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Economy of Japan vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Japan has a GDP of $4.03T compared to $51.3B for Tunisia, ranking 4/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.51T in government debt (236.1% of GDP), compared to $42.8B (83.4% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Japan vs Tunisia GDP by year

Japan
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Tunisia
2024 $4,027,597,523,551 $51,332,285,657
2023 $4,213,167,237,906 $48,205,328,303
2022 $4,262,463,317,797 $44,929,920,093
2021 $5,039,148,168,861 $47,073,234,359
2020 $5,054,068,005,376 $42,491,780,918
2019 $5,117,993,853,017 $41,905,642,419
2018 $5,040,880,939,325 $42,686,504,460
2017 $4,930,837,369,151 $42,163,530,591
2016 $5,003,677,627,544 $44,360,072,680
2015 $4,444,930,651,964 $45,779,494,042
2014 $4,896,994,405,353 $50,271,812,921
2013 $5,212,328,181,166 $48,685,446,414
2012 $6,272,362,996,105 $47,311,401,813
2011 $6,233,147,172,341 $48,123,325,825
2010 $5,759,071,769,013 $46,206,091,938
2009 $5,289,493,117,994 $43,455,740,497
2008 $5,106,679,115,127 $44,859,439,902
2007 $4,579,750,920,355 $38,915,353,867
2006 $4,601,663,122,650 $34,376,664,601
2005 $4,831,467,035,390 $32,272,186,695
2004 $4,893,116,005,657 $31,183,885,241
2003 $4,519,561,645,254 $27,453,902,261
2002 $4,182,846,045,874 $23,141,616,605
2001 $4,374,711,694,091 $22,065,832,449
2000 $4,968,359,075,957 $21,473,528,161
1999 $4,635,982,224,064 $22,943,202,175
1998 $4,098,362,709,531 $21,802,893,587
1997 $4,492,448,605,639 $20,746,210,354
1996 $4,923,391,533,852 $19,587,161,807
1995 $5,545,563,663,890 $18,030,876,599
1994 $4,998,797,547,741 $15,633,174,304
1993 $4,536,940,479,038 $14,608,335,608
1992 $3,980,702,922,118 $15,496,708,060
1991 $3,648,065,760,649 $13,074,782,609
1990 $3,185,904,656,664 $12,290,568,182
1989 $3,109,455,047,824 $10,101,851,745
1988 $3,125,724,434,401 $10,096,245,762
1987 $2,580,748,422,781 $9,696,715,911
1986 $2,120,083,812,110 $9,017,806,654
1985 $1,427,019,759,717 $8,410,226,053
1984 $1,345,824,500,837 $8,254,541,195
1983 $1,270,859,919,743 $8,350,582,748
1982 $1,158,731,426,906 $8,133,580,052
1981 $1,245,221,410,764 $8,428,445,294
1980 $1,129,377,244,854 $8,744,134,354
1979 $1,077,910,077,676 $7,188,863,904
1978 $1,035,611,588,217 $5,968,460,080
1977 $737,069,290,928 $5,109,324,009
1976 $598,883,902,156 $4,508,191,942
1975 $532,861,438,885 $4,328,965,588
1974 $490,035,789,970 $3,545,868,575
1973 $441,460,582,536 $2,730,813,385
1972 $324,933,841,269 $2,237,556,149
1971 $245,364,056,622 $1,685,162,272
1970 $217,223,652,719 $1,439,238,095
1969 $184,298,841,305 $1,289,904,762
1968 $156,897,496,759 $1,214,666,667
1967 $132,475,614,227 $1,085,714,286
1966 $113,046,784,179 $1,040,952,381
1965 $97,338,107,606 $991,047,619
1964 $87,490,590,818 $1,025,866,792
1963 $74,379,284,603 $1,026,737,600
1962 $64,987,857,542 $880,027,733
1961 $57,266,758,180 $866,155,429
1960 $47,419,238,274 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Tunisia by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $32,487 $52,039 $4,181 $14,521
2023 $33,836 $50,662 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $34,066 $47,192 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $40,095 $44,355 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $40,029 $42,426 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $40,416 $42,678 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $39,751 $42,142 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $38,834 $41,444 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $39,375 $40,597 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $34,961 $40,899 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $38,475 $39,555 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $40,899 $39,402 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $49,145 $37,606 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $48,760 $36,214 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $44,968 $35,336 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $41,309 $33,543 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $39,876 $35,274 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $35,779 $35,015 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $35,992 $33,632 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $37,813 $32,170 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $38,299 $30,832 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $35,387 $29,392 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $32,821 $28,624 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $34,406 $27,943 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $39,169 $27,288 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $36,610 $25,736 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $32,424 $25,508 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $35,638 $25,619 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $39,150 $24,999 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $44,198 $23,858 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $39,934 $22,823 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $36,345 $22,168 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $31,993 $21,825 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $29,428 $21,227 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $25,801 $19,912 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $25,266 - $1,239 -
1988 $25,500 - $1,266 -
1987 $21,142 - $1,245 -
1986 $17,452 - $1,187 -
1985 $11,809 - $1,135 -
1984 $11,207 - $1,143 -
1983 $10,652 - $1,184 -
1982 $9,780 - $1,177 -
1981 $10,583 - $1,247 -
1980 $9,669 - $1,324 -
1979 $9,301 - $1,113 -
1978 $9,012 - $946 -
1977 $6,473 - $830 -
1976 $5,310 - $752 -
1975 $4,776 - $741 -
1974 $4,448 - $624 -
1973 $4,061 - $493 -
1972 $3,031 - $415 -
1971 $2,321 - $320 -
1970 $2,101 - $280.5 -
1969 $1,803 - $257.7 -
1968 $1,553 - $248.9 -
1967 $1,326 - $228 -
1966 $1,144 - $223.8 -
1965 $994 - $217.3 -
1964 $903 - $228.5 -
1963 $776 - $231.9 -
1962 $685 - $201.4 -
1961 $609 - $200.7 -
1960 $509 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $32,487, ranking 38/197, compared to $4,181 in Tunisia, ranking 129/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Japan Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$4.03T
2024
$51.3B
2024
GDP rank
4/197
2024
93/197
2024
GDP growth
0.1%
2023-2024
1.61%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$32,487
2024
$4,181
2024
GDP per capita rank
38/197
2024
129/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$9.51T
2024
$42.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
236.1%
2024
83.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$76,704
2024
$3,487
2024
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2024
94/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,653
2026
$3,951
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$6.31T
2024
$8.3B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,732,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2020
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.4%
2020
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.1%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2024
15.1%
2023
Population
122677250
12437803

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.1% 236.1% 33.8% 83.4%
2023 39.2% 240.5% 35.7% 84%
2022 41.8% 248.2% 36.5% 83%
2021 42.5% 253.7% 33.2% 79.7%
2020 44.5% 258.4% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 37.3% 236.4% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 36.7% 232.4% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 36.7% 231.3% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 37.2% 232.4% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 37.3% 228.3% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 38.4% 233.3% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 38.8% 229.5% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 38.6% 226.1% 28.3% 49%
2011 38.6% 219.2% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 37.7% 205.9% 24% 38.8%
2009 38.7% 198.8% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 34.1% 180.9% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 33.1% 173% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 33.1% 174.1% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 33.5% 174.6% 23% 50%
2004 33.7% 169.5% 23% 51.6%
2003 35% 160% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 35.4% 154.1% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 35.2% 145.1% 24% 52.2%
2000 36% 135.6% 24% 62.9%
1999 35.6% 129.5% 24% 61.9%
1998 38.6% 116% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 33.1% 105% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 33.8% 98.1% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 33.4% 92.5% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 32.8% 84.4% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 32.1% 72.8% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 30.3% 66.8% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 29.3% 62.4% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 29.5% 63.2% - -
1989 29.2% 65.7% - -
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government spending was $1.57T, accounting for 39.1% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $17.4B, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 236.1% in Japan and 83.4% in Tunisia, ranking 3/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Tunisia
