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Economy of Israel vs United States compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Israel has a GDP of $540B compared to $28.8T for the United States, ranking 29/197 and 1/197 by economy size, respectively.

Israel has $366B in government debt (67.6% of GDP), compared to $35.2T (122.3% of GDP) in the United States.

Israel vs United States GDP by year

Israel
United States
1x
Year GDP, current $
Israel United States
2024 $540,379,921,262 $28,750,956,130,731
2023 $512,184,638,999 $27,292,170,793,214
2022 $525,181,008,026 $25,604,848,907,611
2021 $489,851,549,972 $23,315,080,560,000
2020 $410,768,352,658 $21,060,473,613,000
2019 $400,645,216,359 $21,380,976,119,000
2018 $376,299,083,108 $20,533,057,312,000
2017 $358,451,839,053 $19,477,336,549,000
2016 $321,940,971,558 $18,695,110,842,000
2015 $303,469,434,072 $18,206,020,741,000
2014 $315,017,088,117 $17,550,680,174,000
2013 $298,478,070,673 $16,843,190,993,000
2012 $263,589,172,712 $16,253,972,230,000
2011 $268,094,998,225 $15,599,728,123,000
2010 $239,679,036,634 $15,048,964,444,000
2009 $213,403,181,853 $14,478,064,934,000
2008 $221,231,658,863 $14,769,857,911,000
2007 $184,681,214,673 $14,474,226,905,000
2006 $158,900,547,825 $13,815,586,948,000
2005 $147,519,922,009 $13,039,199,193,000
2004 $140,047,984,605 $12,217,193,198,000
2003 $131,408,914,824 $11,456,442,041,000
2002 $125,332,331,884 $10,929,112,955,000
2001 $135,002,039,613 $10,581,929,774,000
2000 $136,512,300,542 $10,250,947,997,000
1999 $121,417,185,062 $9,631,174,489,000
1998 $120,547,409,279 $9,062,818,202,000
1997 $119,459,826,347 $8,577,554,457,000
1996 $115,116,595,545 $8,073,122,000,000
1995 $105,497,418,059 $7,639,749,000,000
1994 $90,740,103,829 $7,287,236,000,000
1993 $79,855,877,174 $6,858,559,000,000
1992 $79,457,685,757 $6,520,327,000,000
1991 $70,998,755,007 $6,158,129,000,000
1990 $62,016,729,541 $5,963,144,000,000
1989 $52,443,479,454 $5,641,580,000,000
1988 $52,650,948,910 $5,236,438,000,000
1987 $43,049,543,635 $4,855,215,000,000
1986 $35,834,154,874 $4,579,631,000,000
1985 $28,905,736,367 $4,338,979,000,000
1984 $30,645,607,293 $4,037,613,000,000
1983 $32,675,755,462 $3,634,038,000,000
1982 $29,255,285,401 $3,343,789,000,000
1981 $26,882,009,819 $3,207,041,000,000
1980 $25,395,256,478 $2,857,307,000,000
1979 $22,609,741,060 $2,627,333,000,000
1978 $17,701,286,907 $2,351,599,000,000
1977 $18,257,113,904 $2,081,826,000,000
1976 $15,956,349,550 $1,873,412,000,000
1975 $16,141,767,373 $1,684,904,000,000
1974 $17,172,607,138 $1,545,243,000,000
1973 $11,902,574,259 $1,425,376,000,000
1972 $9,222,557,539 $1,279,110,000,000
1971 $7,052,544,000 $1,164,850,000,000
1970 $7,406,712,876 $1,073,303,000,000
1969 $6,297,852,761 $1,017,438,172,414
1968 $5,458,427,928 $940,225,000,000
1967 $4,762,386,783 $859,620,034,483
1966 $4,703,300,098 $813,032,758,621
1965 $4,329,084,429 $741,904,862,069
1964 $4,024,344,853 $684,144,620,690
1963 $3,535,949,089 $637,058,551,724
1962 $2,966,154,031 $603,639,413,793
1961 $3,708,586,471 $561,940,310,345
1960 $3,070,585,807 $541,988,586,207

