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Economy of Singapore vs Switzerland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Singapore has a GDP of $547B compared to $937B for Switzerland, ranking 27/197 and 20/197 by economy size, respectively.

Singapore has $954B in government debt (174.9% of GDP), compared to $352B (36.9% of GDP) in Switzerland.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Singapore
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Switzerland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Singapore Switzerland
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $704,751,700 $5,946,720,492 $10,412,232,621 $212,618,998,245
1961 $764,629,788 $6,430,636,626 $11,713,348,834 $229,859,575,871
1962 $826,239,212 $6,916,371,175 $12,989,649,694 $240,869,714,665
1963 $917,608,012 $7,610,786,827 $14,283,872,299 $252,622,227,587
1964 $894,153,311 $7,374,611,314 $15,833,133,858 $265,900,938,033
1965 $974,644,096 $7,952,357,573 $16,780,226,225 $271,496,969,295
1966 $1,096,425,608 $8,761,915,153 $18,019,402,374 $278,179,751,690
1967 $1,238,035,816 $9,857,909,188 $19,397,044,714 $286,680,708,388
1968 $1,425,706,091 $11,191,387,995 $20,712,102,794 $296,966,886,752
1969 $1,659,893,768 $12,739,585,038 $22,442,043,274 $313,694,770,516
1970 $1,920,574,150 $14,515,738,367 $24,998,066,773 $333,700,361,262
1971 $2,263,785,444 $16,317,640,427 $30,040,171,751 $347,300,128,063
1972 $2,721,440,981 $18,490,426,054 $36,844,318,854 $358,415,499,097
1973 $3,696,213,333 $20,450,966,487 $49,550,006,320 $369,346,839,843
1974 $5,221,534,956 $21,702,034,804 $57,103,011,446 $374,720,496,122
1975 $5,633,673,930 $22,567,672,249 $65,466,081,819 $347,428,948,950
1976 $6,327,077,974 $24,246,067,681 $68,476,524,644 $342,552,172,035
1977 $6,618,585,074 $25,907,515,502 $73,135,771,167 $350,888,700,310
1978 $7,517,176,355 $27,922,390,122 $102,280,472,036 $352,324,128,999
1979 $9,296,921,724 $30,590,220,574 $114,970,094,425 $361,102,327,237
1980 $11,896,256,783 $33,683,923,408 $122,557,843,886 $377,720,174,386
1981 $14,175,228,844 $37,327,150,728 $112,244,805,519 $383,768,743,424
1982 $16,084,252,378 $39,978,179,041 $115,043,365,512 $378,743,607,969
1983 $17,784,112,150 $43,398,105,213 $114,634,358,535 $381,164,080,265
1984 $19,749,361,098 $47,213,790,846 $109,455,312,168 $392,631,236,095
1985 $19,156,532,746 $46,919,789,791 $110,980,314,192 $407,054,920,692
1986 $18,586,746,057 $47,549,833,615 $159,089,921,063 $414,620,577,536
1987 $20,919,215,578 $52,684,232,539 $199,236,370,038 $421,194,295,501
1988 $25,371,462,488 $58,618,369,611 $215,540,625,299 $434,999,344,090
1989 $30,465,364,739 $64,573,309,330 $208,105,846,934 $453,838,270,541
1990 $36,144,336,769 $70,914,989,180 $265,763,573,999 $470,515,127,362
1991 $45,466,164,978 $75,658,065,572 $268,901,693,863 $466,206,071,643
1992 $52,131,320,033 $80,681,614,024 $279,921,425,828 $466,002,185,701
1993 $60,603,815,716 $89,927,445,311 $272,237,527,071 $465,415,100,022
1994 $73,688,724,431 $99,905,515,247 $301,375,055,202 $471,324,744,553
1995 $87,812,540,788 $107,074,136,708 $352,835,806,342 $473,591,186,765
1996 $96,293,086,513 $115,074,063,972 $340,103,959,547 $475,823,127,431
1997 $100,123,787,215 $124,643,863,764 $294,788,198,856 $486,583,036,191
1998 $85,728,207,782 $121,912,898,005 $303,459,014,347 $501,326,352,837
1999 $86,286,849,755 $128,884,330,733 $297,873,643,323 $509,661,911,367
2000 $96,076,539,926 $140,533,304,239 $279,216,033,870 $529,837,998,914
2001 $89,793,790,670 $139,028,385,431 $286,582,672,434 $538,186,454,855
2002 $92,538,372,870 $144,482,970,560 $309,301,422,430 $537,792,409,496
2003 $97,646,401,096 $151,054,425,109 $362,075,086,508 $537,618,173,222
2004 $115,033,593,101 $166,069,208,808 $403,912,891,033 $552,143,052,490
2005 $127,807,848,728 $178,302,402,124 $418,284,865,885 $567,325,325,069
2006 $148,627,286,361 $194,361,682,396 $441,634,672,197 $590,436,050,733
2007 $180,941,701,358 $211,896,059,498 $490,740,715,595 $613,559,745,175
2008 $193,617,323,539 $215,844,707,508 $567,267,767,519 $630,788,402,146
2009 $194,150,283,772 $216,120,888,113 $554,212,916,092 $616,296,830,084
2010 $239,807,980,591 $247,501,100,140 $598,851,027,948 $636,285,783,947
2011 $279,356,499,090 $262,883,130,580 $715,888,126,682 $647,822,334,336
2012 $295,092,888,077 $274,543,305,512 $686,420,221,558 $655,461,804,172
2013 $307,576,360,585 $287,769,788,882 $706,234,937,371 $667,208,623,614
2014 $314,863,580,758 $299,095,084,829 $726,537,809,430 $682,887,235,060
2015 $307,998,545,269 $307,998,545,269 $694,118,186,380 $694,118,186,380
2016 $319,646,468,521 $319,541,032,495 $687,895,460,903 $708,477,337,740
2017 $343,673,334,902 $333,846,562,290 $695,200,834,102 $718,132,464,454
2018 $377,123,710,561 $345,370,865,383 $725,568,717,468 $738,674,254,332
2019 $376,161,998,830 $349,888,458,531 $721,369,112,727 $747,109,782,756
2020 $349,165,858,545 $336,541,232,521 $741,999,406,006 $731,108,655,211
2021 $436,591,382,250 $369,376,902,515 $815,309,330,987 $771,755,519,734
2022 $509,017,841,147 $384,550,906,479 $828,508,926,958 $795,248,228,755
2023 $505,439,514,078 $391,555,143,382 $894,424,821,645 $800,682,383,958
2024 $547,386,645,892 $408,736,675,577 $936,564,198,049 $811,109,937,475

