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Economy of Jordan vs South Africa compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Jordan has a GDP of $61.6B compared to $427B for South Africa, ranking 90/197 and 40/197 by economy size, respectively.

Jordan has $51B in government debt (82.8% of GDP), compared to $336B (78.6% of GDP) in South Africa.

Jordan vs South Africa GDP by year

Jordan
South Africa
1x
Year GDP, current $
Jordan South Africa
2025 $61,610,052,535 $427,184,325,997
2024 $58,618,380,563 $401,144,998,374
2023 $56,123,472,113 $381,440,724,491
2022 $53,516,930,141 $407,596,043,068
2021 $50,702,940,986 $419,986,284,375
2020 $47,931,770,986 $337,974,655,408
2019 $48,640,273,803 $389,330,032,224
2018 $47,435,850,423 $405,260,723,893
2017 $45,535,614,366 $381,448,814,653
2016 $43,688,498,732 $323,585,509,674
2015 $42,394,049,296 $346,709,790,459
2014 $40,535,098,592 $381,198,869,776
2013 $37,873,362,958 $400,886,013,596
2012 $34,854,017,887 $434,400,545,086
2011 $32,640,291,549 $458,199,494,831
2010 $30,202,773,521 $417,363,822,802
2009 $27,462,496,197 $329,754,060,647
2008 $25,651,620,831 $316,131,258,616
2007 $17,110,437,236 $333,077,117,254
2006 $15,056,981,664 $303,858,675,364
2005 $12,588,998,590 $288,867,217,197
2004 $11,411,706,629 $255,806,908,595
2003 $10,195,627,645 $197,018,965,309
2002 $9,582,510,578 $129,087,556,612
2001 $8,975,814,653 $135,429,905,923
2000 $8,460,789,845 $151,752,757,215
1999 $8,149,929,478 $151,516,957,079
1998 $7,912,270,804 $152,982,984,557
1997 $7,245,839,210 $168,978,057,328
1996 $6,927,503,526 $163,234,925,381
1995 $6,727,597,032 $171,735,933,897
1994 $6,236,295,978 $153,512,712,382
1993 $5,606,400,222 $147,194,747,566
1992 $5,310,833,194 $146,956,150,987
1991 $4,344,467,193 $135,203,698,238
1990 $4,160,087,508 $126,048,140,142
1989 $4,221,373,674 $108,055,624,082
1988 $6,277,451,829 $103,976,831,871
1987 $6,756,209,762 $96,535,763,418
1986 $6,402,050,485 $73,354,771,399
1985 $4,993,601,520 $64,459,376,087
1984 $4,967,162,160 $84,870,163,366
1983 $4,920,692,191 $96,204,110,942
1982 $4,681,240,993 $85,904,057,409
1981 $4,383,944,703 $93,141,472,164
1980 $3,910,044,474 $89,411,864,402
1979 $3,271,368,781 $63,038,658,089
1978 $2,602,208,589 $51,607,412,902
1977 $2,096,778,602 $45,328,411,332
1976 $1,708,521,219 $41,150,460,288
1975 $1,363,073,498 $42,906,905,672
1974 $1,197,483,949 $41,389,186,095
1973 $943,783,840 $33,262,772,008
1972 $788,479,685 $24,515,919,217
1971 $678,159,729 $23,411,076,638
1970 $639,519,744 $21,218,391,513
1969 $698,879,720 $19,256,992,297
1968 $561,119,776 $17,124,793,150
1967 $631,679,747 $15,821,393,671
1966 $657,999,737 $14,211,394,315
1965 $599,759,760 $13,068,994,772
1964 - $11,955,995,218
1963 - $10,854,195,658
1962 - $9,813,996,074
1961 - $9,225,996,310
1960 - $8,748,596,501