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

GDP per capita in Israel vs United States by year

Israel
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United States
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Israel United States
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $54,177 $57,236 $84,534 $85,810
2023 $52,004 $55,171 $81,490 $82,305
2022 $54,950 $53,619 $76,829 $77,861
2021 $52,271 $46,162 $70,249 $71,307
2020 $44,576 $40,955 $63,526 $64,402
2019 $44,251 $41,325 $65,120 $65,228
2018 $42,363 $40,190 $62,823 $62,876
2017 $41,138 $39,471 $59,908 $60,048
2016 $37,672 $38,189 $57,867 $57,977
2015 $36,213 $35,871 $56,763 $56,849
2014 $38,343 $34,816 $55,124 $55,153
2013 $37,034 $34,827 $53,291 $53,297
2012 $33,321 $32,484 $51,784 $51,708
2011 $34,523 $31,314 $50,066 $50,025
2010 $31,439 $29,456 $48,651 $48,643
2009 $28,508 $28,087 $47,195 $47,195
2008 $30,269 $28,084 $48,570 $48,570
2007 $25,721 $28,307 $48,050 $48,050
2006 $22,527 $26,385 $46,302 $46,302
2005 $21,287 $25,701 $44,123 $44,123
2004 $20,568 $26,078 $41,725 $41,725
2003 $19,643 $24,702 $39,490 $39,490
2002 $19,076 $26,101 $37,998 $37,998
2001 $20,966 $25,806 $37,134 $37,134
2000 $21,707 $25,766 $36,330 $36,330
1999 $19,823 $23,415 $34,484 $34,515
1998 $20,189 $22,927 $32,823 $32,854
1997 $20,469 $22,279 $31,430 $31,459
1996 $20,224 $21,672 $29,937 $29,968
1995 $19,026 $20,642 $28,661 $28,691
1994 $16,807 $19,478 $27,662 $27,695
1993 $15,179 $18,218 $26,353 $26,387
1992 $15,510 $17,553 $25,381 $25,419
1991 $14,346 $16,486 $24,293 $24,342
1990 $13,308 $15,721 $23,840 $23,889
1989 $11,608 - $22,857 -
1988 $11,853 - $21,417 -
1987 $9,853 - $20,039 -
1986 $8,335 - $19,071 -
1985 $6,829 - $18,237 -
1984 $7,369 - $17,121 -
1983 $7,960 - $15,544 -
1982 $7,258 - $14,434 -
1981 $6,795 - $13,976 -
1980 $6,549 - $12,613 -
1979 $5,972 - $11,674 -
1978 $4,797 - $10,565 -
1977 $5,053 - $9,453 -
1976 $4,516 - $8,592 -
1975 $4,672 - $7,801 -
1974 $5,085 - $7,226 -
1973 $3,631 - $6,726 -
1972 $2,930 - $6,094 -
1971 $2,298 - $5,609 -
1970 $2,490 - $5,234 -
1969 $2,189 - $5,020 -
1968 $1,947 - $4,685 -
1967 $1,735 - $4,326 -
1966 $1,789 - $4,136 -
1965 $1,689 - $3,818 -
1964 $1,626 - $3,565 -
1963 $1,486 - $3,366 -
1962 $1,294 - $3,236 -
1961 $1,697 - $3,059 -
1960 $1,452 - $3,000 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

Israel's GDP per capita is $54,177, ranking 21/197, compared to $84,534 in the United States, ranking 10/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Israel ranks 36th at $57,236, while the United States ranks 12th at $85,810.

