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Economy of Finland vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Finland has a GDP of $299B compared to $51.3B for Tunisia, ranking 47/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $245B in government debt (82.1% of GDP), compared to $42.8B (83.4% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Finland vs Tunisia GDP by year

Finland
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Finland Tunisia
2024 $298,696,961,298 $51,332,285,657
2023 $295,021,982,463 $48,205,328,303
2022 $280,253,099,309 $44,929,920,093
2021 $294,223,210,496 $47,073,234,359
2020 $270,000,311,606 $42,491,780,918
2019 $267,014,821,129 $41,905,642,419
2018 $273,869,255,596 $42,686,504,460
2017 $253,846,138,440 $42,163,530,591
2016 $238,777,818,793 $44,360,072,680
2015 $233,210,733,506 $45,779,494,042
2014 $273,478,528,955 $50,271,812,921
2013 $270,268,036,626 $48,685,446,414
2012 $257,443,384,493 $47,311,401,813
2011 $275,126,915,516 $48,123,325,825
2010 $249,429,613,683 $46,206,091,938
2009 $253,480,783,439 $43,455,740,497
2008 $285,698,662,071 $44,859,439,902
2007 $256,360,251,538 $38,915,353,867
2006 $217,044,068,234 $34,376,664,601
2005 $204,859,368,791 $32,272,186,695
2004 $197,458,297,640 $31,183,885,241
2003 $171,612,867,736 $27,453,902,261
2002 $140,360,963,812 $23,141,616,605
2001 $129,519,672,869 $22,065,832,449
2000 $125,967,821,111 $21,473,528,161
1999 $135,234,241,918 $22,943,202,175
1998 $133,990,876,725 $21,802,893,587
1997 $126,862,902,302 $20,746,210,354
1996 $131,991,975,149 $19,587,161,807
1995 $134,060,457,516 $18,030,876,599
1994 $103,182,697,780 $15,633,174,304
1993 $89,112,105,756 $14,608,335,608
1992 $112,537,828,511 $15,496,708,060
1991 $127,794,441,994 $13,074,782,609
1990 $141,446,120,355 $12,290,568,182
1989 $118,991,270,611 $10,101,851,745
1988 $109,039,090,263 $10,096,245,762
1987 $91,564,993,913 $9,696,715,911
1986 $73,511,611,541 $9,017,806,654
1985 $55,856,676,899 $8,410,226,053
1984 $52,870,993,273 $8,254,541,195
1983 $50,956,447,481 $8,350,582,748
1982 $52,784,013,815 $8,133,580,052
1981 $52,440,066,134 $8,428,445,294
1980 $53,649,984,061 $8,744,134,354
1979 $44,469,218,440 $7,188,863,904
1978 $36,259,392,058 $5,968,460,080
1977 $33,502,784,418 $5,109,324,009
1976 $31,852,352,670 $4,508,191,942
1975 $29,475,251,333 $4,328,965,588
1974 $24,851,036,710 $3,545,868,575
1973 $19,474,098,335 $2,730,813,385
1972 $14,744,499,570 $2,237,556,149
1971 $12,528,522,307 $1,685,162,272
1970 $11,358,529,162 $1,439,238,095
1969 $10,177,524,839 $1,289,904,762
1968 $8,916,565,041 $1,214,666,667
1967 $9,468,272,357 $1,085,714,286
1966 $9,306,142,172 $1,040,952,381
1965 $8,680,393,839 $991,047,619
1964 $7,848,987,793 $1,025,866,792
1963 $6,958,916,548 $1,026,737,600
1962 $6,407,796,043 $880,027,733
1961 $5,984,433,774 $866,155,429
1960 $5,279,481,824 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Finland vs Tunisia by year

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Finland Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $53,150 $65,378 $4,181 $14,521
2023 $52,834 $63,415 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $50,441 $62,133 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $42,560 $42,258 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $46,506 $38,946 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $47,478 $37,988 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $48,473 $37,843 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $41,214 $34,440 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $37,768 $31,195 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $32,920 $29,043 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $24,965 $27,798 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $24,336 $26,783 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $26,000 $23,570 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $24,682 $21,787 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $25,757 $20,067 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $26,246 $19,568 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $20,278 $18,458 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $17,589 $17,458 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $22,320 $17,271 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $25,489 $17,563 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $28,366 $18,149 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $23,969 - $1,239 -
1988 $22,044 - $1,266 -
1987 $18,565 - $1,245 -
1986 $14,947 - $1,187 -
1985 $11,394 - $1,135 -
1984 $10,830 - $1,143 -
1983 $10,494 - $1,184 -
1982 $10,935 - $1,177 -
1981 $10,925 - $1,247 -
1980 $11,225 - $1,324 -
1979 $9,333 - $1,113 -
1978 $7,629 - $946 -
1977 $7,070 - $830 -
1976 $6,740 - $752 -
1975 $6,256 - $741 -
1974 $5,298 - $624 -
1973 $4,174 - $493 -
1972 $3,178 - $415 -
1971 $2,716 - $320 -
1970 $2,466 - $280.5 -
1969 $2,201 - $257.7 -
1968 $1,927 - $248.9 -
1967 $2,056 - $228 -
1966 $2,032 - $223.8 -
1965 $1,902 - $217.3 -
1964 $1,726 - $228.5 -
1963 $1,538 - $231.9 -
1962 $1,427 - $201.4 -
1961 $1,341 - $200.7 -
1960 $1,192 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