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

GDP per capita in Jordan vs South Africa by year

Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Africa
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Jordan South Africa
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,348 - $6,598 -
2024 $5,074 $10,821 $6,267 $15,456
2023 $4,906 $10,412 $6,034 $15,200
2022 $4,754 $9,927 $6,534 $14,749
2021 $4,582 $9,182 $6,829 $13,682
2020 $4,411 $9,579 $5,581 $12,671
2019 $4,558 $9,429 $6,534 $13,361
2018 $4,534 $9,042 $6,914 $13,347
2017 $4,449 $9,266 $6,618 $13,738
2016 $4,366 $8,748 $5,651 $13,519
2015 $4,442 $8,967 $6,112 $13,398
2014 $4,611 $9,145 $6,857 $13,359
2013 $4,739 $9,817 $7,332 $13,369
2012 $4,594 $9,739 $8,077 $12,987
2011 $4,363 $9,632 $8,646 $13,143
2010 $4,139 $9,417 $7,973 $12,637
2009 $3,845 $9,291 $6,375 $12,261
2008 $3,670 $8,983 $6,185 $12,525
2007 $2,506 $8,416 $6,592 $12,047
2006 $2,343 $8,046 $6,077 $11,250
2005 $2,088 $7,697 $5,837 $10,441
2004 $1,940 $7,074 $5,221 $9,714
2003 $1,776 $6,500 $4,062 $9,139
2002 $1,706 $6,256 $2,688 $8,792
2001 $1,632 $5,948 $2,847 $8,428
2000 $1,571 $5,641 $3,218 $8,095
1999 $1,545 $5,402 $3,242 $7,667
1998 $1,532 $5,264 $3,310 $7,463
1997 $1,436 $5,171 $3,700 $7,433
1996 $1,410 $5,055 $3,618 $7,208
1995 $1,416 $5,027 $3,856 $6,875
1994 $1,367 $4,830 $3,489 $6,611
1993 $1,289 $4,726 $3,400 $6,375
1992 $1,287 $4,654 $3,462 $6,275
1991 $1,110 $4,195 $3,243 $6,383
1990 $1,149 $4,317 $3,093 $6,382
1989 $1,260 - $2,727 -
1988 $1,966 - $2,702 -
1987 $2,217 - $2,586 -
1986 $2,200 - $2,027 -
1985 $1,797 - $1,839 -
1984 $1,871 - $2,504 -
1983 $1,939 - $2,938 -
1982 $1,929 - $2,717 -
1981 $1,885 - $3,050 -
1980 $1,750 - $3,029 -
1979 $1,519 - $2,202 -
1978 $1,249 - $1,852 -
1977 $1,039 - $1,671 -
1976 $873 - $1,559 -
1975 $718 - $1,670 -
1974 $651 - $1,656 -
1973 $531 - $1,369 -
1972 $460 - $1,038 -
1971 $412 - $1,020 -
1970 $409 - $952 -
1969 $474 - $891 -
1968 $409 - $817 -
1967 $497 - $779 -
1966 $558 - $722 -
1965 $546 - $685 -
1964 - - $646 -
1963 - - $605 -
1962 - - $563 -
1961 - - $546 -
1960 - - $532 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

Jordan's GDP per capita is $5,348, ranking 120/197, compared to $6,598 in South Africa, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821, while South Africa ranks 112th at $15,456.

Economic indicators

Jordan South Africa
Gross domestic product
$61.6B
2025
$427B
2025
GDP rank
90/197
2025
40/197
2025
GDP growth
2.83%
2024-2025
1.11%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,348
2025
$6,598
2025
GDP per capita rank
120/197
2025
109/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,821
2024
$15,456
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
131/197
2024
112/197
2024
Government debt
$51B
2025
$336B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.8%
2025
78.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,430
2025
$5,189
2025
Government debt per person rank
91/185
2025
84/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,506
2026
$4,738
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$37.4B
2025
$1.4T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
97,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2026
Income share by richest 10%
27.4%
2010
42.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2010
1.4%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.7%
2025
34.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.77%
2024-2025
3.21%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.75%
2025
7%
2026
Unemployment rate
16.8%
2024
32.3%
2024
Population
11538682
65829368

