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Economy of Switzerland vs United Arab Emirates compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Switzerland has a GDP of $1.04T compared to $552B for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 20/197 and 31/197 by economy size, respectively.

Switzerland has $411B in government debt (39.4% of GDP), compared to $193B (34.3% of GDP) in the United Arab Emirates.

Switzerland vs United Arab Emirates GDP by year

Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year GDP, current $
Switzerland UAE
2025 $1,043,529,899,251 -
2024 $969,919,786,395 $552,324,919,096
2023 $928,435,275,852 $522,622,268,401
2022 $858,479,038,994 $511,403,404,642
2021 $840,710,023,481 $422,441,282,436
2020 $756,096,180,222 $357,161,776,271
2019 $736,384,764,157 $433,926,218,686
2018 $740,766,531,454 $440,560,003,161
2017 $706,660,443,624 $403,365,056,079
2016 $698,607,778,795 $381,717,208,621
2015 $706,199,008,879 $381,973,135,513
2014 $741,168,119,617 $424,935,834,104
2013 $718,748,402,260 $409,632,574,703
2012 $697,882,536,677 $392,793,559,051
2011 $727,231,637,102 $368,881,033,963
2010 $609,999,593,542 $307,736,348,527
2009 $563,659,557,945 $253,547,358,747
2008 $574,703,945,157 $315,474,615,741
2007 $498,993,845,385 $257,916,148,767
2006 $448,364,681,767 $222,116,532,963
2005 $424,511,048,024 $180,617,467,954
2004 $409,012,909,530 $147,824,249,958
2003 $366,563,952,625 $124,346,476,180
2002 $313,930,961,761 $109,816,091,079
2001 $290,160,142,214 $103,311,631,797
2000 $282,327,351,966 $104,337,463,730
1999 $301,911,268,140 $84,445,399,335
1998 $306,907,741,068 $75,674,384,205
1997 $298,868,250,534 $78,838,886,862
1996 $345,373,647,249 $73,571,217,377
1995 $358,152,520,085 $65,743,604,966
1994 $305,916,331,798 $59,305,111,228
1993 $276,339,744,180 $55,625,269,485
1992 $284,139,428,246 $54,239,188,746
1991 $272,953,645,746 $51,552,058,250
1990 $269,768,238,555 $50,701,374,187
1989 $211,241,694,480 $41,464,966,302
1988 $218,788,504,066 $36,275,613,877
1987 $202,238,567,597 $36,384,802,310
1986 $161,487,171,049 $33,943,568,481
1985 $112,652,623,418 $40,603,631,079
1984 $111,104,641,869 $41,807,931,453
1983 $116,361,728,836 $42,803,373,390
1982 $116,776,899,473 $46,622,715,281
1981 $113,936,168,924 $49,333,471,895
1980 $124,404,609,417 $43,599,134,193
1979 $116,702,524,208 $31,225,557,022
1978 $103,821,687,919 $23,775,718,541
1977 $74,237,819,014 $24,871,660,292
1976 $69,508,364,538 $19,213,212,475
1975 $66,452,559,176 $14,720,729,969
1974 $57,963,469,607 $11,651,505,689
1973 $50,296,651,921 $4,231,243,616
1972 $37,399,508,287 $1,415,086,929
1971 $30,492,832,676 $939,893,600
1970 $25,374,750,743 $685,986,701
1969 $22,780,211,812 -
1968 $21,024,203,656 -
1967 $19,689,329,510 -
1966 $18,290,928,227 -
1965 $17,033,079,428 -
1964 $16,071,715,835 -
1963 $14,499,109,270 -
1962 $13,185,384,691 -
1961 $11,889,851,950 -
1960 $10,569,129,806 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

