Skip to content

Economy of Switzerland vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Switzerland has a GDP of $1.04T compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 20/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Switzerland has $411B in government debt (39.4% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Switzerland vs Tunisia GDP by year

Switzerland
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Switzerland Tunisia
2025 $1,043,529,899,251 $57,502,836,548
2024 $969,919,786,395 $51,412,122,480
2023 $928,435,275,852 $48,205,328,303
2022 $858,479,038,994 $44,929,920,093
2021 $840,710,023,481 $47,073,234,359
2020 $756,096,180,222 $42,491,780,918
2019 $736,384,764,157 $41,905,642,419
2018 $740,766,531,454 $42,686,504,460
2017 $706,660,443,624 $42,163,530,591
2016 $698,607,778,795 $44,360,072,680
2015 $706,199,008,879 $45,779,494,042
2014 $741,168,119,617 $50,271,812,921
2013 $718,748,402,260 $48,685,446,414
2012 $697,882,536,677 $47,311,401,813
2011 $727,231,637,102 $48,123,325,825
2010 $609,999,593,542 $46,206,091,938
2009 $563,659,557,945 $43,455,740,497
2008 $574,703,945,157 $44,859,439,902
2007 $498,993,845,385 $38,915,353,867
2006 $448,364,681,767 $34,376,664,601
2005 $424,511,048,024 $32,272,186,695
2004 $409,012,909,530 $31,183,885,241
2003 $366,563,952,625 $27,453,902,261
2002 $313,930,961,761 $23,141,616,605
2001 $290,160,142,214 $22,065,832,449
2000 $282,327,351,966 $21,473,528,161
1999 $301,911,268,140 $22,943,202,175
1998 $306,907,741,068 $21,802,893,587
1997 $298,868,250,534 $20,746,210,354
1996 $345,373,647,249 $19,587,161,807
1995 $358,152,520,085 $18,030,876,599
1994 $305,916,331,798 $15,633,174,304
1993 $276,339,744,180 $14,608,335,608
1992 $284,139,428,246 $15,496,708,060
1991 $272,953,645,746 $13,074,782,609
1990 $269,768,238,555 $12,290,568,182
1989 $211,241,694,480 $10,101,851,745
1988 $218,788,504,066 $10,096,245,762
1987 $202,238,567,597 $9,696,715,911
1986 $161,487,171,049 $9,017,806,654
1985 $112,652,623,418 $8,410,226,053
1984 $111,104,641,869 $8,254,541,195
1983 $116,361,728,836 $8,350,582,748
1982 $116,776,899,473 $8,133,580,052
1981 $113,936,168,924 $8,428,445,294
1980 $124,404,609,417 $8,744,134,354
1979 $116,702,524,208 $7,188,863,904
1978 $103,821,687,919 $5,968,460,080
1977 $74,237,819,014 $5,109,324,009
1976 $69,508,364,538 $4,508,191,942
1975 $66,452,559,176 $4,328,965,588
1974 $57,963,469,607 $3,545,868,575
1973 $50,296,651,921 $2,730,813,385
1972 $37,399,508,287 $2,237,556,149
1971 $30,492,832,676 $1,685,162,272
1970 $25,374,750,743 $1,439,238,095
1969 $22,780,211,812 $1,289,904,762
1968 $21,024,203,656 $1,214,666,667
1967 $19,689,329,510 $1,085,714,286
1966 $18,290,928,227 $1,040,952,381
1965 $17,033,079,428 $991,047,619
1964 $16,071,715,835 $1,025,866,792
1963 $14,499,109,270 $1,026,737,600
1962 $13,185,384,691 $880,027,733
1961 $11,889,851,950 $866,155,429
1960 $10,569,129,806 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Switzerland vs Tunisia by year

Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Switzerland Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $114,769 - $4,657 -
2024 $107,702 $96,498 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $104,450 $95,142 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $97,809 $94,421 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $96,583 $81,001 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $87,530 $72,998 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $85,873 $73,732 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $87,002 $70,689 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $83,610 $68,194 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $83,432 $67,351 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $85,265 $65,265 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $90,512 $63,417 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $88,851 $61,656 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $87,270 $59,441 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $91,910 $57,494 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $77,956 $54,426 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $72,788 $52,999 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $75,148 $53,809 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $66,082 $50,928 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $59,910 $46,266 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $57,080 $41,525 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $55,350 $40,171 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $49,947 $38,732 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $43,094 $38,705 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $40,134 $37,819 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $39,298 $36,703 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $42,261 $34,743 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $43,166 $33,860 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $42,160 $32,736 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $48,838 $31,509 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $50,869 $30,842 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $43,741 $30,265 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $39,828 $29,495 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $41,327 $29,113 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $40,140 $28,792 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $40,171 $28,461 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $31,780 - $1,239 -
1988 $33,183 - $1,266 -
1987 $30,899 - $1,245 -
1986 $24,828 - $1,187 -
1985 $17,411 - $1,135 -
1984 $17,247 - $1,143 -
1983 $18,128 - $1,184 -
1982 $18,271 - $1,177 -
1981 $17,931 - $1,247 -
1980 $19,686 - $1,324 -
1979 $18,541 - $1,113 -
1978 $16,528 - $946 -
1977 $11,819 - $830 -
1976 $11,029 - $752 -
1975 $10,484 - $741 -
1974 $9,140 - $624 -
1973 $7,974 - $493 -
1972 $5,973 - $415 -
1971 $4,908 - $320 -
1970 $4,105 - $280.5 -
1969 $3,712 - $257.7 -
1968 $3,465 - $248.9 -
1967 $3,286 - $228 -
1966 $3,091 - $223.8 -
1965 $2,908 - $217.3 -
1964 $2,776 - $228.5 -
1963 $2,546 - $231.9 -
1962 $2,366 - $201.4 -
1961 $2,188 - $200.7 -
1960 $1,984 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

