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Economy of Switzerland vs Togo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Switzerland has a GDP of $937B compared to $9.93B for Togo, ranking 20/197 and 154/197 by economy size, respectively.

Switzerland has $352B in government debt (36.9% of GDP), compared to $7.01B (69.5% of GDP) in Togo.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Switzerland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Togo
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Switzerland Togo
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $10,412,232,621 $212,618,998,245 $171,057,069 $751,799,549
1961 $11,713,348,834 $229,859,575,871 $178,497,098 $843,288,422
1962 $12,989,649,694 $240,869,714,665 $186,745,758 $875,111,200
1963 $14,283,872,299 $252,622,227,587 $202,305,865 $918,864,084
1964 $15,833,133,858 $265,900,938,033 $234,572,186 $1,050,133,111
1965 $16,780,226,225 $271,496,969,295 $264,505,506 $1,212,480,673
1966 $18,019,402,374 $278,179,751,690 $305,227,595 $1,326,559,573
1967 $19,397,044,714 $286,680,708,388 $327,215,844 $1,399,525,279
1968 $20,712,102,794 $296,966,886,752 $341,691,567 $1,469,833,116
1969 $22,442,043,274 $313,694,770,516 $378,091,810 $1,629,028,806
1970 $24,998,066,773 $333,700,361,262 $358,665,754 $1,670,150,423
1971 $30,040,171,751 $347,300,128,063 $404,648,368 $1,670,150,423
1972 $36,844,318,854 $358,415,499,097 $474,043,922 $1,797,502,024
1973 $49,550,006,320 $369,346,839,843 $574,030,984 $1,866,480,877
1974 $57,103,011,446 $374,720,496,122 $791,450,308 $1,956,685,082
1975 $65,466,081,819 $347,428,948,950 $871,781,687 $2,004,438,787
1976 $68,476,524,644 $342,552,172,035 $874,681,612 $1,963,317,272
1977 $73,135,771,167 $350,888,700,310 $1,097,893,826 $2,099,946,197
1978 $102,280,472,036 $352,324,128,999 $1,164,025,637 $2,331,894,379
1979 $114,970,094,425 $361,102,327,237 $1,259,365,712 $2,211,388,079
1980 $122,557,843,886 $377,720,174,386 $1,604,836,916 $2,533,741,149
1981 $112,244,805,519 $383,768,743,424 $1,359,026,709 $2,449,742,915
1982 $115,043,365,512 $378,743,607,969 $1,160,337,039 $2,361,983,262
1983 $114,634,358,535 $381,164,080,265 $1,081,387,265 $2,234,105,305
1984 $109,455,312,168 $392,631,236,095 $1,014,170,069 $2,358,222,255
1985 $110,980,314,192 $407,054,920,692 $1,076,604,520 $2,489,234,522
1986 $159,089,921,063 $414,620,577,536 $1,498,219,579 $2,528,726,335
1987 $199,236,370,038 $421,194,295,501 $1,763,978,066 $2,541,626,941
1988 $215,540,625,299 $434,999,344,090 $1,947,208,354 $2,710,451,200
1989 $208,105,846,934 $453,838,270,541 $1,910,635,575 $2,820,496,107
1990 $265,763,573,999 $470,515,127,362 $2,299,665,506 $2,813,623,795
1991 $268,901,693,863 $466,206,071,643 $2,262,767,860 $2,793,929,343
1992 $279,921,425,828 $466,002,185,701 $2,390,796,916 $2,682,711,766
1993 $272,237,527,071 $465,415,100,022 $1,741,944,426 $2,277,734,226
1994 $301,375,055,202 $471,324,744,553 $1,387,662,121 $2,618,993,805
1995 $352,835,806,342 $473,591,186,765 $1,849,110,468 $2,824,475,668
1996 $340,103,959,547 $475,823,127,431 $2,069,506,014 $3,074,052,315
1997 $294,788,198,856 $486,583,036,191 $2,116,818,623 $3,516,020,423
1998 $303,459,014,347 $501,326,352,837 $2,241,650,112 $3,435,156,293
1999 $297,873,643,323 $509,661,911,367 $2,226,577,204 $3,520,408,334
2000 $279,216,033,870 $529,837,998,914 $2,106,848,752 $3,492,826,653
2001 $286,582,672,434 $538,186,454,855 $2,093,498,674 $3,521,587,941
2002 $309,301,422,430 $537,792,409,496 $2,410,199,032 $3,656,345,820
2003 $362,075,086,508 $537,618,173,222 $2,987,984,051 $3,902,058,527
2004 $403,912,891,033 $552,143,052,490 $3,191,561,509 $3,863,870,433
2005 $418,284,865,885 $567,325,325,069 $3,221,910,408 $3,683,570,671
2006 $441,634,672,197 $590,436,050,733 $3,320,907,722 $3,781,190,160
2007 $490,740,715,595 $613,559,745,175 $3,759,964,943 $3,736,756,623
2008 $567,267,767,519 $630,788,402,146 $4,578,849,658 $3,887,558,865
2009 $554,212,916,092 $616,296,830,084 $4,721,890,900 $4,099,579,483
2010 $598,851,027,948 $636,285,783,947 $4,746,389,532 $4,339,583,325
2011 $715,888,126,682 $647,822,334,336 $5,422,442,166 $4,592,288,208
2012 $686,420,221,558 $655,461,804,172 $5,413,544,658 $4,881,726,147
2013 $706,234,937,371 $667,208,623,614 $6,021,732,977 $5,166,050,855
2014 $726,537,809,430 $682,887,235,060 $6,393,318,262 $5,457,066,909
2015 $694,118,186,380 $694,118,186,380 $5,755,461,035 $5,755,461,035
2016 $687,895,460,903 $708,477,337,740 $6,071,170,959 $5,998,047,710
2017 $695,200,834,102 $718,132,464,454 $6,387,422,518 $6,238,457,455
2018 $725,568,717,468 $738,674,254,332 $7,029,300,383 $6,537,595,250
2019 $721,369,112,727 $747,109,782,756 $6,992,700,101 $6,859,436,221
2020 $741,999,406,006 $731,108,655,211 $7,400,284,168 $6,996,086,824
2021 $815,309,330,987 $771,755,519,734 $8,342,243,646 $7,415,213,718
2022 $828,508,926,958 $795,248,228,755 $8,169,476,149 $7,842,296,104
2023 $894,424,821,645 $800,682,383,958 $9,171,261,838 $8,344,824,334
2024 $936,564,198,049 $811,109,937,475 $9,925,732,120 $8,787,100,467