GDP per capita in Switzerland vs United Arab Emirates by year

Switzerland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Arab Emirates
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Switzerland UAE
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $114,769 - - -
2024 $107,702 $96,498 $50,274 $79,229
2023 $104,450 $95,142 $49,851 $77,955
2022 $97,809 $94,421 $50,760 $75,072
2021 $96,583 $81,001 $44,118 $68,580
2020 $87,530 $72,998 $37,992 $66,791
2019 $85,873 $73,732 $45,939 $79,816
2018 $87,002 $70,689 $47,135 $77,446
2017 $83,610 $68,194 $43,734 $70,282
2016 $83,432 $67,351 $42,721 $69,987
2015 $85,265 $65,265 $44,910 $73,986
2014 $90,512 $63,417 $52,725 $87,478
2013 $88,851 $61,656 $53,247 $87,526
2012 $87,270 $59,441 $53,142 $89,198
2011 $91,910 $57,494 $51,922 $89,665
2010 $77,956 $54,426 $44,795 $85,120
2009 $72,788 $52,999 $37,803 $84,780
2008 $75,148 $53,809 $50,054 $94,628
2007 $66,082 $50,928 $45,855 $100,813
2006 $59,910 $46,266 $44,343 $106,814
2005 $57,080 $41,525 $38,719 $101,301
2004 $55,350 $40,171 $33,377 $98,661
2003 $49,947 $38,732 $29,660 $92,636
2002 $43,094 $38,705 $27,754 $88,467
2001 $40,134 $37,819 $27,745 $90,370
2000 $39,298 $36,703 $29,866 $92,899
1999 $42,261 $34,743 $25,856 $87,658
1998 $43,166 $33,860 $24,889 $90,229
1997 $42,160 $32,736 $27,983 $96,009
1996 $48,838 $31,509 $28,323 $94,620
1995 $50,869 $30,842 $27,003 $93,702
1994 $43,741 $30,265 $25,473 $89,959
1993 $39,828 $29,495 $25,033 $86,330
1992 $41,327 $29,113 $25,648 $87,509
1991 $40,140 $28,792 $25,691 $87,250
1990 $40,171 $28,461 $26,710 $88,455
1989 $31,780 - $23,167 -
1988 $33,183 - $21,570 -
1987 $30,899 - $23,113 -
1986 $24,828 - $23,132 -
1985 $17,411 - $29,468 -
1984 $17,247 - $32,012 -
1983 $18,128 - $34,650 -
1982 $18,271 - $39,972 -
1981 $17,931 - $44,855 -
1980 $19,686 - $42,925 -
1979 $18,541 - $34,238 -
1978 $16,528 - $29,379 -
1977 $11,819 - $35,020 -
1976 $11,029 - $31,197 -
1975 $10,484 - $27,117 -
1974 $9,140 - $23,823 -
1973 $7,974 - $9,696 -
1972 $5,973 - $3,675 -
1971 $4,908 - $2,805 -
1970 $4,105 - $2,394 -
1969 $3,712 - - -
1968 $3,465 - - -
1967 $3,286 - - -
1966 $3,091 - - -
1965 $2,908 - - -
1964 $2,776 - - -
1963 $2,546 - - -
1962 $2,366 - - -
1961 $2,188 - - -
1960 $1,984 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Switzerland's GDP per capita is $114,769, ranking 5/197, compared to $50,274 in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 25/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Switzerland ranks 8th at $96,498, while the United Arab Emirates ranks 16th at $79,229.

Economic indicators

Switzerland UAE
Gross domestic product
$1.04T
2025
$552B
2024
GDP rank
20/197
2025
31/197
2024
GDP growth
1.3%
2024-2025
3.99%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$114,769
2025
$50,274
2024
GDP per capita rank
5/197
2025
25/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$96,498
2024
$79,229
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
8/197
2024
16/197
2024
Government debt
$411B
2025
$193B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
39.4%
2025
34.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$45,239
2025
$17,568
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2025
37/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$89,347
2026
$40,096
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.51T
2025
$1.11T
2025
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
183,000
2026
Number of billionaires
45
2026
6
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26.6%
2022
20.5%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2022
2.8%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
31.2%
2025
22.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.15%
2024-2025
1.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0%
2025
3.65%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.84%
2025
1.88%
2024
Population
9155878
11885001