Economic indicators

Singapore Switzerland
Gross domestic product
$547B
2024
$937B
2024
GDP rank
27/197
2024
20/197
2024
GDP growth
8.3%
2023-2024
4.71%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$90,674
2024
$103,670
2024
GDP per capita rank
7/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$150,689
2024
$93,819
2024
Government debt
$954B
2024
$352B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
174.9%
2025
36.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$158,044
2024
$38,957
2024
Government debt per person rank
1/185
2024
14/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$55,248
2025
$88,321
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$638B
2024
$1.97T
2024
Number of millionaires
333,204
2024
1,054,293
2024
Number of billionaires
49
2025
42
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
26.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.7%
2025
32.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.39%
2023-2024
1.06%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
0%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.74%
2024
4.34%
2024
Population
6105665
9112950

GDP per capita in Singapore vs Switzerland

Singapore's GDP per capita is $90,674, ranking 7/197, compared to $103,670 in Switzerland, ranking 5/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689, while Switzerland ranks 8th at $93,819.

Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Singapore Switzerland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $428 - $1,954 -
1961 $449 - $2,155 -
1962 $472 - $2,330 -
1963 $511 - $2,508 -
1964 $486 - $2,735 -
1965 $517 - $2,865 -
1966 $567 - $3,045 -
1967 $626 - $3,237 -
1968 $709 - $3,413 -
1969 $813 - $3,657 -
1970 $926 - $4,044 -
1971 $1,071 - $4,835 -
1972 $1,264 - $5,885 -
1973 $1,685 - $7,856 -
1974 $2,342 - $9,005 -
1975 $2,490 - $10,328 -
1976 $2,759 - $10,865 -
1977 $2,846 - $11,644 -
1978 $3,194 - $16,282 -
1979 $3,901 - $18,266 -
1980 $4,928 - $19,394 -
1981 $5,597 - $17,665 -
1982 $6,078 - $18,000 -
1983 $6,633 - $17,859 -
1984 $7,228 - $16,991 -
1985 $7,002 - $17,152 -
1986 $6,800 - $24,460 -
1987 $7,539 - $30,441 -
1988 $8,914 - $32,690 -
1989 $10,395 - $31,309 -
1990 $11,862 $23,815 $39,575 $28,442
1991 $14,502 $25,530 $39,544 $28,773
1992 $16,136 $27,022 $40,714 $29,093
1993 $18,290 $30,062 $39,237 $29,476
1994 $21,552 $33,058 $43,092 $30,245
1995 $24,915 $35,090 $50,114 $30,821
1996 $26,233 $36,873 $48,093 $31,498
1997 $26,376 $39,286 $41,584 $32,728
1998 $21,829 $37,560 $42,681 $33,858
1999 $21,797 $39,949 $41,696 $34,743
2000 $23,853 $43,781 $38,865 $36,695
2001 $21,700 $43,109 $39,639 $37,823
2002 $22,160 $45,083 $42,459 $38,705
2003 $23,730 $48,778 $49,336 $38,737
2004 $27,608 $54,384 $54,659 $40,177
2005 $29,961 $58,822 $56,243 $41,525
2006 $33,768 $64,061 $59,011 $46,276
2007 $39,433 $68,805 $64,989 $50,929
2008 $40,009 $67,735 $74,175 $53,809
2009 $38,927 $66,213 $71,568 $52,971
2010 $47,237 $75,401 $76,531 $54,432
2011 $53,891 $80,052 $90,477 $57,494
2012 $55,548 $82,108 $85,836 $59,441
2013 $56,967 $83,088 $87,304 $61,656
