.2% 1.39%
2003 16.4% 1.38%
2002 12.2% 1.52%
2001 38.6% 1.53%
2000 32.9% 1.18%
1999 27.5% 1.75%
1998 43.2% 1.82%
1997 88% 2.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Tajikistan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 15%, compared with 2.4% in the United Kingdom. In 2024, inflation was 3.5% in Tajikistan and 3.27% in the United Kingdom.

Top exports between countries

Tajikistan
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $460K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $153K
Machinery & equipment $113K
Textiles & consumer goods $96K
Raw agricultural goods $24K
Raw materials & minerals $9K
Metals $6K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Animal & marine products $1K
United Kingdom
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.18M
Metals $592K
Chemicals & pharma $205K
Textiles & consumer goods $201K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $147K
Precious metals & jewellery $13K
Miscellaneous $9K
Raw materials & minerals $8K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Tajikistan United Kingdom
Current account balance
$887M
2024
-$80.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
54/190
2024
189/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+6.24%
2024
-2.19%
2024
Goods imports
$5.94B
2024
$763B
2024
Goods exports
$1.42B
2024
$494B
2024
Service imports
$971M
2024
$411B
2024
Service exports
$195M
2024
$648B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.4%
2023
31.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.2%
2023
31%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Tajikistan United Kingdom
Economic freedom 52.5 70.4
Economic freedom ranking 147/197 35/197
Property rights 28.4 93.6
Government integrity 18.5 83
Judicial effectiveness 10.1 83.1
Tax burden 94.2 61.7
Government spending 77 41.1
Fiscal health 98.6 32.4
Business freedom 60.6 83.6
Labor freedom 43.4 61.2
Monetary freedom 72.6 71.9
Trade freedom 72.2 82.8
Investment freedom 25 70
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Tajikistan
United Kingdom
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Tajikistan United Kingdom
2026 52.5 70.4
2025 51.5 69.3
2024 51.3 68.6
2023 50.6 69.9
2022 49.7 72.7
2021 55.2 78.4
2020 52.2 79.3
2019 55.6 78.9
2018 58.3 78
2017 58.2 76.4
2016 51.3 76.4
2015 52.7 75.8
2014 52 74.9
2013 53.4 74.8
2012 53.4 74.1
2011 53.5 74.5
2010 53 76.5
2009 54.6 79
2008 54.4 79.4
2007 53.6 79.9
2006 52.6 80.4
2005 50.4 79.2
2004 48.7 77.7
2003 46.5 77.5
2002 47.3 78.5
2001 46.8 77.6
2000 44.8 77.3
1999 41.2 76.2
1998 41.1 76.5
1997 - 76.4
1996 - 76.4
1995 - 77.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/tajikistan/united-kingdom | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Tajikistan is 52.5, ranking 147/197, compared to 70.4 for the United Kingdom, ranking 35/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Tajikistan United Kingdom
Services, % of GDP
34.7%
2023
72.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
33.6%
2023
17.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
22.9%
2023
0.64%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$17.5B
2024
$3.42T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,100
2024
$61,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$3.3B
2023
$175B
2024
Total reserves ranking
117/177
2023
19/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$190M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$291M
2024
-$13B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$101M
2024
-$72.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.07%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19.8%
2024
18.6%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.7%
2023
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1830–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.