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Economy of Germany vs Jordan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Germany has a GDP of $4.69T compared to $53.4B for Jordan, ranking 3/197 and 90/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $2.97T in government debt (63.5% of GDP), compared to $48.1B (90.2% of GDP) in Jordan.

Germany vs Jordan GDP by year

Germany
Jordan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Jordan
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $53,352,289,577
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $51,088,476,338
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $48,764,963,380
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $46,296,100,141
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $43,700,383,099
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $44,503,006,338
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $43,370,860,704
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $41,608,435,915
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $39,892,551,127
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $38,587,017,887
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $36,847,643,521
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $34,454,440,141
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $31,634,561,690
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $29,524,149,155
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $27,133,804,225
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $24,537,876,056
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $22,658,715,989
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $17,110,437,236
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $15,056,981,664
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $12,588,998,590
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $11,411,706,629
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $10,195,627,645
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $9,582,510,578
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $8,975,814,653
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $8,460,789,845
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $8,149,929,478
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $7,912,270,804
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $7,245,839,210
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $6,927,503,526
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $6,727,597,032
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $6,236,295,978
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $5,606,400,222
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $5,310,833,194
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $4,344,467,193
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $4,160,087,508
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $4,221,373,674
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $6,277,451,829
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $6,756,209,762
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $6,402,050,485
1985 $735,218,723,093 $4,993,601,520
1984 $727,767,760,979 $4,967,162,160
1983 $773,507,930,295 $4,920,692,191
1982 $779,421,633,755 $4,681,240,993
1981 $803,404,797,058 $4,383,944,703
1980 $953,772,499,462 $3,910,044,474
1979 $884,574,218,333 $3,271,368,781
1978 $743,182,891,918 $2,602,208,589
1977 $602,698,323,086 $2,096,778,602
1976 $521,658,712,133 $1,708,521,219
1975 $492,434,094,920 $1,363,073,498
1974 $446,934,971,657 $1,197,483,949
1973 $399,833,571,167 $943,783,840
1972 $300,899,944,795 $788,479,685
1971 $250,900,942,397 $678,159,729
1970 $216,629,229,947 $639,519,744
1969 $177,733,486,326 $698,879,720
1968 $156,527,292,653 $561,119,776
1967 $145,100,667,773 $631,679,747
1966 $143,304,275,684 $657,999,737
1965 $134,774,688,191 $599,759,760
1964 $123,330,404,665 -
1963 $112,232,503,744 -
1962 $105,895,435,234 -
1961 $96,558,204,043 -
1960 $84,619,845,881 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Jordan by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Jordan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $4,618 $10,821
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $4,466 $10,412
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $4,332 $9,927
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $4,183 $9,182
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $4,022 $9,579
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $4,170 $9,429
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $4,145 $9,042
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $4,066 $9,266
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $3,987 $8,748
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $4,043 $8,967
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $4,191 $9,145
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $4,311 $9,817
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $4,170 $9,739
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $3,947 $9,632
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $3,718 $9,417
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $3,436 $9,291
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $3,242 $8,983
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $2,506 $8,416
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $2,343 $8,046
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $2,088 $7,697
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $1,940 $7,074
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $1,776 $6,500
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $1,706 $6,256
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $1,632 $5,948
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $1,571 $5,641
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $1,545 $5,402
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $1,532 $5,264
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $1,436 $5,171
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $1,410 $5,055
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $1,416 $5,027
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $1,367 $4,830
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $1,289 $4,726
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $1,287 $4,654
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $1,110 $4,195
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $1,149 $4,317
1989 $17,829 - $1,260 -
1988 $17,997 - $1,966 -
1987 $16,739 - $2,217 -
1986 $13,511 - $2,200 -
1985 $9,464 - $1,797 -
1984 $9,347 - $1,871 -
1983 $9,900 - $1,939 -
1982 $9,950 - $1,929 -
1981 $10,246 - $1,885 -
1980 $12,183 - $1,750 -
1979 $11,322 - $1,519 -
1978 $9,517 - $1,249 -
1977 $7,711 - $1,039 -
1976 $6,659 - $873 -
1975 $6,259 - $718 -
1974 $5,660 - $651 -
1973 $5,065 - $531 -
1972 $3,824 - $460 -
1971 $3,204 - $412 -
1970 $2,771 - $409 -
1969 $2,281 - $474 -
1968 $2,025 - $409 -
1967 $1,886 - $497 -
1966 $1,871 - $558 -
1965 $1,774 - $546 -
1964 $1,637 - - -
1963 $1,502 - - -
1962 $1,431 - - -
1961 $1,316 - - -
1960 $1,162 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $56,104, ranking 19/197, compared to $4,618 in Jordan, ranking 123/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821.