Economic indicators

Switzerland Togo
Gross domestic product
$937B
2024
$9.93B
2024
GDP rank
20/197
2024
154/197
2024
GDP growth
4.71%
2023-2024
8.23%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$103,670
2024
$1,043
2024
GDP per capita rank
5/197
2024
174/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$93,819
2024
$3,239
2024
Government debt
$352B
2024
$7.01B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.9%
2025
69.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,957
2024
$737
2024
Government debt per person rank
14/185
2024
153/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$88,321
2025
$1,736
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.97T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,054,293
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2022
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
2.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.1%
2025
21.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.06%
2023-2024
2.86%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
0%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.34%
2024
1.97%
2022
Population
9112950
9889741

GDP per capita in Switzerland vs Togo

Switzerland's GDP per capita is $103,670, ranking 5/197, compared to $1,043 in Togo, ranking 174/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Switzerland ranks 8th at $93,819, while Togo ranks 176th at $3,239.

Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Togo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Switzerland Togo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,954 - $102.2 -
1961 $2,155 - $104.8 -
1962 $2,330 - $107.8 -
1963 $2,508 - $114.6 -
1964 $2,735 - $130.1 -
1965 $2,865 - $142.7 -
1966 $3,045 - $159.1 -
1967 $3,237 - $163.9 -
1968 $3,413 - $164.3 -
1969 $3,657 - $174.7 -
1970 $4,044 - $159.8 -
1971 $4,835 - $174.6 -
1972 $5,885 - $198.8 -
1973 $7,856 - $234.4 -
1974 $9,005 - $315 -
1975 $10,328 - $339 -
1976 $10,865 - $332 -
1977 $11,644 - $406 -
1978 $16,282 - $421 -
1979 $18,266 - $443 -
1980 $19,394 - $549 -
1981 $17,665 - $451 -
1982 $18,000 - $372 -
1983 $17,859 - $336 -
1984 $16,991 - $304 -
1985 $17,152 - $313 -
1986 $24,460 - $422 -
1987 $30,441 - $482 -
1988 $32,690 - $517 -
1989 $31,309 - $492 -
1990 $39,575 $28,442 $575 $1,110
1991 $39,544 $28,773 $550 $1,107
1992 $40,714 $29,093 $565 $1,057
1993 $39,237 $29,476 $414 $925
1994 $43,092 $30,245 $329 $1,082
1995 $50,114 $30,821 $419 $1,140
1996 $48,093 $31,498 $452 $1,218
1997 $41,584 $32,728 $448 $1,373
1998 $42,681 $33,858 $461 $1,318
1999 $41,696 $34,743 $445 $1,332
2000 $38,865 $36,695 $410 $1,315
2001 $39,639 $37,823 $397 $1,320
2002 $42,459 $38,705 $445 $1,357
2003 $49,336 $38,737 $538 $1,440
2004 $54,659 $40,177 $560 $1,427
2005 $56,243 $41,525 $551 $1,368
2006 $59,011 $46,276 $553 $1,407
2007 $64,989 $50,929 $608 $1,387
2008 $74,175 $53,809 $719 $1,429
2009 $71,568 $52,971 $721 $1,474
2010 $76,531 $54,432 $705 $1,537
2011 $90,477 $57,494 $784 $1,616
2012 $85,836 $59,441 $762 $1,645
