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Economy of Oman vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Oman has a GDP of $110B compared to $1.04T for Switzerland, ranking 70/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

Oman has $39.2B in government debt (35.8% of GDP), compared to $411B (39.4% of GDP) in Switzerland.

Oman vs Switzerland GDP by year

Oman
Switzerland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Oman Switzerland
2025 $109,604,780,696 $1,043,529,899,251
2024 $107,137,198,700 $969,919,786,395
2023 $106,174,707,932 $928,435,275,852
2022 $109,852,795,839 $858,479,038,994
2021 $87,323,797,139 $840,710,023,481
2020 $75,909,492,848 $756,096,180,222
2019 $88,060,858,257 $736,384,764,157
2018 $91,505,851,756 $740,766,531,454
2017 $80,856,697,009 $706,660,443,624
2016 $75,128,738,622 $698,607,778,795
2015 $78,710,793,238 $706,199,008,879
2014 $92,699,089,727 $741,168,119,617
2013 $89,936,020,806 $718,748,402,260
2012 $87,408,842,653 $697,882,536,677
2011 $77,497,529,259 $727,231,637,102
2010 $64,993,498,049 $609,999,593,542
2009 $55,454,096,229 $563,659,557,945
2008 $69,804,681,404 $574,703,945,157
2007 $48,300,390,117 $498,993,845,385
2006 $42,577,633,290 $448,364,681,767
2005 $35,506,892,068 $424,511,048,024
2004 $28,378,933,680 $409,012,909,530
2003 $24,733,680,104 $366,563,952,625
2002 $23,065,539,662 $313,930,961,761
2001 $22,205,721,717 $290,160,142,214
2000 $22,259,557,867 $282,327,351,966
1999 $17,832,769,831 $301,911,268,140
1998 $16,044,213,264 $306,907,741,068
1997 $18,039,791,938 $298,868,250,534
1996 $17,402,080,624 $345,373,647,249
1995 $15,722,236,671 $358,152,520,085
1994 $14,715,214,564 $305,916,331,798
1993 $14,230,429,129 $276,339,744,180
1992 $14,183,615,085 $284,139,428,246
1991 $12,918,335,501 $272,953,645,746
1990 $13,310,273,082 $269,768,238,555
1989 $9,372,171,651 $211,241,694,480
1988 $8,386,215,865 $218,788,504,066
1987 $7,811,183,095 $202,238,567,597
1986 $7,324,167,369 $161,487,171,049
1985 $10,005,645,420 $112,652,623,418
1984 $8,821,443,151 $111,104,641,869
1983 $7,932,541,691 $116,361,728,836
1982 $7,554,719,456 $116,776,899,473
1981 $7,259,120,151 $113,936,168,924
1980 $5,981,760,278 $124,404,609,417
1979 $3,733,352,635 $116,702,524,208
1978 $2,740,301,390 $103,821,687,919
1977 $2,741,169,948 $74,237,819,014
1976 $2,560,220,035 $69,508,364,538
1975 $2,096,699,189 $66,452,559,176
1974 $1,645,917,776 $57,963,469,607
1973 $483,066,991 $50,296,651,921
1972 $366,883,548 $37,399,508,287
1971 $301,010,587 $30,492,832,676
1970 $256,319,795 $25,374,750,743
1969 $239,999,808 $22,780,211,812
1968 $188,879,849 $21,024,203,656
1967 $107,151,832 $19,689,329,510
1966 $67,759,973 $18,290,928,227
1965 $63,279,975 $17,033,079,428
1964 $61,872,526 $16,071,715,835
1963 $59,912,763 $14,499,109,270
1962 $56,273,202 $13,185,384,691
1961 $45,634,487 $11,889,851,950
1960 $44,234,656 $10,569,129,806

