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Economy of Colombia vs Israel compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Colombia has a GDP of $419B compared to $540B for Israel, ranking 40/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Colombia has $256B in government debt (59.7% of GDP), compared to $367B (69.1% of GDP) in Israel.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Colombia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Israel
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Colombia Israel
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $4,031,152,977 $30,607,351,921 $3,070,585,807 $18,583,908,318
1961 $4,540,447,761 $32,165,026,473 $3,708,586,471 $20,666,029,079
1962 $4,955,538,219 $33,905,762,200 $2,966,154,031 $22,764,895,217
1963 $4,836,166,667 $35,020,145,448 $3,535,949,089 $25,199,765,384
1964 $5,973,366,667 $37,179,817,269 $4,024,344,853 $27,199,917,741
1965 $5,760,761,905 $38,518,294,925 $4,329,084,429 $29,647,352,060
1966 $5,428,518,519 $40,535,396,289 $4,703,300,098 $29,623,738,826
1967 $5,825,170,438 $42,211,479,865 $4,762,386,783 $30,510,977,644
1968 $5,960,212,869 $44,715,936,774 $5,458,427,928 $35,466,555,951
1969 $6,450,175,214 $47,444,734,556 $6,297,852,761 $40,277,843,296
1970 $7,198,360,460 $50,390,007,346 $7,406,712,876 $43,221,080,450
1971 $7,820,380,971 $53,393,618,596 $7,052,544,000 $47,954,251,679
1972 $8,671,358,733 $57,488,453,985 $9,222,557,539 $53,779,040,921
1973 $10,315,760,000 $61,353,376,859 $11,902,574,259 $56,783,925,432
1974 $12,370,029,584 $64,878,592,920 $17,172,607,138 $60,461,344,100
1975 $13,098,633,902 $66,385,888,257 $16,141,767,373 $62,421,996,171
1976 $15,341,403,660 $69,524,857,841 $15,956,349,550 $62,623,309,265
1977 $19,470,960,619 $72,416,052,846 $18,257,113,904 $63,271,647,907
1978 $23,263,511,958 $78,549,620,713 $17,701,286,907 $66,786,442,968
1979 $27,940,411,250 $82,774,898,276 $22,609,741,060 $70,932,422,328
1980 $33,400,735,644 $86,158,201,123 $25,395,256,478 $72,117,307,131
1981 $36,388,366,869 $88,119,913,722 $26,882,009,819 $75,968,318,466
1982 $38,968,039,722 $88,955,661,301 $29,255,285,401 $77,550,358,896
1983 $38,729,822,782 $90,355,784,303 $32,675,755,462 $80,155,353,983
1984 $38,253,120,738 $93,383,320,875 $30,645,607,293 $80,903,374,864
1985 $34,894,419,443 $96,284,839,824 $28,905,736,367 $84,169,395,855
1986 $34,942,489,684 $101,892,542,204 $35,834,154,874 $87,696,215,125
1987 $36,373,307,085 $107,363,083,659 $43,049,543,635 $93,957,471,742
1988 $39,212,550,050 $111,726,505,380 $52,650,948,910 $96,691,649,504
1989 $39,540,080,200 $115,540,955,654 $52,443,479,454 $97,247,381,691
1990 $47,844,090,710 $120,488,417,446 $62,016,729,541 $104,361,221,373
1991 $49,637,993,949 $122,900,122,762 $70,998,755,007 $112,424,289,466
1992 $58,394,443,378 $127,871,346,008 $79,457,685,757 $121,147,589,382
1993 $66,474,101,301 $134,757,742,185 $79,855,877,174 $126,134,940,469
1994 $81,705,497,617 $142,593,449,287 $90,740,103,829 $135,504,048,695
1995 $92,495,970,511 $150,011,784,498 $105,497,418,059 $144,451,278,945
1996 $97,153,389,011 $153,095,808,839 $115,116,595,545 $152,886,422,507
1997 $106,656,492,294 $158,347,444,691 $119,459,826,347 $158,409,209,239
1998 $98,486,358,581 $159,249,683,235 $120,547,409,279 $164,922,938,836
1999 $86,278,947,637 $152,554,802,279 $121,417,185,062 $170,360,909,595
2000 $99,875,074,951 $157,016,818,929 $136,512,300,542 $184,981,435,200
2001 $98,200,641,203 $159,651,401,477 $135,002,039,613 $185,495,549,158
2002 $97,945,812,803 $163,649,041,384 $125,332,331,884 $185,246,850,388
2003 $94,644,969,157 $170,061,255,793 $131,408,914,824 $187,931,184,127
2004 $117,092,416,666 $179,130,660,093 $140,047,984,605 $196,666,032,830
2005 $145,600,529,606 $187,780,451,739 $147,519,922,009 $205,295,323,131
2006 $161,792,958,905 $200,393,418,124 $158,900,547,825 $216,795,201,343
2007 $206,229,540,926 $213,896,316,785 $184,681,214,673 $230,503,919,634
2008 $242,504,150,473 $220,919,487,241 $221,231,658,863 $237,930,977,208
2009 $232,468,663,110 $223,437,193,185 $213,403,181,853 $240,875,924,093
2010 $286,498,534,095 $233,479,933,032 $239,679,036,634 $254,206,817,527
2011 $334,966,134,805 $249,701,866,578 $268,094,998,225 $268,235,973,748
2012 $370,691,143,018 $259,471,791,121 $263,589,172,712 $274,800,159,647
2013 $382,093,697,078 $272,793,056,064 $298,478,070,673 $286,027,695,014
2014 $381,240,864,422 $285,066,097,497 $315,017,088,117 $296,827,610,046
2015 $293,492,370,193 $293,492,370,193 $303,469,434,072 $303,469,434,072
2016 $282,720,100,286 $299,618,678,572 $321,940,971,558 $317,003,511,449
2017 $311,866,875,157 $303,691,577,642 $358,451,839,053 $330,783,435,889
2018 $334,198,218,098 $311,479,214,512 $376,299,083,108 $344,027,669,320
2019 $323,031,701,193 $321,405,606,656 $400,645,216,359 $356,792,803,356
2020 $270,348,342,541 $298,309,675,728 $410,768,352,658 $349,579,824,803
2021 $318,524,633,225 $330,530,695,025 $489,851,549,972 $382,399,686,302
2022 $345,632,492,851 $354,752,900,899 $525,181,008,026 $406,350,386,042
2023 $366,291,836,138 $357,280,089,728 $512,184,638,999 $413,772,459,124
2024 $418,542,042,920 $363,510,345,115 $540,379,921,262 $417,380,424,316