2014 $57,565 $84,555 $88,725 $63,417
2015 $55,646 $87,156 $83,806 $65,283
2016 $57,006 $89,902 $82,153 $67,351
2017 $61,236 $95,744 $82,254 $68,194
2018 $66,882 $103,963 $85,217 $70,689
2019 $65,952 $105,335 $84,122 $73,732
2020 $61,410 $101,518 $85,898 $72,998
2021 $80,056 $132,617 $93,665 $81,001
2022 $90,299 $143,095 $94,395 $91,326
2023 $85,412 $143,786 $100,632 $90,506
2024 $90,674 $150,689 $103,670 $93,819

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Singapore's government spending was $79.4B, accounting for 16.7% of its GDP, while Switzerland's spent $299B, or 32.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 174.9% in Singapore and 36.9% in Switzerland, ranking 5/185 and 142/185, respectively.

Singapore
Government spending

Government debt
Switzerland
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Singapore Switzerland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 7.11% 16.2%
1961 - - 7.97% 14%
1962 - - 8.1% 12%
1963 - - 8.2% 10.8%
1964 - - 8.85% 9.43%
1965 - - 8.33% 8.28%
1966 - - 8.95% 7.62%
1967 - - 8.68% 7.26%
1968 - - 8.87% 6.99%
1969 - - 9.45% 7.08%
1970 - - 25.8% 38.9%
1971 - - 25.4% 38.7%
1972 - - 25.7% 38%
1973 - - 26.5% 37%
1974 - - 27.5% 38.4%
1975 - - 29.3% 42.3%
1976 - - 31.6% 46.7%
1977 - - 31% 46.9%
1978 - - 30.4% 46.6%
1979 - - 30.5% 44.6%
1980 - - 29.9% 43.9%
1981 - - 29.4% 40.8%
1982 - - 30.5% 40%
1983 - - 31.2% 40.2%
1984 - - 30.4% 39.8%
1985 - - 30.1% 39.1%
1986 - - 29.8% 37.6%
1987 - - 29.8% 36.5%
1988 - - 30.3% 35%
1989 - - 30% 32.5%
1990 15.1% 73.5% 27.6% 33.3%
1991 15.9% 76.4% 29.5% 35.1%
1992 14.5% 79% 31.3% 39.5%
1993 14.5% 71.2% 32.5% 44.4%
1994 11.7% 70.7% 32.5% 47.1%
1995 13.8% 69.8% 32.4% 50%
1996 18.1% 71.3% 33% 51.3%
1997 14.5% 70.8% 32.9% 53.7%
1998 18.1% 84.6% 32.7% 55.9%
1999 15.9% 85.3% 33.2% 52.7%
2000 16.1% 82.3% 32.2% 52.2%
2001 18.2% 94.5% 31.6% 51.1%
2002 15.9% 96.3% 34.1% 57.7%
2003 15.6% 99.1% 33.2% 56.9%
2004 14.1% 95.7% 33.1% 57.8%
2005 12.4% 92.7% 32.4% 54.9%
2006 12.3% 86.5% 30.5% 48.5%
2007 9.01% 87.8% 29.4% 44.8%
2008 14% 97.9% 30% 44.8%
2009 15.9% 101.7% 31.8% 43.1%
2010 10.2% 98.7% 31.4% 41.5%
2011 9.66% 103.1% 31.4% 41.9%
2012 9.83% 106.7% 31.6% 42.6%
2013 10.9% 98.2% 32.5% 41.9%
2014 12.6% 97.7% 32.2% 42.1%
2015 14.4% 102.2% 32.5% 42.2%
2016 15.3% 106.3% 32.4% 40.9%
2017 13.6% 107.6% 32.4% 41.8%
2018 13.9% 109.4% 31.7% 39.8%
2019 14% 127.9% 32% 39.6%
2020 24.1% 148.2% 37% 43.2%
2021 15.6% 141.7% 34.4% 41%
2022 15% 154.3% 31.6% 37.2%
2023 14.8% 172.8% 32.1% 38.7%
2024 14.5% 174.3% 32% 37.6%
2025 16.7% 174.9% 32.1% 36.9%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Singapore's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.2B, equivalent to 4.43% of GDP. This compares to Switzerland's surplus of $5.41B, or 0.58% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Singapore recorded a fiscal deficit in 2 of those years, while Switzerland ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Singapore posted an annual surplus equal to +3.36% of GDP, compared to deficit of -0.45% of GDP for Switzerland.