Finland's GDP per capita is $53,150, ranking 23/197, compared to $4,181 in Tunisia, ranking 129/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 27th at $65,378, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Finland Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$299B
2024
$51.3B
2024
GDP rank
47/197
2024
93/197
2024
GDP growth
0.42%
2023-2024
1.61%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,150
2024
$4,181
2024
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2024
129/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$65,378
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
27/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$245B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.1%
2024
83.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$43,662
2024
$3,487
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2024
94/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,394
2026
$3,951
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
$8.3B
2024
Number of billionaires
7
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.7%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.57%
2023-2024
7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.34%
2024
15.1%
2023
Population
5631965
12437803

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Finland
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Finland Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.7% 82.1% 33.8% 83.4%
2023 55.9% 77.5% 35.7% 84%
2022 52.6% 74% 36.5% 83%
2021 55.2% 73.2% 33.2% 79.7%
2020 56.5% 75.3% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 52.6% 65.3% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 52.7% 65.3% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 28.3% 49%
2011 53.8% 52% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 54% 50.1% 24% 38.8%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 48.3% 38% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 23% 50%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 23% 51.6%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 24% 52.2%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 24% 62.9%
1999 49.9% 44% 24% 61.9%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 60% 55.2% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 62.2% 56.2% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 63.7% 54.2% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 60.8% 39.3% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 55.8% 21.9% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 47.1% 13.9% - -
1989 44.4% 14.3% - -
1988 46.4% 16.5% - -
1987 47.8% 17.6% - -
1986 46.9% 16.4% - -
1985 46.3% 15.8% - -
1984 44.4% 15.2% - -
1983 44.4% 15.4% - -
1982 42.7% 13.9% - -
1981 41% 11.5% - -
1980 40.1% 10.9% - -
1979 40.3% 11% - -
1978 41.3% 10.7% - -
1977 41.7% 8.22% - -
1976 39.8% 7.09% - -
1975 38.6% 6.76% - -
1974 22.9% 2.97% - -
1973 21.8% 4.42% - -
1972 20.4% 6.46% - -
1971 22.8% 7.94% - -
1970 21.9% 9.19% - -
1969 22.2% 10.8% - -
1968 25.5% 13.9% - -
1967 23.5% 14.2% - -
1966 23.3% 13.7% - -
1965 23.2% 13% - -
1964 22.8% 12.5% - -
1963 21.6% 12.2% - -
1962 23.9% 10.3% - -
1961 22.7% 9.12% - -
1960 22.5% 9.96% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government spending was $172B, accounting for 57.7% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $17.4B, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.1% in Finland and 83.4% in Tunisia, ranking 42/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Tunisia
2024 -4.41% -5.92%
2023 -2.98% -7.03%
2022 -0.18% -6.91%
2021 -2.69% -7.6%
2020 -5.53% -9.06%
2019 -0.93% -3.6%
2018 -0.87% -4.27%
2017 -0.63% -5.61%
2016 -1.7% -5.87%
2015 -2.43% -4.95%
2014 -2.99% -3.11%
2013 -2.52% -7.05%
2012 -2.15% -4.9%
2011 -1.01% -3.19%
2010 -2.57% -0.46%
2009 -2.48% -2.59%
2008 4.18% -0.62%
2007 5.12% -2.47%
2006 3.93% -2.33%
2005 2.59% -2.59%
2004 2.16% -2.1%
2003 2.34% -2.64%
2002 3.97% -2.55%
2001 4.89% -2.87%
2000 6.73% -3.22%
1999 1.6% -3.05%
1998 1.54% -2.84%
1997 -1.33% -3.7%
1996 -3.37% -5.18%
1995 -5.98% -4.53%
1994 -6.41% -2.87%
1993 -8.09% -3.22%
1992 -4.88% -3.45%
1991 0.3% -5.25%
1990 6.63% -
1989 6.73% -
1988 5.09% -
1987 1.63% -
1986 3.83% -
1985 3.33% -
1984 3.23% -
1983 1.52% -
1982 3.06% -
1981 5.11% -
1980 3.7% -
1979 3.41% -
1978 3.83% -
1977 6.27% -
1976 7.65% -
1975 4.96% -
1974 -0.03% -
1973 1.48% -
1972 -0.18% -
1971 0.15% -
1970 1.06% -
1969 0.94% -
1968 -1.69% -
1967 -0.26% -
1966 -1.08% -
1965 -1.67% -
1964 -1.35% -
1963 -2.5% -
1962 -2.37% -
1961 -3.03% -
1960 -0.52% -
1959 -0.12% -
1958 -1.73% -
1957 0.08% -
1956 -1.14% -
1955 -1% -
1954 -0.17% -
1953 0.02% -
1952 -1.24% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 -0.26% -
1949 -2.77% -
1948 1.88% -
1947 -5.99% -
1946 -15.3% -
1945 -6.35% -
1944 -21.5% -
1943 -14.2% -
1942 -16.4% -
1941 -35.8% -
1940 -36.9% -
1939 -9.76% -
1938 -1.48% -
1937 -4.44% -
1936 -3.75% -
1935 -3.81% -
1934 -2.81% -
1933 -1.63% -
1932 -2.61% -
1931 -2.32% -
1930 -1.94% -
1929 -0.78% -
1928 -2.07% -
1927 -0.32% -
1926 -2.9% -
1925 -2.92% -
1924 0.04% -
1923 -2.3% -
1922 0.62% -
1921 -2.59% -
1920 -2.6% -
1919 -7.49% -
1918 -11.4% -
1917 -1.27% -
1916 1.48% -
1915 -0.29% -
1914 -1.15% -
1913 -0.25% -
1912 0.33% -
1911 -0.14% -
1910 -0.3% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.92% -
1907 0.24% -
1906 0.86% -
1905 -1.28% -
1904 -1.63% -
1903 -0.3% -
1902 -1.74% -
1901 -2.13% -
1900 -0.52% -
1899 -1% -
1898 -4.55% -
1897 -0.37% -
1896 -0.56% -
1895 -1.21% -
1894 -0.62% -
1893 0% -
1892 0.82% -
1891 0.16% -
1890 0.17% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 -0.59% -
1887 -1.46% -
1886 0% -
1885 -1.2% -
1884 -0.2% -
1883 0% -
1882 0.2% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 4.41% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.04B, or 5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Finland posted an annual deficit equal to 0.79% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.05% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Finland

