Skip to content

Economy of Australia vs Jordan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Australia has a GDP of $1.76T compared to $53.4B for Jordan, ranking 14/197 and 90/197 by economy size, respectively.

Australia has $891B in government debt (50.7% of GDP), compared to $48.1B (90.2% of GDP) in Jordan.

Australia vs Jordan GDP by year

Australia
Jordan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Australia Jordan
2024 $1,757,022,451,653 $53,352,289,577
2023 $1,734,451,264,656 $51,088,476,338
2022 $1,695,627,535,476 $48,764,963,380
2021 $1,560,617,493,203 $46,296,100,141
2020 $1,333,336,461,648 $43,700,383,099
2019 $1,398,349,602,956 $44,503,006,338
2018 $1,433,144,978,762 $43,370,860,704
2017 $1,330,890,554,614 $41,608,435,915
2016 $1,211,588,128,418 $39,892,551,127
2015 $1,356,805,839,936 $38,587,017,887
2014 $1,474,677,007,566 $36,847,643,521
2013 $1,583,737,461,925 $34,454,440,141
2012 $1,552,728,401,402 $31,634,561,690
2011 $1,402,939,868,653 $29,524,149,155
2010 $1,152,566,632,022 $27,133,804,225
2009 $931,761,689,771 $24,537,876,056
2008 $1,058,448,244,064 $22,658,715,989
2007 $856,603,595,823 $17,110,437,236
2006 $749,708,370,333 $15,056,981,664
2005 $696,811,489,613 $12,588,998,590
2004 $615,643,050,221 $11,411,706,629
2003 $468,517,181,130 $10,195,627,645
2002 $396,436,967,263 $9,582,510,578
2001 $380,360,222,861 $8,975,814,653
2000 $416,901,962,163 $8,460,789,845
1999 $390,347,787,943 $8,149,929,478
1998 $400,361,527,505 $7,912,270,804
1997 $436,321,902,767 $7,245,839,210
1996 $401,962,517,479 $6,927,503,526
1995 $368,725,126,225 $6,727,597,032
1994 $323,269,456,935 $6,236,295,978
1993 $312,568,858,910 $5,606,400,222
1992 $325,982,966,981 $5,310,833,194
1991 $326,416,407,861 $4,344,467,193
1990 $311,840,666,465 $4,160,087,508
1989 $300,264,309,002 $4,221,373,674
1988 $236,461,079,970 $6,277,451,829
1987 $189,726,707,253 $6,756,209,762
1986 $182,707,050,923 $6,402,050,485
1985 $180,861,108,959 $4,993,601,520
1984 $193,749,932,078 $4,967,162,160
1983 $177,523,719,680 $4,920,692,191
1982 $194,323,071,831 $4,681,240,993
1981 $177,151,979,566 $4,383,944,703
1980 $150,200,557,103 $3,910,044,474
1979 $135,093,718,051 $3,271,368,781
1978 $118,660,813,780 $2,602,208,589
1977 $110,504,702,914 $2,096,778,602
1976 $105,209,354,856 $1,708,521,219
1975 $97,440,939,506 $1,363,073,498
1974 $89,086,219,602 $1,197,483,949
1973 $63,923,126,201 $943,783,840
1972 $52,117,990,654 $788,479,685
1971 $45,283,847,245 $678,159,729
1970 $41,395,206,623 $639,519,744
1969 $36,738,245,878 $698,879,720
1968 $32,763,365,242 $561,119,776
1967 $30,487,524,878 $631,679,747
1966 $27,349,284,376 $657,999,737
1965 $26,014,244,162 $599,759,760
1964 $23,835,843,814 -
1963 $21,573,443,452 -
1962 $19,953,923,193 -
1961 $19,713,123,154 -
1960 $18,635,682,982 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Australia vs Jordan by year