Economic indicators

Colombia Israel
Gross domestic product
$419B
2024
$540B
2024
GDP rank
40/197
2024
28/197
2024
GDP growth
14.3%
2023-2024
5.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,914
2024
$54,177
2024
GDP per capita rank
97/197
2024
21/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$21,495
2024
$55,691
2024
Government debt
$256B
2024
$367B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.7%
2025
69.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,849
2024
$36,774
2024
Government debt per person rank
81/185
2024
18/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,346
2025
$39,091
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$72.6B
2024
$331B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
179,905
2024
Number of billionaires
4
2025
41
2025
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2023
26.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.1%
2023
2%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.5%
2025
41.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
6.61%
2023-2024
3.07%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
9.25%
2025
4.5%
2024
Unemployment rate
9.62%
2024
2.9%
2024
Population
53835787
10224104

GDP per capita in Colombia vs Israel

Colombia's GDP per capita is $7,914, ranking 97/197, compared to $54,177 in Israel, ranking 21/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Colombia ranks 90th at $21,495, while Israel ranks 36th at $55,691.

Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Israel
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Colombia Israel
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $258.3 - $1,452 -
1961 $282.1 - $1,697 -
1962 $298.5 - $1,294 -
1963 $282.6 - $1,486 -
1964 $339 - $1,626 -
1965 $317 - $1,689 -
1966 $290.3 - $1,789 -
1967 $303 - $1,735 -
1968 $302 - $1,947 -
1969 $318 - $2,189 -
1970 $346 - $2,490 -
1971 $367 - $2,298 -
1972 $397 - $2,930 -
1973 $462 - $3,631 -
1974 $542 - $5,085 -
1975 $561 - $4,672 -
1976 $643 - $4,516 -
1977 $798 - $5,053 -
1978 $932 - $4,797 -
1979 $1,095 - $5,972 -
1980 $1,280 - $6,549 -
1981 $1,362 - $6,795 -
1982 $1,425 - $7,258 -
1983 $1,384 - $7,960 -
1984 $1,336 - $7,369 -
1985 $1,192 - $6,829 -
1986 $1,169 - $8,335 -
1987 $1,193 - $9,853 -
1988 $1,260 - $11,853 -
1989 $1,244 - $11,608 -
1990 $1,475 $5,109 $13,308 $15,697
1991 $1,500 $5,281 $14,346 $16,461
1992 $1,730 $5,509 $15,510 $17,526
1993 $1,930 $5,826 $15,179 $18,190
1994 $2,326 $6,174 $16,807 $19,448
1995 $2,583 $6,506 $19,026 $20,610
1996 $2,664 $6,639 $20,224 $21,653
1997 $2,873 $6,861 $20,469 $22,281
1998 $2,606 $6,854 $20,189 $22,913
1999 $2,244 $6,544 $19,823 $23,415
2000 $2,555 $6,776 $21,707 $25,783
2001 $2,473 $6,935 $20,966 $25,813
2002 $2,429 $7,109 $19,076 $26,101
2003 $2,312 $7,420 $19,643 $24,678
2004 $2,819 $7,909 $20,568 $26,071
2005 $3,456 $8,432 $21,287 $25,701
2006 $3,790 $9,154 $22,527 $26,366
2007 $4,770 $9,909 $25,721 $28,266
2008 $5,542 $10,307 $30,269 $28,084
2009 $5,251 $10,367 $28,508 $28,097
2010 $6,398 $10,841 $31,439 $29,456
2011 $7,401 $11,707 $34,523 $31,314
2012 $8,109 $12,093 $33,321 $32,484