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Jordan
Spending

Debt
South Africa
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Jordan South Africa
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 33.7% 82.8% 34.2% 78.6%
2024 34.6% 82.1% 33% 76%
2023 33.9% 81% 32.5% 73.2%
2022 32.8% 80.7% 31.9% 70.7%
2021 33.8% 79.9% 32.7% 68.8%
2020 33% 77.9% 34.6% 68.9%
2019 32.7% 69.4% 31.4% 56.1%
2018 33.3% 67.9% 30.2% 51.5%
2017 31.7% 69.1% 29.9% 48.6%
2016 30% 70.7% 29.9% 47.1%
2015 32.3% 71.4% 30.2% 45.2%
2014 36.3% 68.2% 29.3% 43.3%
2013 34.5% 68.8% 28.9% 40.4%
2012 28.3% 64% 28.6% 37.4%
2011 29.3% 56.1% 28.1% 34.7%
2010 26.6% 53.4% 28.3% 31.2%
2009 30.7% 51.8% 28.5% 27%
2008 29.6% 47.9% 26% 24%
2007 32.4% 58.2% 24.4% 24.3%
2006 34% 60% 24.7% 28%
2005 36.6% 66.1% 25.1% 29.6%
2004 35.1% 73.8% 22.7% 30.7%
2003 35% 80.4% 22.6% 31.5%
2002 31.6% 85.9% 22.2% 31.8%
2001 30.6% 85.5% 22.6% 38%
2000 31.2% 89.9% 22.6% 37.9%
1999 31.8% 98.7% 26.7% 45.9%
1998 32.3% 96.3% 27.1% 45.8%
1997 30.7% 94.7% 27.9% 45.8%
1996 32.6% 101.2% 28.5% 44.3%
1995 32.1% 102.4% 27.2% 47%
1994 30.6% 112.1% 31.3% 46.4%
1993 32.5% 122.1% 29.1% 39.8%
1992 31.7% 134.7% 29.8% 34.8%
1991 39.6% 180.5% 27.8% 34.7%
1990 39.9% 197.7% 28.7% 31.8%
1989 42.5% 195.4% 29.6% 33.3%
1988 44.3% 129.3% 23.9% 30.6%
1987 42.1% 101.9% 28% 33.5%
1986 33.8% 84.3% 27.8% 32.5%
1985 42.4% 85.2% 26.8% 26.3%
1984 - - 25.2% 23.2%
1983 - - 25.1% 28.7%
1982 - - 23.8% 31.3%
1981 - - 23.3% 27.4%
1980 - - 21.8% 33.3%
1979 - - 26.5% 41.9%
1978 - - 26.8% 44.7%
1977 - - 27.3% 45.3%
1976 - - 23% 35%
1975 - - 21.2% 32.8%
1974 - - 19.1% 33.7%
1973 - - 21% 38.2%
1972 - - 22.9% 41.1%
1971 - - 19.9% 41.1%
1970 - - 20% 43.3%
1969 - - 18.8% 44.4%
1968 - - 19.4% 42.7%
1967 - - 18.8% 41.1%
1966 - - 18.3% 41.4%
1965 - - 18.2% 42.7%
1964 - - 11.3% 30%
1963 - - 15.9% 43.4%
1962 - - 15.9% 45.7%
1961 - - 15.7% 52.8%
1960 - - 16.7% 52.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, Jordan's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 33.7% of its GDP, while South Africa spent $146B, or 34.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.8% in Jordan and 78.6% in South Africa, ranking 39/185 and 46/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Jordan

South Africa
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Jordan South Africa
2025 -6.35% -5.78%
2024 -7.27% -5.67%
2023 -6.49% -5.6%
2022 -4.9% -4.25%
2021 -6.62% -5.54%
2020 -7.56% -9.62%
2019 -5.06% -5.07%
2018 -4.23% -3.73%
2017 -3.22% -4.02%
2016 -2.62% -3.72%
2015 -5.18% -4.37%
2014 -6.75% -3.93%
2013 -8.78% -3.9%
2012 -3.33% -4.04%
2011 -1.21% -3.7%
2010 0.19% -4.51%
2009 -2.28% -4.67%
2008 1.92% -0.49%
2007 2.76% 1.22%
2006 -1.86% 0.81%
2005 -2.2% -0.1%
2004 0.56% -1.04%
2003 -1.6% -1.59%
2002 -3.21% -0.96%
2001 -1.13% -1.02%
2000 -1.85% -1.38%
1999 -1.13% -2.21%
1998 -5.59% -2.56%
1997 -2.68% -4.08%
1996 -2.69% -4.53%
1995 -1.45% -4.38%
1994 -1.67% -8.09%
1993 -1.43% -8.54%
1992 2.07% -7.09%
1991 -8.1% -4.85%
1990 -6.82% -3.82%
1989 -6.89% -8.3%
1988 -13% -3.29%
1987 -13.4% -6.36%
1986 -2.39% -5.69%
1985 -6.9% -4.86%
1984 - -5.24%
1983 - -5.3%
1982 - -3.88%
1981 - -3.72%
1980 - -1.91%
1979 - -4.65%
1978 - -5.42%
1977 - -5.52%
1976 - -4.19%
1975 - -2.62%
1974 - -1.5%
1973 - -4.54%
1972 - -5.39%
1971 - -1.96%
1970 - -3.19%
1969 - -3.94%
1968 - -3.38%
1967 - -3.8%
1966 - -3.04%
1965 - -3.15%
1964 - -1.19%
1963 - -2.26%
1962 - -1.4%
1961 - -3.25%
1960 - -2.36%
1959 - -4.4%
1958 - -3.5%
1957 - -2.8%
1956 - -2.12%
1955 - -2.9%
1954 - -2.53%
1953 - -3.72%
1952 - -4.14%
1951 - -0.4%
1950 - -2.33%
1949 - -6.87%
1948 - -6.03%
1947 - -1.82%
1946 - -4.03%
1945 - -7.41%
1944 - -8.94%
1943 - -8.49%
1942 - -9.08%
1941 - -7.3%
1940 - -10.9%
1939 - -2.96%
1938 - -3.91%
1937 - -2.16%
1936 - -2.58%
1935 - -3.2%
1934 - -3.29%
1933 - -3.31%
1932 - -4.72%
1931 - -5.31%
1930 - -5.19%
1929 - -4.41%
1928 - -3.29%
1927 - -3.79%
1926 - -4.76%
1925 - -4.92%
1924 - -4.72%
1923 - -5.53%
1922 - -4.51%
1921 - -5.38%
1920 - -5.52%
1919 - -2.6%
1918 - -3.7%
1917 - -3.52%
1916 - -2.57%
1915 - -10.7%
1914 - -11.6%
1913 - -4.15%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, Jordan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.91B, equivalent to 6.35% of GDP. This compares to South Africa's deficit of $24.7B, or 5.78% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Jordan recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while South Africa ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Jordan posted an annual deficit equal to 3.91% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.03% of GDP for South Africa.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Jordan