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Oman vs Switzerland by year

Oman
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Oman Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $19,947 - $114,769 -
2024 $20,285 $41,740 $107,702 $96,498
2023 $21,028 $41,945 $104,450 $95,142
2022 $23,224 $42,616 $97,809 $94,421
2021 $19,403 $38,719 $96,583 $81,001
2020 $16,785 $35,163 $87,530 $72,998
2019 $19,180 $37,251 $85,873 $73,732
2018 $19,902 $37,780 $87,002 $70,689
2017 $17,820 $33,619 $83,610 $68,194
2016 $17,110 $33,334 $83,432 $67,351
2015 $18,808 $36,058 $85,265 $65,265
2014 $23,161 $44,236 $90,512 $63,417
2013 $23,458 $47,013 $88,851 $61,656
2012 $24,642 $49,989 $87,270 $59,441
2011 $25,188 $52,393 $91,910 $57,494
2010 $23,570 $55,667 $77,956 $54,426
2009 $20,656 $55,127 $72,788 $52,999
2008 $26,577 $52,841 $75,148 $53,809
2007 $18,793 $48,627 $66,082 $50,928
2006 $16,931 $46,091 $59,910 $46,266
2005 $14,435 $43,673 $57,080 $41,525
2004 $11,801 $42,142 $55,350 $40,171
2003 $10,464 $40,935 $49,947 $38,732
2002 $9,869 $41,511 $43,094 $38,705
2001 $9,612 $41,679 $40,134 $37,819
2000 $9,754 $39,443 $39,298 $36,703
1999 $7,915 $36,792 $42,261 $34,743
1998 $7,219 $36,666 $43,166 $33,860
1997 $8,235 $36,809 $42,160 $32,736
1996 $8,068 $34,661 $48,838 $31,509
1995 $7,414 $33,598 $50,869 $30,842
1994 $7,068 $31,925 $43,741 $30,265
1993 $7,039 $30,987 $39,828 $29,495
1992 $7,318 $29,773 $41,327 $29,113
1991 $6,977 $28,109 $40,140 $28,792
1990 $7,546 $26,904 $40,171 $28,461
1989 $5,591 - $31,780 -
1988 $5,279 - $33,183 -
1987 $5,204 - $30,899 -
1986 $5,182 - $24,828 -
1985 $7,549 - $17,411 -
1984 $7,070 - $17,247 -
1983 $6,714 - $18,128 -
1982 $6,759 - $18,271 -
1981 $6,866 - $17,931 -
1980 $5,974 - $19,686 -
1979 $3,934 - $18,541 -
1978 $3,044 - $16,528 -
1977 $3,205 - $11,819 -
1976 $3,143 - $11,029 -
1975 $2,692 - $10,484 -
1974 $2,203 - $9,140 -
1973 $670 - $7,974 -
1972 $524 - $5,973 -
1971 $442 - $4,908 -
1970 $387 - $4,105 -
1969 $372 - $3,712 -
1968 $300 - $3,465 -
1967 $174.7 - $3,286 -
1966 $113.2 - $3,091 -
1965 $108.1 - $2,908 -
1964 $108.1 - $2,776 -
1963 $106.8 - $2,546 -
1962 $102.3 - $2,366 -
1961 $84.5 - $2,188 -
1960 $83.4 - $1,984 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

Oman's GDP per capita is $19,947, ranking 60/197, compared to $114,769 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Oman ranks 55th at $41,740, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498.

Economic indicators

Oman Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$110B
2025
$1.04T
2025
GDP rank
70/197
2025
20/197
2025
GDP growth
2.4%
2024-2025
1.3%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$19,947
2025
$114,769
2025
GDP per capita rank
60/197
2025
5/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,740
2024
$96,498
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
55/197
2024
8/197
2024
Government debt
$39.2B
2025
$411B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
35.8%
2025
39.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$7,132
2025
$45,239
2025
Government debt per person rank
70/185
2025
12/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$19,851
2026
$89,347
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$41.3B
2025
$2.51T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires
2
2026
45
2026
Income share by richest 10% n/a
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.9%
2025
31.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1%
2024-2025
0.15%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.5%
2025
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.3%
2024
4.84%
2025
Population
5775345
9155878