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Switzerland
Spending

Debt
United Arab Emirates
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Switzerland UAE
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 31.2% 39.4% 22.6% 34.3%
2024 31.3% 40.5% 21.4% 34.9%
2023 30.9% 37.3% 22.7% 31.9%
2022 30.5% 35.9% 22.7% 31.5%
2021 33.4% 39.7% 25.9% 35.7%
2020 36.3% 42.4% 30.5% 30.1%
2019 31.3% 38.8% 27.4% 25.8%
2018 31.1% 39% 25.9% 20.7%
2017 31.9% 41.1% 27.2% 21.2%
2016 31.9% 40.3% 31.7% 18.6%
2015 31.9% 41.4% 26.4% 15.6%
2014 31.5% 41.2% 31.4% 13.5%
2013 32% 41.2% 28.9% 15.3%
2012 31.1% 41.9% 27.8% 20.2%
2011 31% 41.2% 29.6% 20.4%
2010 30.9% 40.7% 30.4% 18.3%
2009 31.2% 42.4% 35% 21.1%
2008 29.6% 44.2% 22% 8.95%
2007 29% 44% 17.7% 8.89%
2006 30.1% 47.7% 15.6% 5.05%
2005 31.9% 54.1% 15.7% 4.48%
2004 32.6% 57.1% 17.7% 4.08%
2003 32.8% 56.2% 20% 3.33%
2002 33.6% 56.9% 21.3% 3.43%
2001 31.2% 50.5% 25.2% 2.69%
2000 31.9% 51.7% 21.8% 3.12%
1999 32.8% 52% 24.3% 4.73%
1998 32.3% 55.3% 25.8% 4.18%
1997 32.5% 52.9% 22.6% 2.86%
1996 32.5% 50.6% 27.6% 3.48%
1995 32% 49.3% 26.1% 5.06%
1994 32% 46.4% 30.1% 5.58%
1993 31.9% 43.7% 31.5% 6.01%
1992 30.8% 38.9% 29.6% 5.31%
1991 29% 34.6% 36% 4.97%
1990 27.2% 32.8% - -
1989 30% 32.5% - -
1988 30.3% 35% - -
1987 29.8% 36.5% - -
1986 29.8% 37.6% - -
1985 30.1% 39.1% - -
1984 30.4% 39.8% - -
1983 31.2% 40.2% - -
1982 30.5% 40% - -
1981 29.4% 40.8% - -
1980 29.9% 43.9% - -
1979 30.5% 44.6% - -
1978 30.4% 46.6% - -
1977 31% 46.9% - -
1976 31.6% 46.7% - -
1975 29.3% 42.3% - -
1974 27.5% 38.4% - -
1973 26.5% 37% - -
1972 25.7% 38% - -
1971 25.4% 38.7% - -
1970 25.8% 38.9% - -
1969 9.45% 7.08% - -
1968 8.87% 6.99% - -
1967 8.68% 7.26% - -
1966 8.95% 7.62% - -
1965 8.33% 8.28% - -
1964 8.85% 9.43% - -
1963 8.2% 10.8% - -
1962 8.1% 12% - -
1961 7.97% 14% - -
1960 7.11% 16.2% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2025, Switzerland's government spending was $326B, accounting for 31.2% of its GDP, while the United Arab Emirates spent $118B, or 22.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 39.4% in Switzerland and 34.3% in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 136/185 and 146/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Switzerland

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Switzerland UAE
2025 0.45% 5.15%
2024 0.53% 6.41%
2023 0.12% 5.82%
2022 1.15% 9.8%
2021 -0.28% 3.96%
2020 -2.96% -2.42%
2019 1.31% 2.5%
2018 1.26% 3.65%
2017 1.11% -0.16%
2016 0.23% -2.95%
2015 0.54% -6.35%
2014 -0.24% 1.74%
2013 -0.42% 7.99%
2012 0.23% 8.59%
2011 0.67% 5.05%
2010 0.35% 0.52%
2009 0.49% -6.13%
2008 1.91% 17.6%
2007 1.55% 17.1%
2006 0.83% 20.2%
2005 -0.64% 16%
2004 -1.37% 6.4%
2003 -1.34% 2.35%
2002 -1.72% -1.24%
2001 0.2% 1.21%
2000 0.28% 10.7%
1999 -1.55% 1.31%
1998 -1.29% 1%
1997 -2.3% 6.71%
1996 -1.98% 0.92%
1995 -1.83% 3.58%
1994 -2.55% -1.78%
1993 -3.1% -2.89%
1992 -2.92% 3.34%
1991 -1.82% 3.89%
1990 -0.05% -
1989 0.2% -
1988 0.42% -
1987 0.78% -
1986 0.93% -
1985 -0.25% -
1984 -0.52% -
1983 -1.23% -
1982 -1.21% -
1981 -0.54% -
1980 -1.34% -
1979 -1.79% -
1978 -1.12% -
1977 -1.64% -
1976 -1.89% -
1975 -0.93% -
1974 -1.01% -
1973 -0.93% -
1972 -1.39% -
1971 -1.41% -
1970 -1.44% -
1969 -0.98% -
1968 -0.73% -
1967 -1.07% -
1966 -0.87% -
1965 0.05% -
1964 0.77% -
1963 0.25% -
1962 0.95% -
1961 0.34% -
1960 1.95% -
1959 0.72% -
1958 0.59% -
1957 0.66% -
1956 2.24% -
1955 1.1% -
1954 1.44% -
1953 0.38% -
1952 -1.17% -
1951 -0.36% -
1950 1.49% -
1949 0.04% -
1948 1.37% -
1947 1.27% -
1946 0.52% -
1945 -7.57% -
1944 -9.37% -
1943 -8.55% -
1942 -7.28% -
1941 -8.78% -
1940 -10% -
1939 -5.05% -
1938 -1.53% -
1937 -0.17% -
1936 -0.33% -
1935 -0.23% -
1934 -0.33% -
1933 -0.88% -
1932 -0.3% -
1931 0.03% -
1930 0.07% -
1929 0.22% -
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.12% -
1912 0.03% -
1911 -0.006% -
1910 -0.14% -
1909 -0.78% -
1908 -0.1% -
1907 -0.02% -
1906 0.15% -
1905 0.41% -
1904 0.002% -
1903 0.09% -
1902 0.02% -
1901 -0.14% -
1900 -0.07% -
1899 0.1% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2024, Switzerland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.13B, equivalent to 0.53% of GDP. This compares to the United Arab Emirates' surplus of $35.4B, or 6.41% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Switzerland recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while the United Arab Emirates ran a deficit in 8 years. On average, Switzerland posted an annual deficit equal to 0.46% of GDP, compared to surplus of 4.25% of GDP for the United Arab Emirates.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Switzerland