Australia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Australia Jordan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $64,604 $72,111 $4,618 $10,821
2023 $65,058 $72,273 $4,466 $10,412
2022 $65,170 $66,103 $4,332 $9,927
2021 $60,759 $58,327 $4,183 $9,182
2020 $51,983 $54,184 $4,022 $9,579
2019 $55,195 $52,886 $4,170 $9,429
2018 $57,410 $50,371 $4,145 $9,042
2017 $54,118 $48,565 $4,066 $9,266
2016 $50,084 $47,446 $3,987 $8,748
2015 $56,970 $46,465 $4,043 $8,967
2014 $62,817 $47,109 $4,191 $9,145
2013 $68,477 $46,123 $4,311 $9,817
2012 $68,301 $43,007 $4,170 $9,739
2011 $62,799 $42,153 $3,947 $9,632
2010 $52,314 $39,504 $3,718 $9,417
2009 $42,955 $40,434 $3,436 $9,291
2008 $49,811 $37,616 $3,242 $8,983
2007 $41,128 $36,708 $2,506 $8,416
2006 $36,659 $34,890 $2,343 $8,046
2005 $34,535 $33,090 $2,088 $7,697
2004 $30,886 $31,815 $1,940 $7,074
2003 $23,758 $30,167 $1,776 $6,500
2002 $20,335 $29,080 $1,706 $6,256
2001 $19,734 $27,688 $1,632 $5,948
2000 $21,909 $26,585 $1,571 $5,641
1999 $20,750 $25,531 $1,545 $5,402
1998 $21,516 $24,386 $1,532 $5,264
1997 $23,683 $23,142 $1,436 $5,171
1996 $22,056 $22,134 $1,410 $5,055
1995 $20,479 $21,050 $1,416 $5,027
1994 $18,156 $20,174 $1,367 $4,830
1993 $17,725 $19,220 $1,289 $4,726
1992 $18,650 $18,259 $1,287 $4,654
1991 $18,885 $17,839 $1,110 $4,195
1990 $18,274 $17,385 $1,149 $4,317
1989 $17,858 - $1,260 -
1988 $14,303 - $1,966 -
1987 $11,666 - $2,217 -
1986 $11,406 - $2,200 -
1985 $11,455 - $1,797 -
1984 $12,436 - $1,871 -
1983 $11,532 - $1,939 -
1982 $12,798 - $1,929 -
1981 $11,871 - $1,885 -
1980 $10,223 - $1,750 -
1979 $9,308 - $1,519 -
1978 $8,264 - $1,249 -
1977 $7,786 - $1,039 -
1976 $7,497 - $873 -
1975 $7,014 - $718 -
1974 $6,492 - $651 -
1973 $4,778 - $531 -
1972 $3,955 - $460 -
1971 $3,500 - $412 -
1970 $3,310 - $409 -
1969 $2,996 - $474 -
1968 $2,728 - $409 -
1967 $2,584 - $497 -
1966 $2,347 - $558 -
1965 $2,284 - $546 -
1964 $2,134 - - -
1963 $1,970 - - -
1962 $1,858 - - -
1961 $1,880 - - -
1960 $1,813 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

Australia's GDP per capita is $64,604, ranking 14/197, compared to $4,618 in Jordan, ranking 123/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Australia ranks 22nd at $72,111, while Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821.

Economic indicators

Australia Jordan
Gross domestic product
$1.76T
2024
$53.4B
2024
GDP rank
14/197
2024
90/197
2024
GDP growth
1.37%
2023-2024
2.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$64,604
2024
$4,618
2024
GDP per capita rank
14/197
2024
123/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$72,111
2024
$10,821
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
22/197
2024
131/197
2024
Government debt
$891B
2024
$48.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.7%
2024
90.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$32,764
2024
$4,167
2024
Government debt per person rank
22/185
2024
91/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$49,463
2026
$4,787
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.74T
2024
$24.9B
2024
Number of millionaires
1,904,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
47
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2020
27.4%
2010
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2020
3.5%
2010
Government expenditure, % of GDP
38.9%
2024
33%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.16%
2023-2024
1.56%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.6%
2025
5.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.94%
2024
16.6%
2023
Population
27799169
11555022

