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Economy of Suriname vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Suriname has a GDP of $4.52B compared to $1.04T for Switzerland, ranking 165/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

Suriname has $4.79B in government debt (105.8% of GDP), compared to $411B (39.4% of GDP) in Switzerland.

Suriname vs Switzerland GDP by year

Suriname
Switzerland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Suriname Switzerland
2025 $4,523,657,797 $1,043,529,899,251
2024 $4,416,775,113 $969,919,786,395
2023 $3,472,693,412 $928,435,275,852
2022 $3,791,603,200 $858,479,038,994
2021 $3,107,923,198 $840,710,023,481
2020 $2,911,807,496 $756,096,180,222
2019 $4,016,040,575 $736,384,764,157
2018 $3,996,198,867 $740,766,531,454
2017 $3,591,679,431 $706,660,443,624
2016 $3,317,421,648 $698,607,778,795
2015 $5,126,237,646 $706,199,008,879
2014 $5,240,606,061 $741,168,119,617
2013 $5,145,757,576 $718,748,402,260
2012 $4,980,000,000 $697,882,536,677
2011 $4,422,276,622 $727,231,637,102
2010 $4,368,370,998 $609,999,593,542
2009 $3,875,409,836 $563,659,557,945
2008 $3,532,969,035 $574,703,945,157
2007 $2,936,612,022 $498,993,845,385
2006 $2,626,380,435 $448,364,681,767
2005 $1,793,410,397 $424,511,048,024
2004 $1,484,092,538 $409,012,909,530
2003 $1,274,190,311 $366,563,952,625
2002 $1,093,574,468 $313,930,961,761
2001 $834,279,358 $290,160,142,214
2000 $947,671,970 $282,327,351,966
1999 $886,290,698 $301,911,268,140
1998 $1,110,850,000 $306,907,741,068
1997 $926,422,500 $298,868,250,534
1996 $861,372,806 $345,373,647,249
1995 $691,590,498 $358,152,520,085
1994 $605,492,537 $305,916,331,798
1993 $428,764,706 $276,339,744,180
1992 $404,600,000 $284,139,428,246
1991 $448,100,000 $272,953,645,746
1990 $388,400,000 $269,768,238,555
1989 $542,600,000 $211,241,694,480
1988 $1,161,000,000 $218,788,504,066
1987 $980,000,000 $202,238,567,597
1986 $891,000,000 $161,487,171,049
1985 $873,000,000 $112,652,623,418
1984 $864,000,000 $111,104,641,869
1983 $883,500,000 $116,361,728,836
1982 $915,000,000 $116,776,899,473
1981 $889,000,000 $113,936,168,924
1980 $795,000,000 $124,404,609,417
1979 $782,500,000 $116,702,524,208
1978 $735,500,000 $103,821,687,919
1977 $641,500,000 $74,237,819,014
1976 $505,500,000 $69,508,364,538
1975 $465,500,000 $66,452,559,176
1974 $409,850,000 $57,963,469,607
1973 $339,450,000 $50,296,651,921
1972 $311,950,000 $37,399,508,287
1971 $301,000,000 $30,492,832,676
1970 $274,900,000 $25,374,750,743
1969 $259,650,000 $22,780,211,812
1968 $241,350,000 $21,024,203,656
1967 $220,700,000 $19,689,329,510
1966 $190,350,000 $18,290,928,227
1965 $154,150,000 $17,033,079,428
1964 $134,400,000 $16,071,715,835
1963 $125,950,000 $14,499,109,270
1962 $116,150,000 $13,185,384,691
1961 $107,700,000 $11,889,851,950
1960 $99,650,000 $10,569,129,806

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Suriname vs Switzerland by year