2013 $87,304 $61,656 $827 $1,715
2014 $88,725 $63,417 $856 $1,803
2015 $83,806 $65,283 $751 $1,880
2016 $82,153 $67,351 $773 $1,933
2017 $82,254 $68,194 $793 $1,986
2018 $85,217 $70,689 $851 $2,067
2019 $84,122 $73,732 $826 $2,215
2020 $85,898 $72,998 $854 $2,357
2021 $93,665 $81,001 $940 $2,577
2022 $94,395 $91,326 $899 $2,852
2023 $100,632 $90,506 $986 $3,072
2024 $103,670 $93,819 $1,043 $3,239

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Switzerland's government spending was $299B, accounting for 32.1% of its GDP, while Togo's spent $2.35B, or 21.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.9% in Switzerland and 69.5% in Togo, ranking 142/185 and 56/185, respectively.

Switzerland
Government spending

Government debt
Togo
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Switzerland Togo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 7.11% 16.2% - -
1961 7.97% 14% - -
1962 8.1% 12% - -
1963 8.2% 10.8% - -
1964 8.85% 9.43% - -
1965 8.33% 8.28% - -
1966 8.95% 7.62% - -
1967 8.68% 7.26% - -
1968 8.87% 6.99% - -
1969 9.45% 7.08% - -
1970 25.8% 38.9% - -
1971 25.4% 38.7% - -
1972 25.7% 38% - -
1973 26.5% 37% - -
1974 27.5% 38.4% - -
1975 29.3% 42.3% - -
1976 31.6% 46.7% - -
1977 31% 46.9% - -
1978 30.4% 46.6% - -
1979 30.5% 44.6% - -
1980 29.9% 43.9% - -
1981 29.4% 40.8% - -
1982 30.5% 40% - -
1983 31.2% 40.2% - -
1984 30.4% 39.8% - -
1985 30.1% 39.1% - -
1986 29.8% 37.6% - -
1987 29.8% 36.5% - -
1988 30.3% 35% - -
1989 30% 32.5% 16.9% 46.3%
1990 27.6% 33.3% 16.8% 44.7%
1991 29.5% 35.1% 14.6% 46.9%
1992 31.3% 39.5% 12.6% 45%
1993 32.5% 44.4% 14.8% 58.3%
1994 32.5% 47.1% 13.2% 79%
1995 32.4% 50% 12.7% 64.8%
1996 33% 51.3% 12.4% 60.4%
1997 32.9% 53.7% 10.6% 54.4%
1998 32.7% 55.9% 12.8% 62.8%
1999 33.2% 52.7% 11.9% 59.9%
2000 32.2% 52.2% 11.9% 66.5%
2001 31.6% 51.1% 10.9% 68.5%
2002 34.1% 57.7% 8.42% 54.8%
2003 33.2% 56.9% 8.88% 50%
2004 33.1% 57.8% 10.6% 48.7%
2005 32.4% 54.9% 13.3% 63.1%
2006 30.5% 48.5% 14.7% 67.7%
2007 29.4% 44.8% 13.7% 70.5%
2008 30% 44.8% 12.4% 67.3%
2009 31.8% 43.1% 14.3% 57.6%
2010 31.4% 41.5% 15.1% 33.5%
2011 31.4% 41.9% 18.2% 33.8%
2012 31.6% 42.6% 19.1% 34.3%
2013 32.5% 41.9% 20.5% 41.1%
2014 32.2% 42.1% 21.9% 44.9%
2015 32.5% 42.2% 22.9% 52.4%
2016 32.4% 40.9% 22.9% 59.9%
2017 32.4% 41.8% 16.3% 57.1%
2018 31.7% 39.8% 18.8% 58%
2019 32% 39.6% 16.6% 54.9%
2020 37% 43.2% 23.7% 62.2%
2021 34.4% 41% 21.8% 64.9%
2022 31.6% 37.2% 26% 67.4%
2023 32.1% 38.7% 26.6% 68%
2024 32% 37.6% 23.7% 70.6%
2025 32.1% 36.9% 21.6% 69.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Switzerland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.41B, equivalent to 0.58% of GDP. This compares to Togo's deficit of -$484M, or -4.88% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Switzerland recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Togo ran a deficit in 33 years. On average, Switzerland posted an annual deficit equal to -0.43% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.18% of GDP for Togo.

