Skip to content

Economy of Jordan vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Jordan has a GDP of $61.6B compared to $1.04T for Switzerland, ranking 90/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

Jordan has $51B in government debt (82.8% of GDP), compared to $411B (39.4% of GDP) in Switzerland.

Jordan vs Switzerland GDP by year

Jordan
Switzerland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Jordan Switzerland
2025 $61,610,052,535 $1,043,529,899,251
2024 $58,618,380,563 $969,919,786,395
2023 $56,123,472,113 $928,435,275,852
2022 $53,516,930,141 $858,479,038,994
2021 $50,702,940,986 $840,710,023,481
2020 $47,931,770,986 $756,096,180,222
2019 $48,640,273,803 $736,384,764,157
2018 $47,435,850,423 $740,766,531,454
2017 $45,535,614,366 $706,660,443,624
2016 $43,688,498,732 $698,607,778,795
2015 $42,394,049,296 $706,199,008,879
2014 $40,535,098,592 $741,168,119,617
2013 $37,873,362,958 $718,748,402,260
2012 $34,854,017,887 $697,882,536,677
2011 $32,640,291,549 $727,231,637,102
2010 $30,202,773,521 $609,999,593,542
2009 $27,462,496,197 $563,659,557,945
2008 $25,651,620,831 $574,703,945,157
2007 $17,110,437,236 $498,993,845,385
2006 $15,056,981,664 $448,364,681,767
2005 $12,588,998,590 $424,511,048,024
2004 $11,411,706,629 $409,012,909,530
2003 $10,195,627,645 $366,563,952,625
2002 $9,582,510,578 $313,930,961,761
2001 $8,975,814,653 $290,160,142,214
2000 $8,460,789,845 $282,327,351,966
1999 $8,149,929,478 $301,911,268,140
1998 $7,912,270,804 $306,907,741,068
1997 $7,245,839,210 $298,868,250,534
1996 $6,927,503,526 $345,373,647,249
1995 $6,727,597,032 $358,152,520,085
1994 $6,236,295,978 $305,916,331,798
1993 $5,606,400,222 $276,339,744,180
1992 $5,310,833,194 $284,139,428,246
1991 $4,344,467,193 $272,953,645,746
1990 $4,160,087,508 $269,768,238,555
1989 $4,221,373,674 $211,241,694,480
1988 $6,277,451,829 $218,788,504,066
1987 $6,756,209,762 $202,238,567,597
1986 $6,402,050,485 $161,487,171,049
1985 $4,993,601,520 $112,652,623,418
1984 $4,967,162,160 $111,104,641,869
1983 $4,920,692,191 $116,361,728,836
1982 $4,681,240,993 $116,776,899,473
1981 $4,383,944,703 $113,936,168,924
1980 $3,910,044,474 $124,404,609,417
1979 $3,271,368,781 $116,702,524,208
1978 $2,602,208,589 $103,821,687,919
1977 $2,096,778,602 $74,237,819,014
1976 $1,708,521,219 $69,508,364,538
1975 $1,363,073,498 $66,452,559,176
1974 $1,197,483,949 $57,963,469,607
1973 $943,783,840 $50,296,651,921
1972 $788,479,685 $37,399,508,287
1971 $678,159,729 $30,492,832,676
1970 $639,519,744 $25,374,750,743
1969 $698,879,720 $22,780,211,812
1968 $561,119,776 $21,024,203,656
1967 $631,679,747 $19,689,329,510
1966 $657,999,737 $18,290,928,227
1965 $599,759,760 $17,033,079,428
1964 - $16,071,715,835
1963 - $14,499,109,270
1962 - $13,185,384,691
1961 - $11,889,851,950
1960 - $10,569,129,806

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Jordan vs Switzerland by year

Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Jordan Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,348 - $114,769 -
2024 $5,074 $10,821 $107,702 $96,498
2023 $4,906 $10,412 $104,450 $95,142
2022 $4,754 $9,927 $97,809 $94,421
2021 $4,582 $9,182 $96,583 $81,001
2020 $4,411 $9,579 $87,530 $72,998
2019 $4,558 $9,429 $85,873 $73,732
2018 $4,534 $9,042 $87,002 $70,689
2017 $4,449 $9,266 $83,610 $68,194
2016 $4,366 $8,748 $83,432 $67,351
2015 $4,442 $8,967 $85,265 $65,265
2014 $4,611 $9,145 $90,512 $63,417
2013 $4,739 $9,817 $88,851 $61,656
2012 $4,594 $9,739 $87,270 $59,441
2011 $4,363 $9,632 $91,910 $57,494
2010 $4,139 $9,417 $77,956 $54,426
2009 $3,845 $9,291 $72,788 $52,999
2008 $3,670 $8,983 $75,148 $53,809
2007 $2,506 $8,416 $66,082 $50,928
2006 $2,343 $8,046 $59,910 $46,266
2005 $2,088 $7,697 $57,080 $41,525
2004 $1,940 $7,074 $55,350 $40,171
2003 $1,776 $6,500 $49,947 $38,732
2002 $1,706 $6,256 $43,094 $38,705
2001 $1,632 $5,948 $40,134 $37,819
2000 $1,571 $5,641 $39,298 $36,703
1999 $1,545 $5,402 $42,261 $34,743
1998 $1,532 $5,264 $43,166 $33,860
1997 $1,436 $5,171 $42,160 $32,736
1996 $1,410 $5,055 $48,838 $31,509
1995 $1,416 $5,027 $50,869 $30,842
1994 $1,367 $4,830 $43,741 $30,265
1993 $1,289 $4,726 $39,828 $29,495
1992 $1,287 $4,654 $41,327 $29,113
1991 $1,110 $4,195 $40,140 $28,792
1990 $1,149 $4,317 $40,171 $28,461
1989 $1,260 - $31,780 -
1988 $1,966 - $33,183 -
1987 $2,217 - $30,899 -
1986 $2,200 - $24,828 -
1985 $1,797 - $17,411 -
1984 $1,871 - $17,247 -
1983 $1,939 - $18,128 -
1982 $1,929 - $18,271 -
1981 $1,885 - $17,931 -
1980 $1,750 - $19,686 -
1979 $1,519 - $18,541 -
1978 $1,249 - $16,528 -
1977 $1,039 - $11,819 -
1976 $873 - $11,029 -
1975 $718 - $10,484 -
1974 $651 - $9,140 -
1973 $531 - $7,974 -
1972 $460 - $5,973 -
1971 $412 - $4,908 -
1970 $409 - $4,105 -
1969 $474 - $3,712 -
1968 $409 - $3,465 -
1967 $497 - $3,286 -
1966 $558 - $3,091 -
1965 $546 - $2,908 -
1964 - - $2,776 -
1963 - - $2,546 -
1962 - - $2,366 -
1961 - - $2,188 -
1960 - - $1,984 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

Jordan's GDP per capita is $5,348, ranking 120/197, compared to $114,769 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498.

Economic indicators

Jordan Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$61.6B
2025
$1.04T
2025
GDP rank
90/197
2025
20/197
2025
GDP growth
2.83%
2024-2025
1.3%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,348
2025
$114,769
2025
GDP per capita rank
120/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,821
2024
$96,498
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
131/197
2024
8/197
2024
Government debt
$51B
2025
$411B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.8%
2025
39.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,430
2025
$45,239
2025
Government debt per person rank
91/185
2025
12/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,506
2026
$89,347
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$37.4B
2025
$2.51T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
45
2026
Income share by richest 10%
27.4%
2010
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2010
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.7%
2025
31.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.77%
2024-2025
0.15%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.75%
2025
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
16.8%
2024
4.84%
2025
Population
11538682
9155878

