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Economy of Japan vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Japan has a GDP of $4.44T compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 4/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.16T in government debt (206.5% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Japan vs Tunisia GDP by year

Japan
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Tunisia
2025 $4,435,162,999,977 $57,502,836,548
2024 $4,190,008,188,359 $51,412,122,480
2023 $4,384,854,269,962 $48,205,328,303
2022 $4,447,976,207,315 $44,929,920,093
2021 $5,225,933,520,753 $47,073,234,359
2020 $5,189,197,543,645 $42,491,780,918
2019 $5,245,755,000,479 $41,905,642,419
2018 $5,154,293,721,630 $42,686,504,460
2017 $5,038,231,631,661 $42,163,530,591
2016 $5,110,357,383,254 $44,360,072,680
2015 $4,534,438,580,495 $45,779,494,042
2014 $4,985,763,289,561 $50,271,812,921
2013 $5,272,297,037,397 $48,685,446,414
2012 $6,333,803,928,788 $47,311,401,813
2011 $6,279,422,550,219 $48,123,325,825
2010 $5,811,578,109,447 $46,206,091,938
2009 $5,336,765,697,589 $43,455,740,497
2008 $5,160,197,175,876 $44,859,439,902
2007 $4,624,670,179,655 $38,915,353,867
2006 $4,648,058,930,707 $34,376,664,601
2005 $4,875,648,486,366 $32,272,186,695
2004 $4,941,485,123,807 $31,183,885,241
2003 $4,573,413,206,709 $27,453,902,261
2002 $4,245,946,980,572 $23,141,616,605
2001 $4,438,792,748,062 $22,065,832,449
2000 $5,042,381,838,343 $21,473,528,161
1999 $4,688,983,449,627 $22,943,202,175
1998 $4,150,359,076,370 $21,802,893,587
1997 $4,579,780,793,432 $20,746,210,354
1996 $5,021,441,618,840 $19,587,161,807
1995 $5,639,649,753,986 $18,030,876,599
1994 $5,104,063,486,348 $15,633,174,304
1993 $4,632,480,515,091 $14,608,335,608
1992 $4,064,529,567,505 $15,496,708,060
1991 $3,724,887,648,862 $13,074,782,609
1990 $3,252,994,239,867 $12,290,568,182
1989 $3,174,934,735,896 $10,101,851,745
1988 $3,191,546,727,316 $10,096,245,762
1987 $2,635,094,473,494 $9,696,715,911
1986 $2,164,729,071,349 $9,017,806,654
1985 $1,457,070,301,468 $8,410,226,053
1984 $1,374,165,212,365 $8,254,541,195
1983 $1,297,622,008,229 $8,350,582,748
1982 $1,183,132,285,328 $8,133,580,052
1981 $1,271,443,597,067 $8,428,445,294
1980 $1,153,159,955,513 $8,744,134,354
1979 $1,100,608,979,757 $7,188,863,904
1978 $1,057,419,758,047 $5,968,460,080
1977 $752,590,681,822 $5,109,324,009
1976 $611,495,350,304 $4,508,191,942
1975 $544,082,569,364 $4,328,965,588
1974 $500,355,087,138 $3,545,868,575
1973 $450,756,970,744 $2,730,813,385
1972 $331,776,379,992 $2,237,556,149
1971 $250,530,994,765 $1,685,162,272
1970 $221,798,003,144 $1,439,238,095
1969 $188,179,852,753 $1,289,904,762
1968 $160,201,483,788 $1,214,666,667
1967 $135,265,319,098 $1,085,714,286
1966 $115,427,351,851 $1,040,952,381
1965 $99,387,878,008 $991,047,619
1964 $89,332,989,729 $1,025,866,792
1963 $75,945,582,324 $1,026,737,600
1962 $66,356,388,224 $880,027,733
1961 $58,472,696,006 $866,155,429
1960 $48,417,804,545 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Tunisia by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $35,951 - $4,657 -
2024 $33,797 $52,039 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $35,215 $50,662 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $35,548 $47,192 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $41,581 $44,355 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $41,099 $42,426 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $41,425 $42,678 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $40,645 $42,142 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $39,680 $41,444 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $40,215 $40,597 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $35,665 $40,899 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $39,173 $39,555 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $41,369 $39,402 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $49,627 $37,606 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $49,122 $36,214 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $45,378 $35,336 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $41,678 $33,543 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $40,294 $35,274 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $36,130 $35,015 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $36,354 $33,632 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $38,159 $32,170 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $38,678 $30,832 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $35,809 $29,392 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $33,316 $28,624 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $34,910 $27,943 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $39,753 $27,288 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $37,029 $25,736 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $32,835 $25,508 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $36,331 $25,619 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $39,930 $24,999 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $44,947 $23,858 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $40,774 $22,823 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $37,111 $22,168 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $32,667 $21,825 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $30,048 $21,227 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $26,345 $19,912 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $25,798 - $1,239 -
1988 $26,037 - $1,266 -
1987 $21,587 - $1,245 -
1986 $17,819 - $1,187 -
1985 $12,058 - $1,135 -
1984 $11,443 - $1,143 -
1983 $10,876 - $1,184 -
1982 $9,986 - $1,177 -
1981 $10,806 - $1,247 -
1980 $9,872 - $1,324 -
1979 $9,497 - $1,113 -
1978 $9,202 - $946 -
1977 $6,609 - $830 -
1976 $5,422 - $752 -
1975 $4,876 - $741 -
1974 $4,542 - $624 -
1973 $4,147 - $493 -
1972 $3,095 - $415 -
1971 $2,370 - $320 -
1970 $2,145 - $280.5 -
1969 $1,841 - $257.7 -
1968 $1,586 - $248.9 -
1967 $1,354 - $228 -
1966 $1,168 - $223.8 -
1965 $1,015 - $217.3 -
1964 $922 - $228.5 -
1963 $792 - $231.9 -
1962 $699 - $201.4 -
1961 $622 - $200.7 -
1960 $519 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $35,951, ranking 34/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Japan Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$4.44T
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
4/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
1.19%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$35,951
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
34/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$9.16T
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
206.5%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$74,248
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,962
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.61T
2025
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
2,902,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
41
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.3%
2020
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2020
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.9%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.17%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.5%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
122704252
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 36.9% 206.5% 34% 81.3%
2024 37.3% 214.5% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 37.8% 220.3% 35.9% 84%
2022 40.2% 227.8% 36.6% 83%
2021 41.3% 222.7% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 43.6% 228.8% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 36.4% 206.3% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 36% 203.7% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 35.9% 203.1% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 36.5% 202.1% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 36.6% 200.1% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 37.8% 203.6% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 38.4% 201.2% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 38.4% 197.1% 28.3% 49%
2011 38.4% 190.6% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 37.4% 178.6% 24% 38.8%
2009 38.3% 172.9% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 33.7% 153.6% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 32.8% 150.4% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 32.7% 152.1% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 33.2% 153.4% 23% 50%
2004 33.3% 148.8% 23% 51.6%
2003 34.6% 140.2% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 34.9% 134.6% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 34.7% 126.8% 24% 52.2%
2000 35.4% 118.5% 24% 62.9%
1999 35.2% 113.5% 24% 61.9%
1998 38.1% 101.6% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 32.4% 91.3% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 33.1% 85.3% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 32.8% 80.7% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 32.1% 73.3% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 31.4% 63.2% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 29.6% 57.9% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 28.6% 54.1% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 28.8% 54.8% - -