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Finland Tunisia
2024 1.57% 7%
2023 6.25% 9.3%
2022 7.12% 8.3%
2021 2.19% 5.7%
2020 0.29% 5.6%
2019 1.02% 6.7%
2018 1.08% 7.3%
2017 0.75% 5.3%
2016 0.36% 3.6%
2015 -0.21% 4.4%
2014 1.04% 4.6%
2013 1.48% 5.3%
2012 2.81% 4.6%
2011 3.42% 3.2%
2010 1.18% 4.4%
2009 -0% 3.5%
2008 4.07% 4.9%
2007 2.51% 3.4%
2006 1.57% 4.1%
2005 0.62% 2%
2004 0.19% 3.7%
2003 0.88% 2.7%
2002 1.57% 2.7%
2001 2.58% 1.9%
2000 3.04% 2.8%
1999 1.16% 2.8%
1998 1.4% 3.1%
1997 1.19% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 4.52% in Tunisia. In 2024, inflation was 1.57% in Finland and 7% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $41.6M
Raw agricultural goods $6.6M
Machinery & equipment $4.56M
Chemicals & pharma $2.61M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.33M
Metals $126K
Raw materials & minerals $84K
Precious metals & jewellery $11K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.78M
Textiles & consumer goods $204K
Raw materials & minerals $190K
Raw agricultural goods $119K
Metals $116K
Chemicals & pharma $43K
Wood & paper products $12K
Miscellaneous $4K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1K

Balance of trade

Finland Tunisia
Current account balance
-$1.99B
2024
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
143/190
2024
117/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.67%
2024
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$76.6B
2024
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$83.1B
2024
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$47.4B
2024
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$42B
2024
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.6%
2024
56.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.9%
2024
50%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Tunisia
Economic freedom 76.6 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 172/197
Property rights 99.9 55.7
Government integrity 95.4 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 39.7
Tax burden 68.4 68.5
Government spending 7.9 62.5
Fiscal health 76.3 16
Business freedom 85.3 59.4
Labor freedom 65.4 55.8
Monetary freedom 80.3 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 54.6
Investment freedom 85 20
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Finland
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Tunisia
2026 76.6 48.1
2025 77 49.1
2024 76.3 48.8
2023 77.1 52.9
2022 78.3 54.2
2021 76.1 56.6
2020 75.7 55.8
2019 74.9 55.4
2018 74.1 58.9
2017 74 55.7
2016 72.6 57.6
2015 73.4 57.7
2014 73.4 57.3
2013 74 57
2012 72.3 58.6
2011 74 58.5
2010 73.8 58.9
2009 74.5 58
2008 74.6 60.1
2007 74 60.3
2006 72.9 57.5
2005 71 55.4
2004 73.4 58.4
2003 73.7 58.1
2002 73.6 60.2
2001 69.7 60.8
2000 64.3 61.3
1999 63.9 61.1
1998 63.5 63.9
1997 65.2 63.8
1996 63.7 63.9
1995 - 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 76.6, ranking 15/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Finland Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
62.2%
2024
62.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
22.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.47%
2024
9.74%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$290B
2024
$47.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$65,640
2024
$14,230
2024
Total reserves including gold
$18B
2024
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
65/177
2024
80/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$3.28B
2024
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.74B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
7.86%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/tunisia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.