Suriname
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Suriname Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $7,070 - $114,769 -
2024 $6,962 $21,801 $107,702 $96,498
2023 $5,522 $21,110 $104,450 $95,142
2022 $6,084 $20,079 $97,809 $94,421
2021 $5,030 $18,458 $96,583 $81,001
2020 $4,755 $16,947 $87,530 $72,998
2019 $6,630 $19,772 $85,873 $73,732
2018 $6,666 $17,855 $87,002 $70,689
2017 $6,050 $17,568 $83,610 $68,194
2016 $5,644 $14,475 $83,432 $67,351
2015 $8,814 $16,544 $85,265 $65,265
2014 $9,108 $16,598 $90,512 $63,417
2013 $9,043 $16,173 $88,851 $61,656
2012 $8,851 $15,185 $87,270 $59,441
2011 $7,950 $13,926 $91,910 $57,494
2010 $7,944 $13,039 $77,956 $54,426
2009 $7,130 $12,393 $72,788 $52,999
2008 $6,576 $12,097 $75,148 $53,809
2007 $5,530 $11,530 $66,082 $50,928
2006 $5,003 $10,803 $59,910 $46,266
2005 $3,453 $10,014 $57,080 $41,525
2004 $2,888 $9,389 $55,350 $40,171
2003 $2,516 $8,552 $49,947 $38,732
2002 $2,202 $8,046 $43,094 $38,705
2001 $1,715 $7,865 $40,134 $37,819
2000 $1,988 $7,535 $39,298 $36,703
1999 $1,898 $7,367 $42,261 $34,743
1998 $2,429 $7,521 $43,166 $33,860
1997 $2,068 $7,422 $42,160 $32,736
1996 $1,963 $7,048 $48,838 $31,509
1995 $1,610 $7,000 $50,869 $30,842
1994 $1,434 $6,973 $43,741 $30,265
1993 $1,022 $6,650 $39,828 $29,495
1992 $969 $6,992 $41,327 $29,113
1991 $1,080 $6,852 $40,140 $28,792
1990 $942 $6,493 $40,171 $28,461
1989 $1,329 - $31,780 -
1988 $2,886 - $33,183 -
1987 $2,469 - $30,899 -
1986 $2,271 - $24,828 -
1985 $2,256 - $17,411 -
1984 $2,261 - $17,247 -
1983 $2,333 - $18,128 -
1982 $2,430 - $18,271 -
1981 $2,368 - $17,931 -
1980 $2,118 - $19,686 -
1979 $2,072 - $18,541 -
1978 $1,928 - $16,528 -
1977 $1,666 - $11,819 -
1976 $1,302 - $11,029 -
1975 $1,190 - $10,484 -
1974 $1,041 - $9,140 -
1973 $858 - $7,974 -
1972 $785 - $5,973 -
1971 $768 - $4,908 -
1970 $724 - $4,105 -
1969 $708 - $3,712 -
1968 $681 - $3,465 -
1967 $644 - $3,286 -
1966 $575 - $3,091 -
1965 $482 - $2,908 -
1964 $435 - $2,776 -
1963 $424 - $2,546 -
1962 $409 - $2,366 -
1961 $395 - $2,188 -
1960 $378 - $1,984 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

Suriname's GDP per capita is $7,070, ranking 104/197, compared to $114,769 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Suriname ranks 89th at $21,801, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498.

Economic indicators

Suriname Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$4.52B
2025
$1.04T
2025
GDP rank
165/197
2025
20/197
2025
GDP growth
1.79%
2024-2025
1.3%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$7,070
2025
$114,769
2025
GDP per capita rank
104/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$21,801
2024
$96,498
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
89/197
2024
8/197
2024
Government debt
$4.79B
2025
$411B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
105.8%
2025
39.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$7,483
2025
$45,239
2025
Government debt per person rank
69/185
2025
12/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,363
2026
$89,347
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.51T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
45
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.1%
2022
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2022
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
37.3%
2025
31.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
9.21%
2024-2025
0.15%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
10%
2013
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
7.92%
2016
4.84%
2025
Population
648096
9155878