Economic indicators

Israel United States
Gross domestic product
$540B
2024
$28.8T
2024
GDP rank
29/197
2024
1/197
2024
GDP growth
0.87%
2023-2024
2.79%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$54,177
2024
$84,534
2024
GDP per capita rank
21/197
2024
10/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,236
2024
$85,810
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
36/197
2024
12/197
2024
Government debt
$366B
2024
$35.2T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
67.6%
2024
122.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$36,645
2024
$103,404
2024
Government debt per person rank
18/185
2024
2/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$43,003
2026
$53,202
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$331B
2024
$62.2T
2024
Number of millionaires
179,905
2025
23,831,000
2025
Number of billionaires
41
2025
902
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2021
30.4%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2%
2021
1.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43.8%
2024
37.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.07%
2023-2024
2.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.5%
2024
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.9%
2024
4.02%
2024
Population
10290887
344023146

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Israel
Spending

Debt
United States
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Israel United States
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 43.8% 67.6% 37.9% 122.3%
2023 39.3% 61.3% 37.7% 119.8%
2022 36.9% 60.3% 36.8% 119.1%
2021 40% 67.7% 43.2% 125%
2020 44.8% 71.1% 44.7% 132.5%
2019 38.7% 59.3% 35.8% 108.8%
2018 39.2% 60.1% 35.3% 107.6%
2017 38.3% 59.8% 35.2% 106.4%
2016 37.9% 61.7% 35.3% 107.4%
2015 37.6% 62.8% 35% 105.4%
2014 38.3% 64.9% 35.3% 104.9%
2013 39.7% 66% 35.8% 105%
2012 39.6% 66.9% 37.2% 103.7%
2011 39.3% 67.2% 38.8% 100%
2010 39.7% 69% 39.8% 95.6%
2009 41.4% 72.6% 41.4% 87.1%
2008 41.2% 70.2% 37.1% 73.8%
2007 40.2% 70.8% 34.6% 64.9%
2006 41.6% 77.7% 33.7% 64.5%
2005 42.3% 85.2% 33.9% 65.8%
2004 43% 88.3% 33.7% 66.4%
2003 45.4% 89.7% 34% 59%
2002 50% 87.2% 33.7% 55.9%
2001 46.1% 81.1% 32.8% 53.5%
2000 43.4% 77.2% 31.7% 54.5%
1999 53.6% 94.8% 32.2% 60.5%
1998 55% 101% 32.8% 64.2%
1997 52.6% 99.3% 33.7% 67.4%
1996 53.2% 100.3% 34.7% 69.9%
1995 52.8% 102.3% 35.5% 70.7%
1994 41.7% 110.2% 35.5% 71.1%
1993 42.2% 118.3% 36.4% 71.9%
1992 44.1% 119.6% 36.7% 70.3%
1991 34.4% 123.7% 35.7% 67.9%
1990 46.8% 138.3% 34.5% 63.1%
1989 47.5% 147.4% 33.7% 61.6%
1988 46.5% 145.4% 33.7% 61.3%
1987 52.8% 143.2% 34.3% 60.6%
1986 55.7% 162.5% 34.8% 58.9%
1985 65.2% 199% 34.5% 55.4%
1984 - 284% 34.3% 50.6%
1983 - 260.5% 35.7% 48.9%
1982 69.7% - 35.8% 45.9%
1981 71.8% - 33.9% 41.1%
1980 69.4% 154.3% 33.7% 41.9%
1979 70.1% 155.5% 32% 41.2%
1978 62.2% 133.6% 32.6% 42.5%
1977 69.1% 142% 33.4% 43.6%
1976 66.3% 97.4% 34.2% 44.8%
1975 62% 85.1% 35.2% 44.6%
1974 - 79.8% 32.9% 41.4%
1973 - 62.1% 31.9% 42.6%
1972 - 63.9% 32.8% 45.4%
1971 - - 32.3% 47%
1970 41.6% - 31.5% 46.4%
1969 41.1% - 29.3% 45.9%
1968 39.4% - 29.1% 48.5%
1967 33.9% - 28.3% 50.4%
1966 29.6% - 26.3% 50.6%
1965 27.8% - 25.4% 53.7%
1964 28.2% - 25.6% 56.7%
1963 26.9% - 26% 58.8%
1962 27.7% - 26% 60.2%
1961 30.3% - 25.9% 62.3%
1960 30.4% - 24.9% 61.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2000–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