Deficit/surplus
Singapore

Switzerland
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Singapore Switzerland
1899 - 0.1%
1900 - -0.07%
1901 - -0.14%
1902 - 0.02%
1903 - 0.09%
1904 - 0.002%
1905 - 0.41%
1906 - 0.15%
1907 - -0.02%
1908 - -0.1%
1909 - -0.78%
1910 - -0.14%
1911 - -0.006%
1912 - 0.03%
1913 - -0.12%
1914 - -0.12%
1915 - -0.12%
1916 - -0.12%
1917 - -0.12%
1918 - -0.12%
1919 - -0.12%
1920 - -0.12%
1921 - -0.12%
1922 - -0.12%
1923 - -0.12%
1924 - -0.12%
1925 - -0.12%
1926 - -0.12%
1927 - -0.12%
1928 - -0.12%
1929 - 0.22%
1930 - 0.07%
1931 - 0.03%
1932 - -0.3%
1933 - -0.88%
1934 - -0.33%
1935 - -0.23%
1936 - -0.33%
1937 - -0.17%
1938 - -1.53%
1939 - -5.05%
1940 - -10%
1941 - -8.78%
1942 - -7.28%
1943 - -8.55%
1944 - -9.37%
1945 - -7.57%
1946 - 0.52%
1947 - 1.27%
1948 - 1.37%
1949 - 0.04%
1950 - 1.49%
1951 - -0.36%
1952 - -1.17%
1953 - 0.38%
1954 - 1.44%
1955 - 1.1%
1956 - 2.24%
1957 - 0.66%
1958 - 0.59%
1959 - 0.72%
1960 - 1.95%
1961 - 0.34%
1962 - 0.95%
1963 - 0.25%
1964 - 0.77%
1965 - 0.05%
1966 - -0.87%
1967 - -1.07%
1968 - -0.73%
1969 - -0.98%
1970 - -1.44%
1971 - -1.41%
1972 - -1.39%
1973 - -0.93%
1974 - -1.01%
1975 - -0.93%
1976 - -1.89%
1977 - -1.64%
1978 - -1.12%
1979 - -1.79%
1980 - -1.34%
1981 - -0.54%
1982 - -1.21%
1983 - -1.23%
1984 - -0.52%
1985 - -0.25%
1986 - 0.93%
1987 - 0.78%
1988 - 0.42%
1989 - 0.2%
1990 1.97% -0.05%
1991 0.68% -1.85%
1992 2.7% -2.96%
1993 4.36% -3.15%
1994 7.9% -2.59%
1995 4.8% -1.86%
1996 1.98% -2.01%
1997 5.66% -2.33%
1998 2.41% -1.31%
1999 5.2% -1.57%
2000 4.59% 0.28%
2001 1.2% 0.21%
2002 2.23% -1.75%
2003 0.68% -1.36%
2004 2.06% -1.39%
2005 2.56% -0.65%
2006 2.16% 0.85%
2007 7.12% 1.57%
2008 3.59% 1.93%
2009 -0.09% 0.5%
2010 5.68% 0.35%
2011 7.96% 0.68%
2012 7.34% 0.24%
2013 5.96% -0.43%
2014 4.6% -0.25%
2015 2.86% 0.55%
2016 3.25% 0.24%
2017 5.24% 1.13%
2018 3.68% 1.29%
2019 3.77% 1.34%
2020 -6.73% -3.01%
2021 1.13% -0.29%
2022 1.21% 1.19%
2023 3.47% 0.12%
2024 4.43% 0.58%
2025 3.05% 0.26%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Singapore has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.73%, compared with 0.62% in Switzerland. In 2024, inflation was 2.39% in Singapore and 1.06% in Switzerland.