Deficit/surplus
Switzerland

Togo
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Switzerland Togo
1899 0.1% -
1900 -0.07% -
1901 -0.14% -
1902 0.02% -
1903 0.09% -
1904 0.002% -
1905 0.41% -
1906 0.15% -
1907 -0.02% -
1908 -0.1% -
1909 -0.78% -
1910 -0.14% -
1911 -0.006% -
1912 0.03% -
1913 -0.12% -
1914 -0.12% -
1915 -0.12% -
1916 -0.12% -
1917 -0.12% -
1918 -0.12% -
1919 -0.12% -
1920 -0.12% -
1921 -0.12% -
1922 -0.12% -
1923 -0.12% -
1924 -0.12% -
1925 -0.12% -
1926 -0.12% -
1927 -0.12% -
1928 -0.12% -
1929 0.22% -
1930 0.07% -
1931 0.03% -
1932 -0.3% -
1933 -0.88% -
1934 -0.33% -
1935 -0.23% -
1936 -0.33% -
1937 -0.17% -
1938 -1.53% -
1939 -5.05% -
1940 -10% -
1941 -8.78% -
1942 -7.28% -
1943 -8.55% -
1944 -9.37% -
1945 -7.57% -
1946 0.52% -
1947 1.27% -
1948 1.37% -
1949 0.04% -
1950 1.49% -
1951 -0.36% -
1952 -1.17% -
1953 0.38% -
1954 1.44% -
1955 1.1% -
1956 2.24% -
1957 0.66% -
1958 0.59% -
1959 0.72% -
1960 1.95% -
1961 0.34% -
1962 0.95% -
1963 0.25% -
1964 0.77% -
1965 0.05% -
1966 -0.87% -
1967 -1.07% -
1968 -0.73% -
1969 -0.98% -
1970 -1.44% -
1971 -1.41% -
1972 -1.39% -
1973 -0.93% -
1974 -1.01% -
1975 -0.93% -
1976 -1.89% -
1977 -1.64% -
1978 -1.12% -
1979 -1.79% -
1980 -1.34% -
1981 -0.54% -
1982 -1.21% -
1983 -1.23% -
1984 -0.52% -
1985 -0.25% -
1986 0.93% -
1987 0.78% -
1988 0.42% -
1989 0.2% -2.18%
1990 -0.05% -1.65%
1991 -1.85% -3.52%
1992 -2.96% -2.27%
1993 -3.15% -8.46%
1994 -2.59% -5.37%
1995 -1.86% -2.97%
1996 -2.01% -3.26%
1997 -2.33% -0.98%
1998 -1.31% -3.25%
1999 -1.57% -1.76%
2000 0.28% -3.45%
2001 0.21% -0.72%
2002 -1.75% -0.28%
2003 -1.36% 1.43%
2004 -1.39% 0.61%
2005 -0.65% -1.67%
2006 0.85% -1.94%
2007 1.57% -1.83%
2008 1.93% -0.59%
2009 0.5% -2.63%
2010 0.35% -1.66%
2011 0.68% -4.48%
2012 0.24% -4.63%
2013 -0.43% -5.08%
2014 -0.25% -7.11%
2015 0.55% -7.04%
2016 0.24% -7.02%
2017 1.13% -0.21%
2018 1.29% -0.59%
2019 1.34% 1.67%
2020 -3.01% -7.05%
2021 -0.29% -4.65%
2022 1.19% -8.33%
2023 0.12% -6.73%
2024 0.58% -4.88%
2025 0.26% -2.97%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Switzerland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.62%, compared with 2.79% in Togo. In 2024, inflation was 1.06% in Switzerland and 2.86% in Togo.