Economic indicators

Germany Jordan
Gross domestic product
$4.69T
2024
$53.4B
2024
GDP rank
3/197
2024
90/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.5%
2023-2024
2.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$56,104
2024
$4,618
2024
GDP per capita rank
19/197
2024
123/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$10,821
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
131/197
2024
Government debt
$2.97T
2024
$48.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
63.5%
2024
90.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,606
2024
$4,167
2024
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2024
91/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$41,775
2026
$4,787
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.04T
2024
$24.9B
2024
Number of millionaires
2,675,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
171
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2020
27.4%
2010
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2020
3.5%
2010
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.4%
2024
33%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.26%
2023-2024
1.56%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.37%
2024
16.6%
2023
Population
82575542
11555022

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Jordan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Jordan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.4% 63.5% 33% 90.2%
2023 48.1% 62.4% 32.9% 89%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 33.3% 88.6%
2021 50.7% 68% 34.1% 87.6%
2020 51.1% 68% 33.7% 104.5%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 32.4% 92.9%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 32% 87.4%
2017 44.5% 64% 29.6% 86.1%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 29.8% 85%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 31.7% 83.4%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 39.2% 78.6%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 36.4% 78.1%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 32.2% 73.8%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 27.4% 63.9%
2010 48.1% 81% 29.8% 59.5%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 35.9% 55.5%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 35.8% 53.2%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 37.7% 64.4%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 34.7% 65.6%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 37.3% 80.5%
2004 47% 65% 36.6% 86%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 36% 94.6%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 32.9% 91.3%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 32.1% 89.7%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 33.1% 85.6%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 32.7% 98.1%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 34.9% 99.8%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 33.9% 98.1%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 36.2% 104.9%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 35.5% 106.1%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 34.3% 116.2%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 36.4% 126.6%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 35.5% 139.6%
1991 46.5% 39% 44.9% 187%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 44% 204.8%
1989 44.3% 39.2% 42.5% 195.4%
1988 45.6% 40.5% 44.3% 129.3%
1987 46% 40.1% 42.1% 101.9%
1986 45.7% 39.1% 33.8% 84.3%
1985 46.6% 39.2% 42.4% 85.2%
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% - -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% - -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government spending was $2.32T, accounting for 49.4% of its GDP, while Jordan spent $17.6B, or 33% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 63.5% in Germany and 90.2% in Jordan, ranking 72/185 and 32/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Jordan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Jordan
2024 -2.66% -7.33%
2023 -2.49% -6.89%
2022 -1.91% -6.8%
2021 -3.17% -8.45%
2020 -4.38% -10.1%
2019 1.33% -7.19%
2018 1.88% -5.78%
2017 1.34% -3.61%
2016 1.13% -3.71%
2015 0.91% -7.1%
2014 0.73% -15.5%
2013 0.12% -16.1%
2012 -0.05% -13.8%
2011 -0.84% -5.61%
2010 -4.42% -5.43%
2009 -3.18% -8.66%
2008 -0.26% -5.38%
2007 0.15% -5.45%
2006 -1.76% -3.82%
2005 -3.37% -5.36%
2004 -3.42% -1.09%
2003 -3.83% -2.52%
2002 -4.09% -4.44%
2001 -3.12% -2.77%
2000 -1.71% -3.99%
1999 -1.87% -2.69%
1998 -2.65% -5.4%
1997 -3.03% -2.97%
1996 -3.64% -3.25%
1995 -9.44% -1.72%
1994 -2.54% -2.3%
1993 -3.11% -2.14%
1992 -2.63% 1.87%
1991 -3.21% -10.2%
1990 -1.94% -7.45%
1989 0.08% -6.89%
1988 -2.02% -13%
1987 -1.85% -13.4%
1986 -1.18% -2.39%
1985 -1.18% -6.9%
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% -
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $125B, equivalent to 2.66% of GDP. This compares to Jordan's deficit of $3.91B, or 7.33% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Jordan ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 1.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.14% of GDP for Jordan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Jordan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Jordan
2024 2.26% 1.56%
2023 5.95% 2.08%
2022 6.87% 4.23%
2021 3.07% 1.35%
2020 0.14% 0.33%
2019 1.45% 0.76%
2018 1.73% 4.46%
2017 1.51% 3.32%
2016 0.49% -0.78%
2015 0.51% -0.88%
2014 0.91% 2.9%
2013 1.5% 4.82%
2012 2.01% 4.52%
2011 2.08% 4.16%
2010 1.1% 4.85%
2009 0.31% -0.74%
2008 2.63% 14%
2007 2.3% 4.74%
2006 1.58% 6.25%
2005 1.55% 3.49%
2004 1.67% 3.36%
2003 1.03% 1.63%
2002 1.42% 1.83%
2001 1.98% 1.77%
2000 1.44% 0.67%
1999 0.59% 0.61%
1998 0.91% 3.09%
1997 1.94% 3.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.82%, compared with 2.91% in Jordan. In 2024, inflation was 2.26% in Germany and 1.56% in Jordan.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $522M
Chemicals & pharma $216M
Textiles & consumer goods $40.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $37M
Raw agricultural goods $32.2M
Raw materials & minerals $28.8M
Wood & paper products $23M
Miscellaneous $19.8M
Metals $19.6M
Animal & marine products $7.04M
Jordan
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.3M
Machinery & equipment $8.56M
Metals $3.9M
Raw agricultural goods $2.8M
Chemicals & pharma $1.03M
Precious metals & jewellery $472K
Raw materials & minerals $213K
Miscellaneous $142K
Wood & paper products $74K