2013 $8,279 $12,780 $37,034 $34,827
2014 $8,187 $13,355 $38,343 $34,816
2015 $6,249 $13,332 $36,213 $35,869
2016 $5,960 $14,027 $37,672 $38,189
2017 $6,480 $14,401 $41,138 $39,471
2018 $6,817 $15,239 $42,363 $40,190
2019 $6,473 $16,182 $44,251 $41,325
2020 $5,340 $15,519 $44,576 $40,955
2021 $6,223 $17,383 $52,271 $46,162
2022 $6,680 $20,696 $54,950 $53,564
2023 $7,001 $20,944 $52,004 $53,401
2024 $7,914 $21,495 $54,177 $55,691

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Colombia's government spending was $138B, accounting for 32.5% of its GDP, while Israel's spent $237B, or 41.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.7% in Colombia and 69.1% in Israel, ranking 82/185 and 57/185, respectively.

Colombia
Government spending

Government debt
Israel
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Colombia Israel
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 6.7% 7.2% 30.4% -
1961 8.6% 8.7% 30.3% -
1962 7.8% 14.8% 27.7% -
1963 8.6% 13.9% 26.9% -
1964 8.1% 13.1% 28.2% -
1965 7% 15.2% 27.8% -
1966 8% 15.3% 29.6% -
1967 8.2% 15.8% 33.9% -
1968 8.9% 16.2% 39.4% -
1969 9.2% 17% 41.1% -
1970 10% 16.7% 41.6% -
1971 10.3% 16.2% - -
1972 10.3% 16.9% - 63.9%
1973 9.4% 16.3% - 62.1%
1974 8.8% 15.9% - 79.8%
1975 9.4% 14.6% 62% 85.1%
1976 8% 12.2% 66.3% 97.4%
1977 7.7% 9.2% 69.1% 142%
1978 8.1% 7.6% 62.2% 133.6%
1979 8.6% 7.7% 70.1% 155.5%
1980 9.6% 8% 69.4% 154.3%
1981 9.9% 8.5% 71.8% -
1982 10.6% 8.8% 69.7% -
1983 10.2% 10.8% - 260.5%
1984 10.3% 15.5% - 284%
1985 10.5% 19.3% 65.2% 199%
1986 9.8% 20.2% 55.7% 162.5%
1987 9.7% 18.9% 52.8% 143.2%
1988 10.3% 17.9% 46.5% 145.4%
1989 10.3% 17.3% 47.5% 147.4%
1990 17.4% 16.7% 46.8% 138.3%
1991 17.7% 14.5% 34.4% 123.7%
1992 18.4% 16.1% 44.1% 119.6%
1993 20% 14.2% 42.2% 118.3%
1994 20.6% 12.5% 41.7% 110.2%
1995 22.2% 13.8% 52.8% 102.3%
1996 25.1% 23.3% 53.2% 100.3%
1997 26.2% 25.3% 52.6% 99.3%
1998 26.3% 27.4% 55% 101%
1999 28.2% 34% 53.6% 94.8%
2000 26.6% 38% 43.4% 77.1%
2001 27.5% 41.1% 46.1% 81%
2002 28.1% 47.5% 49.9% 87.1%
2003 28% 45% 45.3% 89.5%
2004 26.6% 41.5% 42.9% 88.2%
2005 25.9% 38.5% 42.3% 85.2%
2006 28.4% 36% 41.5% 77.5%
2007 28.2% 32.7% 40.1% 70.7%
2008 28.4% 32.4% 41.2% 70.1%
2009 30.9% 35.4% 41.3% 72.5%
2010 30.4% 36.5% 39.6% 68.9%
2011 30.2% 35.8% 39.3% 67.1%
2012 29.1% 34% 39.5% 66.8%
2013 30% 37.6% 39.6% 65.9%
2014 31.3% 43.3% 38.2% 64.7%
2015 31.3% 50.4% 37.5% 63%
2016 30% 49.9% 37.8% 61.6%
2017 29.3% 49.4% 38.2% 59.6%
2018 34.7% 51.8% 39.1% 59.9%
2019 32.9% 51% 38.5% 59.1%
2020 33.5% 65.3% 44.8% 71.1%
2021 34.3% 64.4% 40% 67.8%
2022 33.9% 61.3% 36.9% 60.5%
2023 35.4% 55.5% 39.4% 61.6%
2024 32.9% 61.3% 43.9% 67.9%
2025 32.5% 59.7% 41.9% 69.1%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Colombia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$19.8B, equivalent to -4.73% of GDP. This compares to Israel's deficit of -$44.8B, or -8.29% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Colombia recorded a fiscal deficit in 56 of those years, while Israel ran a deficit in 64 years. On average, Colombia posted an annual deficit equal to -1.84% of GDP, compared to deficit of -8.03% of GDP for Israel.