2024 -1.53% -5.92%
2023 -2.26% -7.03%
2022 -4.21% -6.91%
2021 -6.13% -7.6%
2020 -9.08% -9.06%
2019 -3.04% -3.6%
2018 -2.47% -4.27%
2017 -3.1% -5.61%
2016 -3.6% -5.87%
2015 -3.68% -4.95%
2014 -5.62% -3.11%
2013 -7.61% -7.05%
2012 -8.2% -4.9%
2011 -8.99% -3.19%
2010 -9.08% -0.46%
2009 -9.69% -2.59%
2008 -4.11% -0.62%
2007 -2.9% -2.47%
2006 -3.03% -2.33%
2005 -4.44% -2.59%
2004 -5.31% -2.1%
2003 -7.43% -2.64%
2002 -7.34% -2.55%
2001 -6.2% -2.87%
2000 -7.28% -3.22%
1999 -6.75% -3.05%
1998 -10% -2.84%
1997 -3.53% -3.7%
1996 -4.87% -5.18%
1995 -4.3% -4.53%
1994 -3.76% -2.87%
1993 -2.39% -3.22%
1992 0.57% -3.45%
1991 1.67% -5.25%
1990 1.96% -
1989 1.23% -
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $61.6B, equivalent to 1.53% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.04B, or 5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.99% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.05% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Tunisia
2024 2.74% 7%
2023 3.27% 9.3%
2022 2.5% 8.3%
2021 -0.23% 5.7%
2020 -0.02% 5.6%
2019 0.47% 6.7%
2018 0.99% 7.3%
2017 0.48% 5.3%
2016 -0.13% 3.6%
2015 0.8% 4.4%
2014 2.76% 4.6%
2013 0.34% 5.3%
2012 -0.04% 4.6%
2011 -0.27% 3.2%
2010 -0.73% 4.4%
2009 -1.35% 3.5%
2008 1.38% 4.9%
2007 0.06% 3.4%
2006 0.25% 4.1%
2005 -0.28% 2%
2004 -0.009% 3.7%
2003 -0.26% 2.7%
2002 -0.92% 2.7%
2001 -0.74% 1.9%
2000 -0.68% 2.8%
1999 -0.34% 2.8%
1998 0.66% 3.1%
1997 1.75% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.44%, compared with 4.52% in Tunisia. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Japan and 7% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $76.1M
Metals $7.62M
Chemicals & pharma $3.92M
Animal & marine products $1.79M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.58M
Miscellaneous $1.38M
Raw materials & minerals $943K
Raw agricultural goods $28K
Weapons & explosives $27K
Wood & paper products $10K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $23.8M
Machinery & equipment $2.93M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.24M
Metals $1.93M
Wood & paper products $871K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $560K
Raw agricultural goods $350K
Chemicals & pharma $172K
Precious metals & jewellery $37K
Miscellaneous $22K

Balance of trade

Japan Tunisia
Current account balance
$194B
2024
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2024
117/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.82%
2024
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$719B
2024
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$694B
2024
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$246B
2024
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$228B
2024
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
56.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
50%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Tunisia
Economic freedom 70.3 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 172/197
Property rights 94.2 55.7
Government integrity 81.1 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 39.7
Tax burden 63 68.5
Government spending 52 62.5
Fiscal health 41.7 16
Business freedom 77.8 59.4
Labor freedom 65.9 55.8
Monetary freedom 74.3 72.4
Trade freedom 76.2 54.6
Investment freedom 60 20
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Tunisia
2026 70.3 48.1
2025 70.2 49.1
2024 67.5 48.8
2023 69.3 52.9
2022 69.9 54.2
2021 74.1 56.6
2020 73.3 55.8
2019 72.1 55.4
2018 72.3 58.9
2017 69.6 55.7
2016 73.1 57.6
2015 73.3 57.7
2014 72.4 57.3
2013 71.8 57
2012 71.6 58.6
2011 72.8 58.5
2010 72.9 58.9
2009 72.8 58
2008 73 60.1
2007 72.7 60.3
2006 73.3 57.5
2005 67.3 55.4
2004 64.3 58.4
2003 67.6 58.1
2002 66.7 60.2
2001 70.9 60.8
2000 70.7 61.3
1999 69.1 61.1
1998 70.2 63.9
1997 70.3 63.8
1996 72.6 63.9
1995 75 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
69.8%
2023
62.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.6%
2023
22.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.94%
2023
9.74%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.46T
2024
$47.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$55,490
2024
$14,230
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.23T
2024
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
2/177
2024
80/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$191B
2024
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$16.2B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$203B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.2%
2024
7.86%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.