Switzerland's GDP per capita is $114,769, ranking 5/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Switzerland Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$1.04T
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
20/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
1.3%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$114,769
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
5/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$96,498
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
8/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$411B
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
39.4%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$45,239
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$89,347
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.51T
2025
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
45
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2022
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
31.2%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.15%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0%
2025
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.84%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
9155878
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Switzerland
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Switzerland Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 31.2% 39.4% 34% 81.3%
2024 31.3% 40.5% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 30.9% 37.3% 35.9% 84%
2022 30.5% 35.9% 36.6% 83%
2021 33.4% 39.7% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 36.3% 42.4% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 31.3% 38.8% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 31.1% 39% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 31.9% 41.1% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 31.9% 40.3% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 31.9% 41.4% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 31.5% 41.2% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 32% 41.2% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 31.1% 41.9% 28.3% 49%
2011 31% 41.2% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 30.9% 40.7% 24% 38.8%
2009 31.2% 42.4% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 29.6% 44.2% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 29% 44% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 30.1% 47.7% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 31.9% 54.1% 23% 50%
2004 32.6% 57.1% 23% 51.6%
2003 32.8% 56.2% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 33.6% 56.9% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 31.2% 50.5% 24% 52.2%
2000 31.9% 51.7% 24% 62.9%
1999 32.8% 52% 24% 61.9%
1998 32.3% 55.3% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 32.5% 52.9% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 32.5% 50.6% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 32% 49.3% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 32% 46.4% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 31.9% 43.7% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 30.8% 38.9% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 29% 34.6% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 27.2% 32.8% - -
1989 30% 32.5% - -
1988 30.3% 35% - -
1987 29.8% 36.5% - -
1986 29.8% 37.6% - -
1985 30.1% 39.1% - -
1984 30.4% 39.8% - -
1983 31.2% 40.2% - -
1982 30.5% 40% - -
1981 29.4% 40.8% - -
1980 29.9% 43.9% - -
1979 30.5% 44.6% - -
1978 30.4% 46.6% - -
1977 31% 46.9% - -
1976 31.6% 46.7% - -
1975 29.3% 42.3% - -
1974 27.5% 38.4% - -
1973 26.5% 37% - -
1972 25.7% 38% - -
1971 25.4% 38.7% - -
1970 25.8% 38.9% - -
1969 9.45% 7.08% - -
1968 8.87% 6.99% - -
1967 8.68% 7.26% - -
1966 8.95% 7.62% - -
1965 8.33% 8.28% - -
1964 8.85% 9.43% - -
1963 8.2% 10.8% - -
1962 8.1% 12% - -
1961 7.97% 14% - -
1960 7.11% 16.2% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Switzerland's government spending was $326B, accounting for 31.2% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 39.4% in Switzerland and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 136/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Switzerland