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Suriname
Spending

Debt
Switzerland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Suriname Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 37.3% 105.8% 31.2% 39.4%
2024 29.3% 88% 31.3% 40.5%
2023 28.9% 97.7% 30.9% 37.3%
2022 28.2% 111.7% 30.5% 35.9%
2021 32% 115.8% 33.4% 39.7%
2020 30.2% 146.4% 36.3% 42.4%
2019 40.5% 84% 31.3% 38.8%
2018 29.5% 68.6% 31.1% 39%
2017 28.7% 73% 31.9% 41.1%
2016 27.9% 75.4% 31.9% 40.3%
2015 29.9% 41.2% 31.9% 41.4%
2014 25.2% 25.2% 31.5% 41.2%
2013 26.2% 27.9% 32% 41.2%
2012 25.1% 20.1% 31.1% 41.9%
2011 21% 18.7% 31% 41.2%
2010 21% 17.3% 30.9% 40.7%
2009 24% 14.6% 31.2% 42.4%
2008 20.5% 14.8% 29.6% 44.2%
2007 22.6% 16.4% 29% 44%
2006 22.2% 22.5% 30.1% 47.7%
2005 22.2% 27.1% 31.9% 54.1%
2004 20.8% 29.4% 32.6% 57.1%
2003 19.2% 31.5% 32.8% 56.2%
2002 22.2% 37.4% 33.6% 56.9%
2001 21.8% 37.2% 31.2% 50.5%
2000 24.4% 48.4% 31.9% 51.7%
1999 19.6% 32.3% 32.8% 52%
1998 30.3% 21.6% 32.3% 55.3%
1997 21.1% 16.8% 32.5% 52.9%
1996 21.4% 11.8% 32.5% 50.6%
1995 20.2% 16.3% 32% 49.3%
1994 19.8% 30.5% 32% 46.4%
1993 21.2% 51.1% 31.9% 43.7%
1992 24.4% 64.4% 30.8% 38.9%
1991 26.6% 75.7% 29% 34.6%
1990 22.7% 72.9% 27.2% 32.8%
1989 - - 30% 32.5%
1988 - - 30.3% 35%
1987 - - 29.8% 36.5%
1986 - - 29.8% 37.6%
1985 - - 30.1% 39.1%
1984 - - 30.4% 39.8%
1983 - - 31.2% 40.2%
1982 - - 30.5% 40%
1981 - - 29.4% 40.8%
1980 - - 29.9% 43.9%
1979 - - 30.5% 44.6%
1978 - - 30.4% 46.6%
1977 - - 31% 46.9%
1976 - - 31.6% 46.7%
1975 - - 29.3% 42.3%
1974 - - 27.5% 38.4%
1973 - - 26.5% 37%
1972 - - 25.7% 38%
1971 - - 25.4% 38.7%
1970 - - 25.8% 38.9%
1969 - - 9.45% 7.08%
1968 - - 8.87% 6.99%
1967 - - 8.68% 7.26%
1966 - - 8.95% 7.62%
1965 - - 8.33% 8.28%
1964 - - 8.85% 9.43%
1963 - - 8.2% 10.8%
1962 - - 8.1% 12%
1961 - - 7.97% 14%
1960 - - 7.11% 16.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Suriname's government spending was $1.69B, accounting for 37.3% of its GDP, while Switzerland spent $326B, or 31.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 105.8% in Suriname and 39.4% in Switzerland, ranking 18/185 and 136/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Suriname

Switzerland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Suriname Switzerland
2025 -9.61% 0.45%
2024 -3.36% 0.53%
2023 -1.67% 0.12%
2022 -2.57% 1.15%
2021 -5.66% -0.28%
2020 -12% -2.96%
2019 -20.2% 1.31%
2018 -8.56% 1.26%
2017 -8.62% 1.11%
2016 -10.2% 0.23%
2015 -8.29% 0.54%
2014 -2.65% -0.24%
2013 -2.64% -0.42%
2012 -0.38% 0.23%
2011 2.32% 0.67%
2010 -0.15% 0.35%
2009 2.03% 0.49%
2008 2.39% 1.91%
2007 5.01% 1.55%
2006 0.59% 0.83%
2005 -3.39% -0.64%
2004 -1.2% -1.37%
2003 -0.11% -1.34%
2002 -3.3% -1.72%
2001 3.49% 0.2%
2000 -7.76% 0.28%
1999 -4.92% -1.55%
1998 -6.39% -1.29%
1997 -0.32% -2.3%
1996 3.42% -1.98%
1995 1.17% -1.83%
1994 -1.89% -2.55%
1993 -4.68% -3.1%
1992 -6.45% -2.92%
1991 -9.8% -1.82%
1990 -3.04% -0.05%
1989 - 0.2%
1988 - 0.42%
1987 - 0.78%
1986 - 0.93%
1985 - -0.25%
1984 - -0.52%
1983 - -1.23%
1982 - -1.21%
1981 - -0.54%
1980 - -1.34%
1979 - -1.79%
1978 - -1.12%
1977 - -1.64%
1976 - -1.89%
1975 - -0.93%
1974 - -1.01%
1973 - -0.93%
1972 - -1.39%
1971 - -1.41%
1970 - -1.44%
1969 - -0.98%
1968 - -0.73%
1967 - -1.07%
1966 - -0.87%
1965 - 0.05%
1964 - 0.77%
1963 - 0.25%
1962 - 0.95%
1961 - 0.34%
1960 - 1.95%
1959 - 0.72%
1958 - 0.59%
1957 - 0.66%
1956 - 2.24%
1955 - 1.1%
1954 - 1.44%
1953 - 0.38%
1952 - -1.17%
1951 - -0.36%
1950 - 1.49%
1949 - 0.04%
1948 - 1.37%
1947 - 1.27%
1946 - 0.52%
1945 - -7.57%
1944 - -9.37%
1943 - -8.55%
1942 - -7.28%
1941 - -8.78%
1940 - -10%
1939 - -5.05%
1938 - -1.53%
1937 - -0.17%
1936 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1934 - -0.33%
1933 - -0.88%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.03%
1930 - 0.07%
1929 - 0.22%
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.12%
1912 - 0.03%
1911 - -0.006%
1910 - -0.14%
1909 - -0.78%
1908 - -0.1%
1907 - -0.02%
1906 - 0.15%
1905 - 0.41%
1904 - 0.002%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - 0.02%
1901 - -0.14%
1900 - -0.07%
1899 - 0.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Suriname's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $435M, equivalent to 9.61% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $4.71B, or 0.45% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Suriname recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Suriname posted an annual deficit equal to 3.59% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.42% of GDP for Switzerland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Suriname