In 2024, Israel's government spending was $237B, accounting for 43.8% of its GDP, while the United States spent $10.9T, or 37.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.6% in Israel and 122.3% in the United States, ranking 62/185 and 12/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Israel

United States
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Israel United States
2024 -8.26% -8.03%
2023 -5.06% -7.8%
2022 0.32% -3.72%
2021 -3.37% -11.4%
2020 -10.7% -14.1%
2019 -3.79% -5.81%
2018 -3.56% -5.33%
2017 -1.13% -4.79%
2016 -1.79% -4.36%
2015 -1.21% -3.53%
2014 -2.29% -4.03%
2013 -4.06% -4.56%
2012 -4.46% -8.11%
2011 -3.43% -9.72%
2010 -3.72% -11%
2009 -6.53% -13.2%
2008 -3.5% -6.61%
2007 -0.43% -2.91%
2006 -0.95% -2.04%
2005 -2.74% -3.07%
2004 -3.4% -4.24%
2003 -5.03% -4.77%
2002 -8.22% -3.82%
2001 -4.06% -0.54%
2000 -0.8% 3.62%
1999 -6.26% 2.71%
1998 -7.99% 2.18%
1997 -4.84% 0.88%
1996 -5.97% -0.46%
1995 -4.28% -1.7%
1994 -5.62% -2.05%
1993 -5.62% -3.35%
1992 -8% -3.98%
1991 -7.04% -2.72%
1990 -9.67% -1.64%
1989 -9.03% -0.8%
1988 -7.57% -1.06%
1987 -7.47% -1.53%
1986 -7.51% -2.81%
1985 -14.2% -2.63%
1984 - -2.97%
1983 - -4.26%
1982 -13.8% -3.78%
1981 -23.5% -1.58%
1980 -19.6% -2.17%
1979 -16.7% -0.79%
1978 -14.7% -1.7%
1977 -20.3% -2.57%
1976 -19.4% -3.63%
1975 -19.6% -5.4%
1974 - -1.27%
1973 - -0.86%
1972 - -1.86%
1971 - -2.63%
1970 -16% -1.21%
1969 -15.3% 2.11%
1968 -11.7% 1.23%
1967 -7.68% 0.47%
1966 -4.35% 2.07%
1965 -2.72% 2.38%
1964 -3.65% 2.18%
1963 -4.41% 2.87%
1962 -4.09% 2.32%
1961 -5.86% 2.28%
1960 -6.62% 3.2%
1959 -7.23% -9.06%
1958 -8.31% -8.68%
1957 -7.17% -6.72%
1956 -9.3% -6.02%
1955 -4.3% -7.4%
1954 -7.84% -5.55%
1953 -8.32% -5.76%
1952 -7.19% -5.41%
1951 -8.13% -6.93%
1950 -10.7% -8.22%
1949 - -7.94%
1948 - -4.16%
1947 - -3.99%
1946 - -6.45%
1945 - -14.1%
1944 - -13.4%
1943 - -19.3%
1942 - -16.3%
1941 - -10.2%
1940 - -9.73%
1939 - -11.9%
1938 - -10.4%
1937 - -9.22%
1936 - -12.1%
1935 - -13.3%
1934 - -14.9%
1933 - -14.3%
1932 - -12.7%
1931 - -9.76%
1930 - -5.46%
1929 - -4.58%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1929–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2000–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

In 2024, Israel's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $44.6B, equivalent to 8.26% of GDP. This compares to the United States' deficit of $2.31T, or 8.03% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Israel recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while the United States ran a deficit in 51 years. On average, Israel posted an annual deficit equal to 7.34% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.75% of GDP for the United States.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Israel