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Oman
Spending

Debt
Switzerland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Oman Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.9% 35.8% 31.2% 39.4%
2024 28.7% 35.5% 31.3% 40.5%
2023 27.5% 37.4% 30.9% 37.3%
2022 31.1% 41.7% 30.5% 35.9%
2021 36.5% 61.9% 33.4% 39.7%
2020 44.5% 67.9% 36.3% 42.4%
2019 38.8% 52.5% 31.3% 38.8%
2018 38.3% 44.7% 31.1% 39%
2017 39.4% 40.1% 31.9% 41.1%
2016 44.6% 29.3% 31.9% 40.3%
2015 44.5% 13.9% 31.9% 41.4%
2014 41.4% 4.04% 31.5% 41.2%
2013 39.3% 4.66% 32% 41.2%
2012 38.6% 4.59% 31.1% 41.9%
2011 34.5% 4.44% 31% 41.2%
2010 30.6% 5.46% 30.9% 40.7%
2009 33.4% 5.8% 31.2% 42.4%
2008 25.6% 3.2% 29.6% 44.2%
2007 30.7% 4.44% 29% 44%
2006 30.1% 7.56% 30.1% 47.7%
2005 30.6% 8.39% 31.9% 54.1%
2004 34.1% 14.5% 32.6% 57.1%
2003 34% 13% 32.8% 56.2%
2002 34.1% 15.9% 33.6% 56.9%
2001 33.3% 22.5% 31.2% 50.5%
2000 31.2% 21.7% 31.9% 51.7%
1999 34.2% 28.9% 32.8% 52%
1998 36.1% 30.9% 32.3% 55.3%
1997 32.1% 20.8% 32.5% 52.9%
1996 33.5% 21.2% 32.5% 50.6%
1995 38.2% 21.9% 32% 49.3%
1994 39.7% 23.6% 32% 46.4%
1993 40.1% 22.2% 31.9% 43.7%
1992 40.1% 23.1% 30.8% 38.9%
1991 37.4% 22.6% 29% 34.6%
1990 36.5% 17.8% 27.2% 32.8%
1989 - - 30% 32.5%
1988 - - 30.3% 35%
1987 - - 29.8% 36.5%
1986 - - 29.8% 37.6%
1985 - - 30.1% 39.1%
1984 - - 30.4% 39.8%
1983 - - 31.2% 40.2%
1982 - - 30.5% 40%
1981 - - 29.4% 40.8%
1980 - - 29.9% 43.9%
1979 - - 30.5% 44.6%
1978 - - 30.4% 46.6%
1977 - - 31% 46.9%
1976 - - 31.6% 46.7%
1975 - - 29.3% 42.3%
1974 - - 27.5% 38.4%
1973 - - 26.5% 37%
1972 - - 25.7% 38%
1971 - - 25.4% 38.7%
1970 - - 25.8% 38.9%
1969 - - 9.45% 7.08%
1968 - - 8.87% 6.99%
1967 - - 8.68% 7.26%
1966 - - 8.95% 7.62%
1965 - - 8.33% 8.28%
1964 - - 8.85% 9.43%
1963 - - 8.2% 10.8%
1962 - - 8.1% 12%
1961 - - 7.97% 14%
1960 - - 7.11% 16.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Oman's government spending was $31.7B, accounting for 28.9% of its GDP, while Switzerland spent $326B, or 31.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 35.8% in Oman and 39.4% in Switzerland, ranking 142/185 and 136/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Oman

Switzerland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Oman Switzerland
2025 1.04% 0.45%
2024 3.22% 0.53%
2023 6.72% 0.12%
2022 10.3% 1.15%
2021 -3.17% -0.28%
2020 -15.7% -2.96%
2019 -4.83% 1.31%
2018 -6.72% 1.26%
2017 -10.5% 1.11%
2016 -19.6% 0.23%
2015 -13.5% 0.54%
2014 -1.58% -0.24%
2013 2.78% -0.42%
2012 4.07% 0.23%
2011 8.24% 0.67%
2010 4.95% 0.35%
2009 -0.27% 0.49%
2008 14.7% 1.91%
2007 10.5% 1.55%
2006 12.2% 0.83%
2005 11.2% -0.64%
2004 5.43% -1.37%
2003 5.92% -1.34%
2002 5.31% -1.72%
2001 7.55% 0.2%
2000 12.2% 0.28%
1999 0.3% -1.55%
1998 -4.37% -1.29%
1997 4.77% -2.3%
1996 2.22% -1.98%
1995 -3.9% -1.83%
1994 -7.47% -2.55%
1993 -6.84% -3.1%
1992 -4.85% -2.92%
1991 0.12% -1.82%
1990 4.78% -0.05%
1989 - 0.2%
1988 - 0.42%
1987 - 0.78%
1986 - 0.93%
1985 - -0.25%
1984 - -0.52%
1983 - -1.23%
1982 - -1.21%
1981 - -0.54%
1980 - -1.34%
1979 - -1.79%
1978 - -1.12%
1977 - -1.64%
1976 - -1.89%
1975 - -0.93%
1974 - -1.01%
1973 - -0.93%
1972 - -1.39%
1971 - -1.41%
1970 - -1.44%
1969 - -0.98%
1968 - -0.73%
1967 - -1.07%
1966 - -0.87%
1965 - 0.05%
1964 - 0.77%
1963 - 0.25%
1962 - 0.95%
1961 - 0.34%
1960 - 1.95%
1959 - 0.72%
1958 - 0.59%
1957 - 0.66%
1956 - 2.24%
1955 - 1.1%
1954 - 1.44%
1953 - 0.38%
1952 - -1.17%
1951 - -0.36%
1950 - 1.49%
1949 - 0.04%
1948 - 1.37%
1947 - 1.27%
1946 - 0.52%
1945 - -7.57%
1944 - -9.37%
1943 - -8.55%
1942 - -7.28%
1941 - -8.78%
1940 - -10%
1939 - -5.05%
1938 - -1.53%
1937 - -0.17%
1936 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1934 - -0.33%
1933 - -0.88%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.03%
1930 - 0.07%
1929 - 0.22%
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.12%
1912 - 0.03%
1911 - -0.006%
1910 - -0.14%
1909 - -0.78%
1908 - -0.1%
1907 - -0.02%
1906 - 0.15%
1905 - 0.41%
1904 - 0.002%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - 0.02%
1901 - -0.14%
1900 - -0.07%
1899 - 0.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