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Jordan
Spending

Debt
Switzerland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Jordan Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 33.7% 82.8% 31.2% 39.4%
2024 34.6% 82.1% 31.3% 40.5%
2023 33.9% 81% 30.9% 37.3%
2022 32.8% 80.7% 30.5% 35.9%
2021 33.8% 79.9% 33.4% 39.7%
2020 33% 77.9% 36.3% 42.4%
2019 32.7% 69.4% 31.3% 38.8%
2018 33.3% 67.9% 31.1% 39%
2017 31.7% 69.1% 31.9% 41.1%
2016 30% 70.7% 31.9% 40.3%
2015 32.3% 71.4% 31.9% 41.4%
2014 36.3% 68.2% 31.5% 41.2%
2013 34.5% 68.8% 32% 41.2%
2012 28.3% 64% 31.1% 41.9%
2011 29.3% 56.1% 31% 41.2%
2010 26.6% 53.4% 30.9% 40.7%
2009 30.7% 51.8% 31.2% 42.4%
2008 29.6% 47.9% 29.6% 44.2%
2007 32.4% 58.2% 29% 44%
2006 34% 60% 30.1% 47.7%
2005 36.6% 66.1% 31.9% 54.1%
2004 35.1% 73.8% 32.6% 57.1%
2003 35% 80.4% 32.8% 56.2%
2002 31.6% 85.9% 33.6% 56.9%
2001 30.6% 85.5% 31.2% 50.5%
2000 31.2% 89.9% 31.9% 51.7%
1999 31.8% 98.7% 32.8% 52%
1998 32.3% 96.3% 32.3% 55.3%
1997 30.7% 94.7% 32.5% 52.9%
1996 32.6% 101.2% 32.5% 50.6%
1995 32.1% 102.4% 32% 49.3%
1994 30.6% 112.1% 32% 46.4%
1993 32.5% 122.1% 31.9% 43.7%
1992 31.7% 134.7% 30.8% 38.9%
1991 39.6% 180.5% 29% 34.6%
1990 39.9% 197.7% 27.2% 32.8%
1989 42.5% 195.4% 30% 32.5%
1988 44.3% 129.3% 30.3% 35%
1987 42.1% 101.9% 29.8% 36.5%
1986 33.8% 84.3% 29.8% 37.6%
1985 42.4% 85.2% 30.1% 39.1%
1984 - - 30.4% 39.8%
1983 - - 31.2% 40.2%
1982 - - 30.5% 40%
1981 - - 29.4% 40.8%
1980 - - 29.9% 43.9%
1979 - - 30.5% 44.6%
1978 - - 30.4% 46.6%
1977 - - 31% 46.9%
1976 - - 31.6% 46.7%
1975 - - 29.3% 42.3%
1974 - - 27.5% 38.4%
1973 - - 26.5% 37%
1972 - - 25.7% 38%
1971 - - 25.4% 38.7%
1970 - - 25.8% 38.9%
1969 - - 9.45% 7.08%
1968 - - 8.87% 6.99%
1967 - - 8.68% 7.26%
1966 - - 8.95% 7.62%
1965 - - 8.33% 8.28%
1964 - - 8.85% 9.43%
1963 - - 8.2% 10.8%
1962 - - 8.1% 12%
1961 - - 7.97% 14%
1960 - - 7.11% 16.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Jordan's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 33.7% of its GDP, while Switzerland spent $326B, or 31.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.8% in Jordan and 39.4% in Switzerland, ranking 39/185 and 136/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Jordan

Switzerland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Jordan Switzerland
2025 -6.35% 0.45%
2024 -7.27% 0.53%
2023 -6.49% 0.12%
2022 -4.9% 1.15%
2021 -6.62% -0.28%
2020 -7.56% -2.96%
2019 -5.06% 1.31%
2018 -4.23% 1.26%
2017 -3.22% 1.11%
2016 -2.62% 0.23%
2015 -5.18% 0.54%
2014 -6.75% -0.24%
2013 -8.78% -0.42%
2012 -3.33% 0.23%
2011 -1.21% 0.67%
2010 0.19% 0.35%
2009 -2.28% 0.49%
2008 1.92% 1.91%
2007 2.76% 1.55%
2006 -1.86% 0.83%
2005 -2.2% -0.64%
2004 0.56% -1.37%
2003 -1.6% -1.34%
2002 -3.21% -1.72%
2001 -1.13% 0.2%
2000 -1.85% 0.28%
1999 -1.13% -1.55%
1998 -5.59% -1.29%
1997 -2.68% -2.3%
1996 -2.69% -1.98%
1995 -1.45% -1.83%
1994 -1.67% -2.55%
1993 -1.43% -3.1%
1992 2.07% -2.92%
1991 -8.1% -1.82%
1990 -6.82% -0.05%
1989 -6.89% 0.2%
1988 -13% 0.42%
1987 -13.4% 0.78%
1986 -2.39% 0.93%
1985 -6.9% -0.25%
1984 - -0.52%
1983 - -1.23%
1982 - -1.21%
1981 - -0.54%
1980 - -1.34%
1979 - -1.79%
1978 - -1.12%
1977 - -1.64%
1976 - -1.89%
1975 - -0.93%
1974 - -1.01%
1973 - -0.93%
1972 - -1.39%
1971 - -1.41%
1970 - -1.44%
1969 - -0.98%
1968 - -0.73%
1967 - -1.07%
1966 - -0.87%
1965 - 0.05%
1964 - 0.77%
1963 - 0.25%
1962 - 0.95%
1961 - 0.34%
1960 - 1.95%
1959 - 0.72%
1958 - 0.59%
1957 - 0.66%
1956 - 2.24%
1955 - 1.1%
1954 - 1.44%
1953 - 0.38%
1952 - -1.17%
1951 - -0.36%
1950 - 1.49%
1949 - 0.04%
1948 - 1.37%
1947 - 1.27%
1946 - 0.52%
1945 - -7.57%
1944 - -9.37%
1943 - -8.55%
1942 - -7.28%
1941 - -8.78%
1940 - -10%
1939 - -5.05%
1938 - -1.53%
1937 - -0.17%
1936 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1934 - -0.33%
1933 - -0.88%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.03%
1930 - 0.07%
1929 - 0.22%
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.12%
1912 - 0.03%
1911 - -0.006%
1910 - -0.14%
1909 - -0.78%
1908 - -0.1%
1907 - -0.02%
1906 - 0.15%
1905 - 0.41%
1904 - 0.002%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - 0.02%
1901 - -0.14%
1900 - -0.07%
1899 - 0.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Jordan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.91B, equivalent to 6.35% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $4.71B, or 0.45% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Jordan recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 19 years. On average, Jordan posted an annual deficit equal to 3.91% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.32% of GDP for Switzerland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Jordan