Deficit/surplus
Colombia

Israel
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Colombia Israel
1905 -0.9% -
1906 0.2% -
1907 -2.7% -
1908 -2.7% -
1909 -3.3% -
1910 -0.3% -
1911 -0.1% -
1912 -0.3% -
1913 0.5% -
1914 -0.5% -
1915 -0.2% -
1916 0.2% -
1917 -0.5% -
1918 -2.1% -
1919 -0.8% -
1920 0.4% -
1921 -1.6% -
1922 -0.7% -
1923 0.3% -
1924 0.5% -
1925 1% -
1926 0% -
1927 -0.6% -
1928 -0.4% -
1929 0.4% -
1930 0.3% -
1931 -0.2% -
1932 -0.8% -
1933 -0.4% -
1934 0.2% -
1935 1.3% -
1936 1.1% -
1937 1.4% -
1938 0.5% -
1939 0.8% -
1940 -1.5% -
1941 0% -
1942 -1.5% -
1943 -0.7% -
1944 -0.2% -
1945 0.1% -
1946 -0.5% -
1947 0.2% -
1948 -0.1% -
1949 0.5% -
1950 0.9% -10.7%
1951 2.1% -8.13%
1952 1.6% -7.19%
1953 1.3% -8.32%
1954 1.3% -7.84%
1955 0.7% -4.3%
1956 -0.2% -9.3%
1957 1.4% -7.17%
1958 1.7% -8.31%
1959 2% -7.23%
1960 1.2% -6.62%
1961 -1.5% -5.86%
1962 -1.6% -4.09%
1963 -1.7% -4.41%
1964 -1.1% -3.65%
1965 -0.6% -2.72%
1966 0.1% -4.35%
1967 -0.2% -7.68%
1968 0% -11.7%
1969 -0.5% -15.3%
1970 -0.7% -16%
1971 -1% -16%
1972 -1.7% -16%
1973 -1.1% -16%
1974 -1.2% -16%
1975 -0.5% -19.6%
1976 0.6% -19.4%
1977 0.5% -20.3%
1978 0.3% -14.7%
1979 -0.7% -16.7%
1980 -2.2% -19.6%
1981 -2.8% -23.5%
1982 -3.6% -13.8%
1983 -3.1% -11.4%
1984 -3.3% -13.7%
1985 -2.4% -14.2%
1986 -1.4% -7.51%
1987 -0.4% -7.47%
1988 -1.3% -7.57%
1989 -1.4% -9.03%
1990 -0.41% -9.67%
1991 0.35% -7.04%
1992 -0.07% -8%
1993 -0.24% -5.62%
1994 -0.14% -5.62%
1995 -1% -4.28%
1996 -2.49% -5.97%
1997 -3.23% -4.84%
1998 -3.86% -7.99%
1999 -5.37% -6.26%
2000 -2.94% -0.8%
2001 -2.71% -4.05%
2002 -3.45% -8.21%
2003 -2.7% -5.02%
2004 -1.31% -3.4%
2005 -0.02% -2.74%
2006 -0.99% -0.95%
2007 -0.82% -0.43%
2008 0.04% -3.49%
2009 -2.67% -6.52%
2010 -3.3% -3.71%
2011 -1.99% -3.43%
2012 0.15% -4.45%
2013 -1.02% -4.06%
2014 -1.74% -2.28%
2015 -3.52% -1.21%
2016 -2.27% -1.78%
2017 -2.5% -1.13%
2018 -4.67% -3.55%
2019 -3.48% -3.78%
2020 -6.96% -10.7%
2021 -7.09% -3.37%
2022 -6.17% 0.32%
2023 -3.22% -5.07%
2024 -4.73% -8.29%
2025 -4.44% -5.71%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Colombia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.01%, compared with 2.56% in Israel. In 2024, inflation was 6.61% in Colombia and 3.07% in Israel.