Balance of trade

Germany Jordan
Current account balance
$270B
2024
-$3.13B
2024
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2024
158/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.77%
2024
-5.86%
2024
Goods imports
$1.21T
2024
$23.9B
2024
Goods exports
$1.47T
2024
$13.3B
2024
Service imports
$548B
2024
$6.5B
2024
Service exports
$470B
2024
$9.45B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.7%
2024
57.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2024
42.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Jordan
Economic freedom 71.7 59.3
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 104/197
Property rights 95.5 52.3
Government integrity 84.5 51
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 44
Tax burden 60.5 84.1
Government spending 28.8 67.2
Fiscal health 83.1 5.2
Business freedom 79.8 62.7
Labor freedom 52.2 51.3
Monetary freedom 72.5 81.2
Trade freedom 79.4 82
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Jordan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Jordan
2026 71.7 59.3
2025 71.6 59.4
2024 72.1 58.3
2023 73.7 58.8
2022 76.1 60.1
2021 72.5 64.6
2020 73.5 66
2019 73.5 66.5
2018 74.2 64.9
2017 73.8 66.7
2016 74.4 68.3
2015 73.8 69.3
2014 73.4 69.2
2013 72.8 70.4
2012 71 69.9
2011 71.8 68.9
2010 71.1 66.1
2009 70.5 65.4
2008 70.6 64.1
2007 70.8 64.5
2006 70.8 63.7
2005 68.1 66.7
2004 69.5 66.1
2003 69.7 65.3
2002 70.4 66.2
2001 69.5 68.3
2000 65.7 67.5
1999 65.6 67.4
1998 64.3 66.8
1997 67.5 63.6
1996 69.1 60.8
1995 69.8 62.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 59.3 for Jordan, ranking 104/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Jordan
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
60.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.6%
2024
25.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.91%
2024
5.07%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.6T
2024
$51.2B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$76,180
2024
$10,570
2024
Total reserves including gold
$378B
2024
$21.9B
2024
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2024
60/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$32.6B
2024
-$1.58B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$47.6B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$80.2B
2024
$54.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
8.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
14.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
25.2%
2021

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/jordan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.