In 2025, Oman's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.14B, equivalent to 1.04% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $4.71B, or 0.45% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Oman recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Oman posted an annual surplus equal to 0.98% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.42% of GDP for Switzerland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Oman

Switzerland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Oman Switzerland
2025 1% 0.15%
2024 0.6% 1.06%
2023 1% 2.14%
2022 2.5% 2.84%
2021 1.7% 0.58%
2020 -0.4% -0.73%
2019 0.5% 0.36%
2018 0.7% 0.94%
2017 1.5% 0.53%
2016 0.9% -0.43%
2015 0.1% -1.14%
2014 1.2% -0.01%
2013 1.3% -0.22%
2012 2.9% -0.69%
2011 4.1% 0.23%
2010 3.3% 0.69%
2009 3.5% -0.48%
2008 12.6% 2.43%
2007 5.9% 0.73%
2006 3.2% 1.06%
2005 1.9% 1.17%
2004 0.8% 0.8%
2003 0.2% 0.64%
2002 -0.3% 0.64%
2001 -0.8% 0.99%
2000 -1.2% 1.56%
1999 0.5% 0.81%
1998 0.4% 0.02%
1997 -0.4% 0.52%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Oman has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.7%, compared with 0.59% in Switzerland. In 2025, inflation was 1% in Oman and 0.15% in Switzerland.

Top exports between countries

Oman
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $3.51M
Machinery & equipment $2.38M
Raw materials & minerals $546K
Animal & marine products $152K
Textiles & consumer goods $152K
Chemicals & pharma $13K
Raw agricultural goods $10K
Miscellaneous $7K
Metals $5K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $151M
Chemicals & pharma $123M
Precious metals & jewellery $122M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6M
Raw materials & minerals $4.8M
Metals $3.35M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.56M
Weapons & explosives $1.13M
Raw agricultural goods $549K
Wood & paper products $385K

Balance of trade

Oman Switzerland
Current account balance
$3.07B
2024
$72.9B
2025
Current account balance ranking
37/190
2024
11/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.86%
2024
+6.98%
2025
Goods imports
$39.5B
2024
$508B
2025
Goods exports
$65.2B
2024
$617B
2025
Service imports
$12.8B
2024
$214B
2025
Service exports
$5.64B
2024
$195B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.8%
2024
69.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
66.1%
2024
78.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Oman Switzerland
Economic freedom 68.5 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 45/197 2/197
Property rights 71.8 94.4
Government integrity 49.4 93.3
Judicial effectiveness 28 98.3
Tax burden 97.6 70.9
Government spending 74.7 69.5
Fiscal health 97.5 97.2
Business freedom 67.8 86.3
Labor freedom 47.7 60
Monetary freedom 79.2 82.3
Trade freedom 78.4 87
Investment freedom 70 85
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Oman
Switzerland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Oman Switzerland
2026 68.5 83.7
2025 65.4 83.7
2024 62.9 83
2023 58.5 83.8
2022 56.6 84.2
2021 64.6 81.9
2020 63.6 82
2019 61 81.9
2018 61 81.7
2017 62.1 81.5
2016 67.1 81
2015 66.7 80.5
2014 67.4 81.6
2013 68.1 81
2012 67.9 81.1
2011 69.8 81.9
2010 67.7 81.1
2009 67 79.4
2008 67.3 79.5
2007 65.8 78
2006 63.7 78.9
2005 66.5 79.3
2004 66.9 79.5
2003 64.6 79
2002 64 79.3
2001 67.7 76
2000 64.1 76.8
1999 64.9 79.1
1998 64.9 79
1997 64.5 78.6
1996 65.4 76.8
1995 70.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Oman is 68.5, ranking 45/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Oman Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
47.2%
2025
71.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
52.7%
2025
25%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.81%
2025
0.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$103B
2024
$1T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$39,390
2024
$101,690
2025
Total reserves including gold
$18.3B
2024
$1.08T
2025
Total reserves ranking
68/177
2024
4/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$12.6B
2024
$37.6B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
-$108B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$143M
2024
-$27.9B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.8%
2024
29.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/oman/switzerland | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.