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Switzerland Tunisia
2025 0.45% -5.24%
2024 0.53% -6.36%
2023 0.12% -7.27%
2022 1.15% -7%
2021 -0.28% -7.81%
2020 -2.96% -9.06%
2019 1.31% -3.6%
2018 1.26% -4.27%
2017 1.11% -5.61%
2016 0.23% -5.87%
2015 0.54% -4.95%
2014 -0.24% -3.11%
2013 -0.42% -7.05%
2012 0.23% -4.9%
2011 0.67% -3.19%
2010 0.35% -0.46%
2009 0.49% -2.59%
2008 1.91% -0.62%
2007 1.55% -2.47%
2006 0.83% -2.33%
2005 -0.64% -2.59%
2004 -1.37% -2.1%
2003 -1.34% -2.64%
2002 -1.72% -2.55%
2001 0.2% -2.87%
2000 0.28% -3.22%
1999 -1.55% -3.05%
1998 -1.29% -2.84%
1997 -2.3% -3.7%
1996 -1.98% -5.18%
1995 -1.83% -4.53%
1994 -2.55% -2.87%
1993 -3.1% -3.22%
1992 -2.92% -3.45%
1991 -1.82% -5.25%
1990 -0.05% -
1989 0.2% -
1988 0.42% -
1987 0.78% -
1986 0.93% -
1985 -0.25% -
1984 -0.52% -
1983 -1.23% -
1982 -1.21% -
1981 -0.54% -
1980 -1.34% -
1979 -1.79% -
1978 -1.12% -
1977 -1.64% -
1976 -1.89% -
1975 -0.93% -
1974 -1.01% -
1973 -0.93% -
1972 -1.39% -
1971 -1.41% -
1970 -1.44% -
1969 -0.98% -
1968 -0.73% -
1967 -1.07% -
1966 -0.87% -
1965 0.05% -
1964 0.77% -
1963 0.25% -
1962 0.95% -
1961 0.34% -
1960 1.95% -
1959 0.72% -
1958 0.59% -
1957 0.66% -
1956 2.24% -
1955 1.1% -
1954 1.44% -
1953 0.38% -
1952 -1.17% -
1951 -0.36% -
1950 1.49% -
1949 0.04% -
1948 1.37% -
1947 1.27% -
1946 0.52% -
1945 -7.57% -
1944 -9.37% -
1943 -8.55% -
1942 -7.28% -
1941 -8.78% -
1940 -10% -
1939 -5.05% -
1938 -1.53% -
1937 -0.17% -
1936 -0.33% -
1935 -0.23% -
1934 -0.33% -
1933 -0.88% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.03% -
1930 0.07% -
1929 0.22% -
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.12% -
1912 0.03% -
1911 -0.006% -
1910 -0.14% -
1909 -0.78% -
1908 -0.1% -
1907 -0.02% -
1906 0.15% -
1905 0.41% -
1904 0.002% -
1903 0.09% -
1902 0.02% -
1901 -0.14% -
1900 -0.07% -
1899 0.1% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Switzerland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.71B, equivalent to 0.45% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Switzerland recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Switzerland posted an annual deficit equal to 0.43% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Switzerland

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Switzerland Tunisia
2025 0.15% 5.3%
2024 1.06% 7%
2023 2.14% 9.3%
2022 2.84% 8.3%
2021 0.58% 5.7%
2020 -0.73% 5.6%
2019 0.36% 6.7%
2018 0.94% 7.3%
2017 0.53% 5.3%
2016 -0.43% 3.6%
2015 -1.14% 4.4%
2014 -0.01% 4.6%
2013 -0.22% 5.4%
2012 -0.69% 4.6%
2011 0.23% 3.2%
2010 0.69% 4.4%
2009 -0.48% 3.5%
2008 2.43% 4.9%
2007 0.73% 3.4%
2006 1.06% 4.1%
2005 1.17% 1.9%
2004 0.8% 3.7%
2003 0.64% 2.7%
2002 0.64% 2.7%
2001 0.99% 1.9%
2000 1.56% 2.8%
1999 0.81% 2.8%
1998 0.02% 3.1%
1997 0.52% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Switzerland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.59%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 0.15% in Switzerland and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Switzerland
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $102M
Precious metals & jewellery $92.1M
Machinery & equipment $70.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $35.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.9M
Animal & marine products $7.27M
Raw materials & minerals $2.45M
Wood & paper products $2.32M
Metals $2.04M
Raw agricultural goods $1.3M
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $244M
Machinery & equipment $26.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $24.7M
Raw agricultural goods $6.75M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.2M
Chemicals & pharma $3.67M
Metals $607K
Animal & marine products $576K
Precious metals & jewellery $406K
Wood & paper products $311K

Balance of trade

Switzerland Tunisia
Current account balance
$72.9B
2025
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
11/190
2025
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+6.98%
2025
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$508B
2025
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$617B
2025
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$214B
2025
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$195B
2025
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.1%
2025
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
78.1%
2025
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Switzerland Tunisia
Economic freedom 83.7 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 2/197 172/197
Property rights 94.4 55.7
Government integrity 93.3 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 98.3 39.7
Tax burden 70.9 68.5
Government spending 69.5 62.5
Fiscal health 97.2 16
Business freedom 86.3 59.4
Labor freedom 60 55.8
Monetary freedom 82.3 72.4
Trade freedom 87 54.6
Investment freedom 85 20
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Switzerland
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Switzerland Tunisia
2026 83.7 48.1
2025 83.7 49.1
2024 83 48.8
2023 83.8 52.9
2022 84.2 54.2
2021 81.9 56.6
2020 82 55.8
2019 81.9 55.4
2018 81.7 58.9
2017 81.5 55.7
2016 81 57.6
2015 80.5 57.7
2014 81.6 57.3
2013 81 57
2012 81.1 58.6
2011 81.9 58.5
2010 81.1 58.9
2009 79.4 58
2008 79.5 60.1
2007 78 60.3
2006 78.9 57.5
2005 79.3 55.4
2004 79.5 58.4
2003 79 58.1
2002 79.3 60.2
2001 76 60.8
2000 76.8 61.3
1999 79.1 61.1
1998 79 63.9
1997 78.6 63.8
1996 76.8 63.9
1995 - 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Switzerland is 83.7, ranking 2/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Switzerland Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
71.7%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25%
2025
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.64%
2025
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1T
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$101,690
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.08T
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
4/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$37.6B
2025
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$108B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$27.9B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.8%
2021
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.5%
2025
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/tunisia | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.