United States
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Israel United States
2024 3.07% 2.95%
2023 4.23% 4.12%
2022 4.41% 8%
2021 1.48% 4.7%
2020 -0.58% 1.23%
2019 0.82% 1.81%
2018 0.81% 2.44%
2017 0.25% 2.13%
2016 -0.54% 1.26%
2015 -0.62% 0.12%
2014 0.47% 1.62%
2013 1.59% 1.46%
2012 1.68% 2.07%
2011 3.49% 3.16%
2010 2.7% 1.64%
2009 3.37% -0.36%
2008 4.53% 3.84%
2007 0.47% 2.85%
2006 2.05% 3.23%
2005 1.34% 3.39%
2004 -0.42% 2.68%
2003 0.71% 2.27%
2002 5.8% 1.59%
2001 1.12% 2.83%
2000 1.03% 3.38%
1999 5.19% 2.19%
1998 5.49% 1.55%
1997 8.95% 2.34%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Israel has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.25%, compared with 2.52% in the United States. In 2024, inflation was 3.07% in Israel and 2.95% in the United States.

Top exports between countries

Israel
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $8.45B
IT & IP services $7.28B
Precious metals & jewellery $3.58B
Chemicals & pharma $2.81B
Textiles & consumer goods $783M
Raw materials & minerals $630M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $401M
Metals $388M
Manufacturing & construction services $387M
Business & finance services $317M
United States
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $6.56B
Transport & tourism services $3B
Precious metals & jewellery $2.8B
Business & finance services $1.95B
Weapons & explosives $1.62B
Chemicals & pharma $1.39B
IT & IP services $657M
Miscellaneous $509M
Textiles & consumer goods $494M
Metals $452M

Balance of trade

Israel United States
Current account balance
$15.5B
2024
-$1.19T
2024
Current account balance ranking
21/190
2024
190/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.86%
2024
-4.12%
2024
Goods imports
$96.3B
2024
$3.3T
2024
Goods exports
$70B
2024
$2.08T
2024
Service imports
$44.4B
2024
$841B
2024
Service exports
$83.7B
2024
$1.15T
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
26%
2024
14.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
11.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Israel United States
Economic freedom 68.4 72.8
Economic freedom ranking 47/197 27/197
Property rights 73.1 91.6
Government integrity 66.2 77.1
Judicial effectiveness 68.1 76.4
Tax burden 60.2 75.3
Government spending 52 57.9
Fiscal health 60.8 18.5
Business freedom 72.4 88.6
Labor freedom 56.8 76.3
Monetary freedom 78.2 84.2
Trade freedom 82.8 67.6
Investment freedom 70 80
Financial freedom 80 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Israel
United States
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Israel United States
2026 68.4 72.8
2025 69.9 70.2
2024 70.1 70.1
2023 68.9 70.6
2022 68 72.1
2021 73.8 74.8
2020 74 76.6
2019 72.8 76.8
2018 72.2 75.7
2017 69.7 75.1
2016 70.7 75.4
2015 70.5 76.2
2014 68.4 75.5
2013 66.9 76
2012 67.8 76.3
2011 68.5 77.8
2010 67.7 78
2009 67.6 80.7
2008 66.3 81
2007 64.8 81.2
2006 64.4 81.2
2005 62.6 79.9
2004 61.4 78.7
2003 62.7 78.2
2002 66.9 78.4
2001 66.1 79.1
2000 65.5 76.4
1999 68.3 75.5
1998 68 75.4
1997 62.7 75.6
1996 62 76.7
1995 61.5 76.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Israel is 68.4, ranking 47/197, compared to 72.8 for the United States, ranking 27/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Israel United States
Services, % of GDP
72.5%
2024
79.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.3%
2024
17.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.28%
2024
0.85%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$528B
2024
$28.4T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$56,790
2024
$85,980
2024
Total reserves including gold
$215B
2024
$910B
2024
Total reserves ranking
18/177
2024
3/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.86B
2024
$25.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$14.8B
2024
$297B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$9.92B
2024
$322B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
22%
2020
15.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.4%
2024
21.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/israel/united-states | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1929–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2000–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.