Inflation
Switzerland

Togo
Year Inflation
Switzerland Togo Switzerland Togo
1996 0.81% 4.69%
1997 0.52% 8.25%
1998 0.02% 0.98%
1999 0.81% -0.05%
2000 1.56% 1.86%
2001 0.99% 3.92%
2002 0.64% 3.06%
2003 0.64% -0.93%
2004 0.8% 0.39%
2005 1.17% 6.78%
2006 1.06% 2.23%
2007 0.73% 0.95%
2008 2.43% 8.69%
2009 -0.48% 3.71%
2010 0.69% 1.45%
2011 0.23% 3.56%
2012 -0.69% 2.58%
2013 -0.22% 1.83%
2014 -0.01% 0.19%
2015 -1.14% 2.59%
2016 -0.43% 1.29%
2017 0.53% -0.98%
2018 0.94% 0.93%
2019 0.36% 0.67%
2020 -0.73% 1.7%
2021 0.58% 4.19%
2022 2.84% 7.97%
2023 2.14% 5.49%
2024 1.06% 2.86%

Top exports between countries

Switzerland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $6.82M
Chemicals & pharma $1.07M
Textiles & consumer goods $348K
Raw materials & minerals $174K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $75K
Wood & paper products $67K
Metals $48K
Precious metals & jewellery $12K
Raw agricultural goods $3K
Miscellaneous $2K
Togo
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.06M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $371K
Raw agricultural goods $226K
Machinery & equipment $176K
Textiles & consumer goods $110K
Chemicals & pharma $81K
Precious metals & jewellery $5K

Balance of trade

Switzerland Togo
Current account balance
$47.2B
2024
-$20.7M
2020
Current account balance ranking
12/189
2024
75/189
2020
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.04%
2024
-0.28%
2020
Goods imports
$368B
2024
$1.95B
2020
Goods exports
$495B
2024
$1.21B
2020
Service imports
$215B
2024
$438M
2020
Service exports
$180B
2024
$514M
2020
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
61.9%
2024
38.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.2%
2024
24.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Switzerland Togo
Economic freedom 83.7 52.3
Economic freedom ranking 2/197 147/197
Property rights 94.5 37
Government integrity 92.3 31.6
Judicial effectiveness 99.3 37.1
Tax burden 70.9 70.5
Government spending 68 81.6
Fiscal health 97.6 21.7
Business freedom 88.8 59.9
Labor freedom 60.5 51.9
Monetary freedom 80.7 69.8
Trade freedom 86.6 66.8
Investment freedom 85 60
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Switzerland is 83.7, ranking 2/197, compared to 52.3 for Togo, ranking 147/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Switzerland
Togo
Year Economic freedom index
Switzerland Togo
1996 76.8 -
1997 78.6 -
1998 79 -
1999 79.1 48.2
2000 76.8 46.4
2001 76 45.3
2002 79.3 45.2
2003 79 46.8
2004 79.5 47
2005 79.3 48.2
2006 78.9 47.3
2007 78 49.7
2008 79.5 48.9
2009 79.4 48.7
2010 81.1 47.1
2011 81.9 49.1
2012 81.1 48.3
2013 81 48.8
2014 81.6 49.9
2015 80.5 53
2016 81 53.6
2017 81.5 53.2
2018 81.7 47.8
2019 81.9 50.3
2020 82 54.1
2021 81.9 57.5
2022 84.2 57.2
2023 83.8 55.3
2024 83 50.9
2025 83.7 52.3

More economic indicators

Switzerland Togo
Services, % of GDP
72%
2024
52%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
20%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.63%
2024
18%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$866B
2024
$9.6B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$90,820
2024
$3,250
2024
Total reserves including gold
$909B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
4/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$77.3B
2024
-$53.1M
2020
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$112B
2024
$83.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$34.7B
2024
-$73.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
2.8%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.8%
2021
43.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27%
2024
22.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.