South Africa
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Jordan South Africa
2025 1.77% 3.21%
2024 1.56% 4.36%
2023 2.08% 6.08%
2022 4.23% 7.04%
2021 1.35% 4.62%
2020 0.33% 3.23%
2019 0.76% 4.1%
2018 4.46% 4.51%
2017 3.32% 5.19%
2016 -0.78% 6.6%
2015 -0.88% 4.52%
2014 2.9% 6.13%
2013 4.82% 5.78%
2012 4.52% 5.74%
2011 4.16% 5%
2010 4.85% 4.07%
2009 -0.74% 7.24%
2008 14% 9.91%
2007 4.74% 6.18%
2006 6.25% 3.24%
2005 3.49% 2.06%
2004 3.36% -0.69%
2003 1.63% 5.68%
2002 1.83% 9.49%
2001 1.77% 5.7%
2000 0.67% 5.34%
1999 0.61% 5.18%
1998 3.09% 6.88%
1997 3.04% 8.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Jordan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.87%, compared with 5.34% in South Africa. In 2025, inflation was 1.77% in Jordan and 3.21% in South Africa.

Top exports between countries

Jordan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $6.18M
Wood & paper products $1.24M
Chemicals & pharma $1.22M
Machinery & equipment $1.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.07M
Metals $357K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $138K
Precious metals & jewellery $126K
Raw agricultural goods $85K
Miscellaneous $20K
South Africa
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $57.9M
Wood & paper products $5.9M
Machinery & equipment $4.32M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.66M
Raw materials & minerals $2.54M
Chemicals & pharma $2.28M
Raw agricultural goods $2.16M
Metals $678K
Textiles & consumer goods $245K
Precious metals & jewellery $164K

Balance of trade

Jordan South Africa
Current account balance
-$3.13B
2024
-$1.81B
2025
Current account balance ranking
152/190
2024
135/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-5.33%
2024
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$23.9B
2024
$104B
2025
Goods exports
$13.3B
2024
$116B
2025
Service imports
$6.5B
2024
$21.8B
2025
Service exports
$9.45B
2024
$18.1B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
57.1%
2024
29.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.6%
2024
31.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Jordan South Africa
Economic freedom 59.3 58.6
Economic freedom ranking 104/197 110/197
Property rights 52.3 48.8
Government integrity 51 46.7
Judicial effectiveness 44 64.6
Tax burden 84.1 65.4
Government spending 67.2 68.4
Fiscal health 5.2 45.3
Business freedom 62.7 67.9
Labor freedom 51.3 70.8
Monetary freedom 81.2 75.8
Trade freedom 82 68.8
Investment freedom 70 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Jordan
South Africa
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Jordan South Africa
2026 59.3 58.6
2025 59.4 57.3
2024 58.3 55.3
2023 58.8 55.7
2022 60.1 56.2
2021 64.6 59.7
2020 66 58.8
2019 66.5 58.3
2018 64.9 63
2017 66.7 62.3
2016 68.3 61.9
2015 69.3 62.6
2014 69.2 62.5
2013 70.4 61.8
2012 69.9 62.7
2011 68.9 62.7
2010 66.1 62.8
2009 65.4 63.8
2008 64.1 63.4
2007 64.5 63.5
2006 63.7 63.7
2005 66.7 62.9
2004 66.1 66.3
2003 65.3 67.1
2002 66.2 64
2001 68.3 63.8
2000 67.5 63.7
1999 67.4 63.3
1998 66.8 64.3
1997 63.6 63.2
1996 60.8 62.5
1995 62.7 60.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Jordan is 59.3, ranking 104/197, compared to 58.6 for South Africa, ranking 110/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Jordan South Africa
Services, % of GDP
56.8%
2025
63.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
27.4%
2025
24.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.56%
2025
2.83%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$60.6B
2025
$406B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,440
2025
$15,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$26.6B
2025
$76B
2025
Total reserves ranking
61/177
2025
35/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.58B
2024
-$1.85B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.63B
2024
$2.33B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$54.1M
2024
-$1.26B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.85%
2024
5.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.2%
2020
37.9%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23%
2021
13.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/jordan/south-africa | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.