Inflation
Singapore

Switzerland
Year Inflation
Singapore Switzerland Singapore Switzerland
1996 1.38% 0.81%
1997 2% 0.52%
1998 -0.27% 0.02%
1999 0.02% 0.81%
2000 1.36% 1.56%
2001 1% 0.99%
2002 -0.39% 0.64%
2003 0.51% 0.64%
2004 1.66% 0.8%
2005 0.43% 1.17%
2006 0.97% 1.06%
2007 2.11% 0.73%
2008 6.64% 2.43%
2009 0.59% -0.48%
2010 2.83% 0.69%
2011 5.25% 0.23%
2012 4.58% -0.69%
2013 2.36% -0.22%
2014 1.03% -0.01%
2015 -0.52% -1.14%
2016 -0.53% -0.43%
2017 0.58% 0.53%
2018 0.44% 0.94%
2019 0.57% 0.36%
2020 -0.17% -0.73%
2021 2.32% 0.58%
2022 6.13% 2.84%
2023 4.83% 2.14%
2024 2.39% 1.06%

Top exports between countries

Singapore
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $919M
Chemicals & pharma $831M
Machinery & equipment $371M
Metals $51.1M
Miscellaneous $33.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $14M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.42M
Raw materials & minerals $930K
Wood & paper products $570K
Animal & marine products $554K
Switzerland
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $4.99B
IT & IP services $1.03B
Machinery & equipment $577M
Chemicals & pharma $554M
Business & finance services $478M
Transport & tourism services $445M
Raw materials & minerals $140M
Textiles & consumer goods $69.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $49.4M
Metals $38.8M

Balance of trade

Singapore Switzerland
Current account balance
$96B
2024
$47.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
7/189
2024
12/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.5%
2024
+5.04%
2024
Goods imports
$435B
2024
$368B
2024
Goods exports
$583B
2024
$495B
2024
Service imports
$351B
2024
$215B
2024
Service exports
$396B
2024
$180B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
143.6%
2024
61.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
178.8%
2024
72.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Singapore Switzerland
Economic freedom 84.1 83.7
Economic freedom ranking 1/197 2/197
Property rights 94.3 94.5
Government integrity 86.4 92.3
Judicial effectiveness 58.3 99.3
Tax burden 89.9 70.9
Government spending 92.9 68
Fiscal health 73.9 97.6
Business freedom 90.6 88.8
Labor freedom 77.1 60.5
Monetary freedom 81 80.7
Trade freedom 95 86.6
Investment freedom 90 85
Financial freedom 80 80

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Singapore is 84.1, ranking 1/197, compared to 83.7 for Switzerland, ranking 2/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Singapore
Switzerland
Year Economic freedom index
Singapore Switzerland
1995 86.3 -
1996 86.5 76.8
1997 87.3 78.6
1998 87 79
1999 86.9 79.1
2000 87.7 76.8
2001 87.8 76
2002 87.4 79.3
2003 88.2 79
2004 88.9 79.5
2005 88.6 79.3
2006 88 78.9
2007 87.1 78
2008 87.3 79.5
2009 87.1 79.4
2010 86.1 81.1
2011 87.2 81.9
2012 87.5 81.1
2013 88 81
2014 89.4 81.6
2015 89.4 80.5
2016 87.8 81
2017 88.6 81.5
2018 88.8 81.7
2019 89.4 81.9
2020 89.4 82
2021 89.7 81.9
2022 84.4 84.2
2023 83.9 83.8
2024 83.5 83
2025 84.1 83.7

More economic indicators

Singapore Switzerland
Services, % of GDP
73%
2024
72%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
24.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.03%
2024
0.63%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$451B
2024
$866B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$126,190
2024
$90,820
2024
Total reserves including gold
$384B
2024
$909B
2024
Total reserves ranking
9/177
2024
4/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$96.7B
2024
$77.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$152B
2024
-$112B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$55.3B
2024
-$34.7B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
15.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.