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Australia
Spending

Debt
Jordan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Australia Jordan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 38.9% 50.7% 33% 90.2%
2023 37.6% 49.6% 32.9% 89%
2022 37.6% 50.2% 33.3% 88.6%
2021 41.8% 55.5% 34.1% 87.6%
2020 44.4% 57.1% 33.7% 104.5%
2019 38.9% 46.7% 32.4% 92.9%
2018 36.9% 41.8% 32% 87.4%
2017 36.8% 41.2% 29.6% 86.1%
2016 37.3% 40.6% 29.8% 85%
2015 37.3% 37.7% 31.7% 83.4%
2014 36.7% 34% 39.2% 78.6%
2013 36.4% 30.5% 36.4% 78.1%
2012 36.5% 27.5% 32.2% 73.8%
2011 36.3% 24% 27.4% 63.9%
2010 37% 20.3% 29.8% 59.5%
2009 37.8% 16.6% 35.9% 55.5%
2008 35.1% 11.7% 35.8% 53.2%
2007 34.3% 9.67% 37.7% 64.4%
2006 34.5% 9.94% 34.7% 65.6%
2005 34.6% 10.9% 37.3% 80.5%
2004 34.8% 11.9% 36.6% 86%
2003 34.9% 13.2% 36% 94.6%
2002 34.9% 15% 32.9% 91.3%
2001 35.6% 17.1% 32.1% 89.7%
2000 35.2% 19.5% 33.1% 85.6%
1999 36.2% 22.5% 32.7% 98.1%
1998 34.6% 23.7% 34.9% 99.8%
1997 32.8% 25.9% 33.9% 98.1%
1996 33.5% 29.3% 36.2% 104.9%
1995 33.7% 31.1% 35.5% 106.1%
1994 33.7% 31.7% 34.3% 116.2%
1993 34.1% 30.7% 36.4% 126.6%
1992 34.1% 27.6% 35.5% 139.6%
1991 33.1% 21.6% 44.9% 187%
1990 30.5% 16.4% 44% 204.8%
1989 34.5% 17% 42.5% 195.4%
1988 34.6% 20.5% 44.3% 129.3%
1987 36% 25.2% 42.1% 101.9%
1986 38.4% 25.5% 33.8% 84.3%
1985 38.7% 24% 42.4% 85.2%
1984 38.4% 22.3% - -
1983 37% 21% - -
1982 36.7% 16.8% - -
1981 33.4% 19.1% - -
1980 33.2% 21.2% - -
1979 32.5% 22.8% - -
1978 33.2% 24.7% - -
1977 34.1% 23.6% - -
1976 33.3% 22.9% - -
1975 33% 23.6% - -
1974 30.9% 22.3% - -
1973 26.6% 27.3% - -
1972 27% 30.7% - -
1971 26.1% 32.2% - -
1970 25.3% 34.9% - -
1969 24.7% 36.7% - -
1968 25.3% 39.4% - -
1967 26.4% 40.5% - -
1966 25.6% 42.4% - -
1965 25.8% 43.7% - -
1964 23.5% 44.9% - -
1963 23% 47.5% - -
1962 22.7% 50.2% - -
1961 23.3% 49.3% - -
1960 21.8% 48.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Australia's government spending was $684B, accounting for 38.9% of its GDP, while Jordan spent $17.6B, or 33% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.7% in Australia and 90.2% in Jordan, ranking 104/185 and 32/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Australia

Jordan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Australia Jordan
2024 -2.25% -7.33%
2023 -1.27% -6.89%
2022 -2.21% -6.8%
2021 -6.37% -8.45%
2020 -8.73% -10.1%
2019 -4.41% -7.19%
2018 -1.26% -5.78%
2017 -1.72% -3.61%
2016 -2.42% -3.71%
2015 -2.79% -7.1%
2014 -2.92% -15.5%
2013 -2.81% -16.1%
2012 -3.51% -13.8%
2011 -4.53% -5.61%
2010 -5.12% -5.43%
2009 -4.56% -8.66%
2008 -1.1% -5.38%
2007 1.47% -5.45%
2006 1.77% -3.82%
2005 1.71% -5.36%
2004 1.32% -1.09%
2003 1.05% -2.52%
2002 0.19% -4.44%
2001 -0.03% -2.77%
2000 1.25% -3.99%
1999 0.67% -2.69%
1998 -0.25% -5.4%
1997 -0.49% -2.97%
1996 -1.46% -3.25%
1995 -2.6% -1.72%
1994 -3.79% -2.3%
1993 -4.73% -2.14%
1992 -4.74% 1.87%
1991 -2.79% -10.2%
1990 -0.23% -7.45%
1989 -1.29% -6.89%
1988 -0.77% -13%
1987 -1.66% -13.4%
1986 -3.5% -2.39%
1985 -5.24% -6.9%
1984 -5.48% -
1983 -5.66% -
1982 -5.19% -
1981 -3.25% -
1980 -2.87% -
1979 -2.32% -
1978 -4.19% -
1977 -4.39% -
1976 -3.44% -
1975 -3.47% -
1974 -2.46% -
1973 0.16% -
1972 -0.97% -
1971 -0.23% -
1970 -0.23% -
1969 0.53% -
1968 -0.7% -
1967 -1.65% -
1966 -1.77% -
1965 -1.46% -
1964 0.19% -
1963 -0.26% -
1962 -0.38% -
1961 -0.78% -
1960 0.47% -
1959 0.06% -
1958 -0.25% -
1957 -0.33% -
1956 1% -
1955 0.08% -
1954 -0.27% -
1953 -0.86% -
1952 -0.44% -
1951 1.85% -
1950 4.29% -
1949 0.72% -
1948 2% -
1947 -0.45% -
1946 -4.09% -
1945 -8.87% -
1944 -11.8% -
1943 -12.4% -
1942 -5.17% -
1941 -2.14% -
1940 0.51% -
1939 0.77% -
1938 0.24% -
1937 0.28% -
1936 0.17% -
1935 0.24% -
1934 0.28% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.02% -
1931 -0.8% -
1930 -1% -
1929 -0.53% -
1928 -0.69% -
1927 -0.5% -
1926 -0.31% -
1925 -0.26% -
1924 -0.5% -
1923 -0.33% -
1922 -0.94% -
1921 -2% -
1920 -2.43% -
1919 -4.8% -
1918 -4.36% -
1917 -4.99% -
1916 -3.47% -
1915 -1.11% -
1914 -0.29% -
1913 0% -
1912 0.12% -
1911 0.39% -
1910 0.39% -
1909 0.37% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.41% -
1906 0.23% -
1905 0.11% -
1904 -0.13% -
1903 -0.02% -
1902 0.16% -
1901 1.46% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1901–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