1989 29.2% 65.7% - -
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government spending was $1.63T, accounting for 36.9% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 206.5% in Japan and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 3/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Tunisia
2025 -1.05% -5.24%
2024 -1.67% -6.36%
2023 -2.39% -7.27%
2022 -4.23% -7%
2021 -6.32% -7.81%
2020 -9.04% -9.06%
2019 -3.05% -3.6%
2018 -2.44% -4.27%
2017 -3.05% -5.61%
2016 -3.58% -5.87%
2015 -3.64% -4.95%
2014 -5.58% -3.11%
2013 -7.62% -7.05%
2012 -8.22% -4.9%
2011 -9.02% -3.19%
2010 -9.05% -0.46%
2009 -9.62% -2.59%
2008 -4.07% -0.62%
2007 -2.86% -2.47%
2006 -3% -2.33%
2005 -4.39% -2.59%
2004 -5.26% -2.1%
2003 -7.35% -2.64%
2002 -7.22% -2.55%
2001 -6.11% -2.87%
2000 -7.17% -3.22%
1999 -6.68% -3.05%
1998 -9.91% -2.84%
1997 -3.44% -3.7%
1996 -4.75% -5.18%
1995 -4.22% -4.53%
1994 -3.7% -2.87%
1993 -2.34% -3.22%
1992 0.56% -3.45%
1991 1.64% -5.25%
1990 1.91% -
1989 1.23% -
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $46.7B, equivalent to 1.05% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.85% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Tunisia
2025 3.17% 5.3%
2024 2.74% 7%
2023 3.27% 9.3%
2022 2.5% 8.3%
2021 -0.23% 5.7%
2020 -0.02% 5.6%
2019 0.47% 6.7%
2018 0.99% 7.3%
2017 0.48% 5.3%
2016 -0.13% 3.6%
2015 0.8% 4.4%
2014 2.76% 4.6%
2013 0.34% 5.4%
2012 -0.04% 4.6%
2011 -0.27% 3.2%
2010 -0.73% 4.4%
2009 -1.35% 3.5%
2008 1.38% 4.9%
2007 0.06% 3.4%
2006 0.25% 4.1%
2005 -0.28% 1.9%
2004 -0.009% 3.7%
2003 -0.26% 2.7%
2002 -0.92% 2.7%
2001 -0.74% 1.9%
2000 -0.68% 2.8%
1999 -0.34% 2.8%
1998 0.66% 3.1%
1997 1.75% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.54%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 3.17% in Japan and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $100M
Metals $6.56M
Chemicals & pharma $4.77M
Raw materials & minerals $3.14M
Miscellaneous $3.03M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.35M
Animal & marine products $1.28M
Raw agricultural goods $103K
Weapons & explosives $27K
Wood & paper products $10K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $21M
Machinery & equipment $3.26M
Metals $2.44M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.96M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.34M
Raw agricultural goods $633K
Wood & paper products $367K
Chemicals & pharma $366K
Precious metals & jewellery $36K
Miscellaneous $22K

Balance of trade

Japan Tunisia
Current account balance
$216B
2025
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2025
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.86%
2025
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$729B
2025
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$725B
2025
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$269B
2025
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$246B
2025
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.9%
2024
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22%
2024
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Tunisia
Economic freedom 70.3 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 172/197
Property rights 94.2 55.7
Government integrity 81.1 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 39.7
Tax burden 63 68.5
Government spending 52 62.5
Fiscal health 41.7 16
Business freedom 77.8 59.4
Labor freedom 65.9 55.8
Monetary freedom 74.3 72.4
Trade freedom 76.2 54.6
Investment freedom 60 20
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Tunisia
2026 70.3 48.1
2025 70.2 49.1
2024 67.5 48.8
2023 69.3 52.9
2022 69.9 54.2
2021 74.1 56.6
2020 73.3 55.8
2019 72.1 55.4
2018 72.3 58.9
2017 69.6 55.7
2016 73.1 57.6
2015 73.3 57.7
2014 72.4 57.3
2013 71.8 57
2012 71.6 58.6
2011 72.8 58.5
2010 72.9 58.9
2009 72.8 58
2008 73 60.1
2007 72.7 60.3
2006 73.3 57.5
2005 67.3 55.4
2004 64.3 58.4
2003 67.6 58.1
2002 66.7 60.2
2001 70.9 60.8
2000 70.7 61.3
1999 69.1 61.1
1998 70.2 63.9
1997 70.3 63.8
1996 72.6 63.9
1995 75 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.96%
2024
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.73T
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$58,920
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.37T
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
3/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$172B
2025
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.9B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$207B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.