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Switzerland UAE
2025 0.15% 1.3%
2024 1.06% 1.7%
2023 2.14% 1.6%
2022 2.84% 4.8%
2021 0.58% -0.1%
2020 -0.73% -2.1%
2019 0.36% -1.9%
2018 0.94% 3.1%
2017 0.53% 2%
2016 -0.43% 1.6%
2015 -1.14% 4.1%
2014 -0.01% 2.3%
2013 -0.22% 1.1%
2012 -0.69% 0.7%
2011 0.23% 0.9%
2010 0.69% 0.9%
2009 -0.48% -4.7%
2008 2.43% 12.3%
2007 0.73% 11.1%
2006 1.06% 9.3%
2005 1.17% 6.2%
2004 0.8% 5%
2003 0.64% 3.1%
2002 0.64% 2.9%
2001 0.99% 2.8%
2000 1.56% 1.3%
1999 0.81% 2.1%
1998 0.02% 2%
1997 0.52% 3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Switzerland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.59%, compared with 2.7% in the United Arab Emirates. In 2025, inflation was 0.15% in Switzerland and 1.3% in the United Arab Emirates.

Top exports between countries

Switzerland
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $10B
Chemicals & pharma $705M
Machinery & equipment $487M
Textiles & consumer goods $107M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $90.3M
Raw materials & minerals $79.6M
Metals $32.6M
Raw agricultural goods $26.7M
Wood & paper products $14.3M
Miscellaneous $11.1M
UAE
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $13.4B
Machinery & equipment $58.9M
Metals $37M
Textiles & consumer goods $20M
Chemicals & pharma $15M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.76M
Miscellaneous $1.64M
Wood & paper products $711K
Raw agricultural goods $621K
Raw materials & minerals $124K

Balance of trade

Switzerland UAE
Current account balance
$72.9B
2025
$80B
2024
Current account balance ranking
11/190
2025
9/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+6.98%
2025
+14.5%
2024
Goods imports
$508B
2025
$400B
2024
Goods exports
$617B
2025
$467B
2024
Service imports
$214B
2025
$117B
2024
Service exports
$195B
2025
$181B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.1%
2025
92.2%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
78.1%
2025
106.8%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Switzerland UAE
Economic freedom 83.7 71.9
Economic freedom ranking 2/197 29/197
Property rights 94.4 62.9
Government integrity 93.3 65.3
Judicial effectiveness 98.3 34.4
Tax burden 70.9 99.9
Government spending 69.5 85.1
Fiscal health 97.2 97.6
Business freedom 86.3 84.5
Labor freedom 60 63.2
Monetary freedom 82.3 81.2
Trade freedom 87 78.6
Investment freedom 85 50
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Switzerland
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Switzerland UAE
2026 83.7 71.9
2025 83.7 71.6
2024 83 71.1
2023 83.8 70.9
2022 84.2 70.2
2021 81.9 76.9
2020 82 76.2
2019 81.9 77.6
2018 81.7 77.6
2017 81.5 76.9
2016 81 72.6
2015 80.5 72.4
2014 81.6 71.4
2013 81 71.1
2012 81.1 69.3
2011 81.9 67.8
2010 81.1 67.3
2009 79.4 64.7
2008 79.5 62.6
2007 78 62.6
2006 78.9 62.2
2005 79.3 65.2
2004 79.5 67.2
2003 79 73.4
2002 79.3 73.6
2001 76 74.9
2000 76.8 74.2
1999 79.1 71.5
1998 79 72.2
1997 78.6 71.9
1996 76.8 71.6

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Switzerland is 83.7, ranking 2/197, compared to 71.9 for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 29/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Switzerland UAE
Services, % of GDP
71.7%
2025
54.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25%
2025
44.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.64%
2025
0.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1T
2025
$566B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$101,690
2025
$81,640
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.08T
2025
$292B
2025
Total reserves ranking
4/177
2025
14/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$37.6B
2025
$31.5B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$108B
2024
$45.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$27.9B
2024
$77.2B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.8%
2021
19.5%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.5%
2025
26.6%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/switzerland/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1899–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.