In 2024, Australia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $39.5B, equivalent to 2.25% of GDP. This compares to Jordan's deficit of $3.91B, or 7.33% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Australia recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Jordan ran a deficit in 39 years. On average, Australia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.05% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.14% of GDP for Jordan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Australia

Jordan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Australia Jordan
2024 3.16% 1.56%
2023 5.6% 2.08%
2022 6.59% 4.23%
2021 2.86% 1.35%
2020 0.85% 0.33%
2019 1.61% 0.76%
2018 1.91% 4.46%
2017 1.95% 3.32%
2016 1.28% -0.78%
2015 1.51% -0.88%
2014 2.49% 2.9%
2013 2.45% 4.82%
2012 1.76% 4.52%
2011 3.3% 4.16%
2010 2.92% 4.85%
2009 1.77% -0.74%
2008 4.35% 14%
2007 2.33% 4.74%
2006 3.56% 6.25%
2005 2.69% 3.49%
2004 2.34% 3.36%
2003 2.73% 1.63%
2002 2.98% 1.83%
2001 4.41% 1.77%
2000 4.46% 0.67%
1999 1.48% 0.61%
1998 0.86% 3.09%
1997 0.22% 3.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Australia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.66%, compared with 2.91% in Jordan. In 2024, inflation was 3.16% in Australia and 1.56% in Jordan.

Top exports between countries

Australia
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $76.4M
Raw agricultural goods $74.1M
Metals $3.87M
Chemicals & pharma $3.04M
Machinery & equipment $2.52M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.19M
Textiles & consumer goods $424K
Wood & paper products $363K
Raw materials & minerals $153K
Miscellaneous $128K
Jordan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $68.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.51M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.22M
Raw agricultural goods $1.22M
Chemicals & pharma $254K
Miscellaneous $144K
Precious metals & jewellery $133K
Machinery & equipment $72K
Metals $16K
Animal & marine products $14K

Balance of trade

Australia Jordan
Current account balance
-$34.8B
2024
-$3.13B
2024
Current account balance ranking
187/190
2024
158/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.98%
2024
-5.86%
2024
Goods imports
$297B
2024
$23.9B
2024
Goods exports
$341B
2024
$13.3B
2024
Service imports
$109B
2024
$6.5B
2024
Service exports
$84.1B
2024
$9.45B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.5%
2024
57.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
42.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Australia Jordan
Economic freedom 80.1 59.3
Economic freedom ranking 5/197 104/197
Property rights 88.2 52.3
Government integrity 88.1 51
Judicial effectiveness 96.3 44
Tax burden 61.8 84.1
Government spending 56.6 67.2
Fiscal health 89 5.2
Business freedom 92.3 62.7
Labor freedom 61.5 51.3
Monetary freedom 77.2 81.2
Trade freedom 89.8 82
Investment freedom 80 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Australia
Jordan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Australia Jordan
2026 80.1 59.3
2025 79.3 59.4
2024 76.2 58.3
2023 74.8 58.8
2022 77.7 60.1
2021 82.4 64.6
2020 82.6 66
2019 80.9 66.5
2018 80.9 64.9
2017 81 66.7
2016 80.3 68.3
2015 81.4 69.3
2014 82 69.2
2013 82.6 70.4
2012 83.1 69.9
2011 82.5 68.9
2010 82.6 66.1
2009 82.6 65.4
2008 82.2 64.1
2007 81.1 64.5
2006 79.9 63.7
2005 79 66.7
2004 77.9 66.1
2003 77.4 65.3
2002 77.3 66.2
2001 77.4 68.3
2000 77.1 67.5
1999 76.4 67.4
1998 75.6 66.8
1997 75.5 63.6
1996 74 60.8
1995 74.1 62.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Australia is 80.1, ranking 5/197, compared to 59.3 for Jordan, ranking 104/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Australia Jordan
Services, % of GDP
66.1%
2024
60.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
25.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.04%
2024
5.07%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.7T
2024
$51.2B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$69,600
2024
$10,570
2024
Total reserves including gold
$60.4B
2024
$21.9B
2024
Total reserves ranking
39/177
2024
60/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$39.2B
2024
-$1.58B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$53.4B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.9B
2024
$54.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
8.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
14.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.3%
2024
25.2%
2021

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/jordan | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1901–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.