Switzerland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Jordan Switzerland
2025 1.77% 0.15%
2024 1.56% 1.06%
2023 2.08% 2.14%
2022 4.23% 2.84%
2021 1.35% 0.58%
2020 0.33% -0.73%
2019 0.76% 0.36%
2018 4.46% 0.94%
2017 3.32% 0.53%
2016 -0.78% -0.43%
2015 -0.88% -1.14%
2014 2.9% -0.01%
2013 4.82% -0.22%
2012 4.52% -0.69%
2011 4.16% 0.23%
2010 4.85% 0.69%
2009 -0.74% -0.48%
2008 14% 2.43%
2007 4.74% 0.73%
2006 6.25% 1.06%
2005 3.49% 1.17%
2004 3.36% 0.8%
2003 1.63% 0.64%
2002 1.83% 0.64%
2001 1.77% 0.99%
2000 0.67% 1.56%
1999 0.61% 0.81%
1998 3.09% 0.02%
1997 3.04% 0.52%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Jordan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.87%, compared with 0.59% in Switzerland. In 2025, inflation was 1.77% in Jordan and 0.15% in Switzerland.

Top exports between countries

Jordan
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $87.3M
Machinery & equipment $1.36M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.34M
Raw agricultural goods $1.09M
Chemicals & pharma $571K
Metals $433K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $248K
Raw materials & minerals $123K
Wood & paper products $2K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $552M
Chemicals & pharma $197M
Machinery & equipment $26.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $16.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.41M
Raw materials & minerals $1.39M
Animal & marine products $1.28M
Raw agricultural goods $1.27M
Metals $785K
Wood & paper products $471K

Balance of trade

Jordan Switzerland
Current account balance
-$3.13B
2024
$72.9B
2025
Current account balance ranking
152/190
2024
11/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-5.33%
2024
+6.98%
2025
Goods imports
$23.9B
2024
$508B
2025
Goods exports
$13.3B
2024
$617B
2025
Service imports
$6.5B
2024
$214B
2025
Service exports
$9.45B
2024
$195B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
57.1%
2024
69.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.6%
2024
78.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Jordan Switzerland
Economic freedom 59.3 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 104/197 2/197
Property rights 52.3 94.4
Government integrity 51 93.3
Judicial effectiveness 44 98.3
Tax burden 84.1 70.9
Government spending 67.2 69.5
Fiscal health 5.2 97.2
Business freedom 62.7 86.3
Labor freedom 51.3 60
Monetary freedom 81.2 82.3
Trade freedom 82 87
Investment freedom 70 85
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Jordan
Switzerland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Jordan Switzerland
2026 59.3 83.7
2025 59.4 83.7
2024 58.3 83
2023 58.8 83.8
2022 60.1 84.2
2021 64.6 81.9
2020 66 82
2019 66.5 81.9
2018 64.9 81.7
2017 66.7 81.5
2016 68.3 81
2015 69.3 80.5
2014 69.2 81.6
2013 70.4 81
2012 69.9 81.1
2011 68.9 81.9
2010 66.1 81.1
2009 65.4 79.4
2008 64.1 79.5
2007 64.5 78
2006 63.7 78.9
2005 66.7 79.3
2004 66.1 79.5
2003 65.3 79
2002 66.2 79.3
2001 68.3 76
2000 67.5 76.8
1999 67.4 79.1
1998 66.8 79
1997 63.6 78.6
1996 60.8 76.8
1995 62.7 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Jordan is 59.3, ranking 104/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Jordan Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
56.8%
2025
71.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2025
25%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.56%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$60.6B
2025
$1T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,440
2025
$101,690
2025
Total reserves including gold
$26.6B
2025
$1.08T
2025
Total reserves ranking
61/177
2025
4/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.58B
2024
$37.6B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.63B
2024
-$108B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$54.1M
2024
-$27.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.85%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.2%
2020
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23%
2021
29.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/switzerland | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.