Switzerland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Suriname Switzerland
2025 9.21% 0.15%
2024 16.2% 1.06%
2023 51.6% 2.14%
2022 52.4% 2.84%
2021 59.1% 0.58%
2020 34.9% -0.73%
2019 - 0.36%
2018 - 0.94%
2017 22% 0.53%
2016 55.4% -0.43%
2015 6.89% -1.14%
2014 3.38% -0.01%
2013 1.92% -0.22%
2012 5.01% -0.69%
2011 17.7% 0.23%
2010 6.94% 0.69%
2009 -0.13% -0.48%
2008 14.7% 2.43%
2007 6.43% 0.73%
2006 11.3% 1.06%
2005 9.9% 1.17%
2004 9.99% 0.8%
2003 23% 0.64%
2002 15.5% 0.64%
2001 38.6% 0.99%
2000 59.4% 1.56%
1999 98.8% 0.81%
1998 19% 0.02%
1997 7.15% 0.52%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Suriname has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 24.3%, compared with 0.59% in Switzerland. In 2025, inflation was 9.21% in Suriname and 0.15% in Switzerland.

Top exports between countries

Suriname
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $1.41B
Machinery & equipment $139K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $50K
Wood & paper products $17K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.69M
Chemicals & pharma $1.6M
Weapons & explosives $328K
Textiles & consumer goods $267K
Metals $122K
Raw materials & minerals $67K
Precious metals & jewellery $35K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $34K
Miscellaneous $2K
Wood & paper products $1K

Balance of trade

Suriname Switzerland
Current account balance
-$2.48B
2025
$72.9B
2025
Current account balance ranking
146/190
2025
11/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-54.9%
2025
+6.98%
2025
Goods imports
$1.91B
2025
$508B
2025
Goods exports
$2.97B
2025
$617B
2025
Service imports
$3.59B
2025
$214B
2025
Service exports
$218M
2025
$195B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
38.4%
2010
69.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.5%
2010
78.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Suriname Switzerland
Economic freedom 53 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 143/197 2/197
Property rights 40.5 94.4
Government integrity 41 93.3
Judicial effectiveness 46.5 98.3
Tax burden 69.1 70.9
Government spending 74.3 69.5
Fiscal health 76.6 97.2
Business freedom 56.9 86.3
Labor freedom 69 60
Monetary freedom 56.4 82.3
Trade freedom 65.2 87
Investment freedom 20 85
Financial freedom 20 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Suriname
Switzerland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Suriname Switzerland
2026 53 83.7
2025 50.9 83.7
2024 46.7 83
2023 46.1 83.8
2022 48.1 84.2
2021 46.4 81.9
2020 49.5 82
2019 48.1 81.9
2018 48.1 81.7
2017 48 81.5
2016 53.8 81
2015 54.2 80.5
2014 54.2 81.6
2013 52 81
2012 52.6 81.1
2011 53.1 81.9
2010 52.5 81.1
2009 54.1 79.4
2008 54.3 79.5
2007 54.8 78
2006 55.1 78.9
2005 51.9 79.3
2004 47.9 79.5
2003 46.9 79
2002 48 79.3
2001 44.3 76
2000 45.8 76.8
1999 40.1 79.1
1998 39.9 79
1997 35.9 78.6
1996 36.7 76.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Suriname is 53, ranking 143/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Suriname Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
50.8%
2024
71.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
35.1%
2024
25%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.77%
2024
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$3.93B
2025
$1T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,000
2025
$101,690
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.62B
2025
$1.08T
2025
Total reserves ranking
132/177
2025
4/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.04B
2025
$37.6B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$666M
2024
-$108B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$9.05M
2024
-$27.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
20.5%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
70%
2020
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
36.2%
2010
29.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/suriname/switzerland | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.