Inflation
Colombia

Israel
Year Inflation
Colombia Israel Colombia Israel
1996 20.8% 11.5%
1997 18.5% 8.95%
1998 18.7% 5.49%
1999 10.9% 5.19%
2000 9.23% 1.03%
2001 7.97% 1.12%
2002 6.35% 5.8%
2003 7.13% 0.71%
2004 5.9% -0.42%
2005 5.05% 1.34%
2006 4.29% 2.05%
2007 5.54% 0.47%
2008 7% 4.53%
2009 4.2% 3.37%
2010 2.27% 2.7%
2011 3.42% 3.49%
2012 3.17% 1.68%
2013 2.02% 1.59%
2014 2.9% 0.47%
2015 4.99% -0.62%
2016 7.51% -0.54%
2017 4.31% 0.25%
2018 3.24% 0.81%
2019 3.52% 0.82%
2020 2.53% -0.58%
2021 3.5% 1.48%
2022 10.2% 4.41%
2023 11.7% 4.23%
2024 6.61% 3.07%

Top exports between countries

Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $225M
Raw agricultural goods $33.5M
Machinery & equipment $3.81M
Precious metals & jewellery $2.97M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.62M
Chemicals & pharma $2.56M
Wood & paper products $1.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $791K
Animal & marine products $85K
Metals $41K
Israel
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $48.1M
Machinery & equipment $44.9M
Raw materials & minerals $8.13M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.09M
Raw agricultural goods $1.88M
Metals $1.67M
Weapons & explosives $841K
Wood & paper products $296K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $245K
Precious metals & jewellery $190K

Balance of trade

Colombia Israel
Current account balance
-$7.23B
2024
$16.7B
2024
Current account balance ranking
173/189
2024
21/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.73%
2024
+3.09%
2024
Goods imports
$60.2B
2024
$96.5B
2024
Goods exports
$51.1B
2024
$70.2B
2024
Service imports
$18.2B
2024
$43.9B
2024
Service exports
$17.9B
2024
$83B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
26%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
16%
2024
28.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Colombia Israel
Economic freedom 59.8 69.9
Economic freedom ranking 99/197 37/197
Property rights 45.5 77.2
Government integrity 40.9 63.9
Judicial effectiveness 58.8 68.1
Tax burden 67.6 60.8
Government spending 64.4 55.6
Fiscal health 48.7 81.7
Business freedom 68.6 73.4
Labor freedom 61.7 58.3
Monetary freedom 69.4 77.3
Trade freedom 72.2 82.8
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Colombia is 59.8, ranking 99/197, compared to 69.9 for Israel, ranking 37/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Colombia
Israel
Year Economic freedom index
Colombia Israel
1995 64.5 61.5
1996 64.3 62
1997 66.4 62.7
1998 65.5 68
1999 65.3 68.3
2000 63.3 65.5
2001 65.6 66.1
2002 64.2 66.9
2003 64.2 62.7
2004 61.2 61.4
2005 59.6 62.6
2006 60.4 64.4
2007 59.9 64.8
2008 62.2 66.3
2009 62.3 67.6
2010 65.5 67.7
2011 68 68.5
2012 68 67.8
2013 69.6 66.9
2014 70.7 68.4
2015 71.7 70.5
2016 70.8 70.7
2017 69.7 69.7
2018 68.9 72.2
2019 67.3 72.8
2020 69.2 74
2021 68.1 73.8
2022 65.1 68
2023 63.1 68.9
2024 59.2 70.1
2025 59.8 69.9

More economic indicators

Colombia Israel
Services, % of GDP
58.2%
2024
72.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2024
17.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.27%
2024
1.28%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$373B
2024
$528B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,060
2024
$55,250
2024
Total reserves including gold
$61.9B
2024
$215B
2024
Total reserves ranking
38/177
2024
18/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.69B
2024
-$6.33B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$14.3B
2024
$14.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.58B
2024
$9.92B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
8%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31.8%
2024
22%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2024
23.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Colombia vs Israel
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.