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Economy of Finland vs Jordan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Finland has a GDP of $317B compared to $61.6B for Jordan, ranking 48/197 and 90/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $283B in government debt (89.3% of GDP), compared to $51B (82.8% of GDP) in Jordan.

Finland vs Jordan GDP by year

Finland
Jordan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Finland Jordan
2025 $317,039,368,820 $61,610,052,535
2024 $298,729,432,712 $58,618,380,563
2023 $295,191,741,637 $56,123,472,113
2022 $280,253,099,309 $53,516,930,141
2021 $294,223,210,496 $50,702,940,986
2020 $270,000,311,606 $47,931,770,986
2019 $267,014,821,129 $48,640,273,803
2018 $273,869,255,596 $47,435,850,423
2017 $253,846,138,440 $45,535,614,366
2016 $238,777,818,793 $43,688,498,732
2015 $233,210,733,506 $42,394,049,296
2014 $273,478,528,955 $40,535,098,592
2013 $270,268,036,626 $37,873,362,958
2012 $257,443,384,493 $34,854,017,887
2011 $275,126,915,516 $32,640,291,549
2010 $249,429,613,683 $30,202,773,521
2009 $253,480,783,439 $27,462,496,197
2008 $285,698,662,071 $25,651,620,831
2007 $256,360,251,538 $17,110,437,236
2006 $217,044,068,234 $15,056,981,664
2005 $204,859,368,791 $12,588,998,590
2004 $197,458,297,640 $11,411,706,629
2003 $171,612,867,736 $10,195,627,645
2002 $140,360,963,812 $9,582,510,578
2001 $129,519,672,869 $8,975,814,653
2000 $125,967,821,111 $8,460,789,845
1999 $135,234,241,918 $8,149,929,478
1998 $133,990,876,725 $7,912,270,804
1997 $126,862,902,302 $7,245,839,210
1996 $131,991,975,149 $6,927,503,526
1995 $134,060,457,516 $6,727,597,032
1994 $103,182,697,780 $6,236,295,978
1993 $89,112,105,756 $5,606,400,222
1992 $112,537,828,511 $5,310,833,194
1991 $127,794,441,994 $4,344,467,193
1990 $141,446,120,355 $4,160,087,508
1989 $118,991,270,611 $4,221,373,674
1988 $109,039,090,263 $6,277,451,829
1987 $91,564,993,913 $6,756,209,762
1986 $73,511,611,541 $6,402,050,485
1985 $55,856,676,899 $4,993,601,520
1984 $52,870,993,273 $4,967,162,160
1983 $50,956,447,481 $4,920,692,191
1982 $52,784,013,815 $4,681,240,993
1981 $52,440,066,134 $4,383,944,703
1980 $53,649,984,061 $3,910,044,474
1979 $44,469,218,440 $3,271,368,781
1978 $36,259,392,058 $2,602,208,589
1977 $33,502,784,418 $2,096,778,602
1976 $31,852,352,670 $1,708,521,219
1975 $29,475,251,333 $1,363,073,498
1974 $24,851,036,710 $1,197,483,949
1973 $19,474,098,335 $943,783,840
1972 $14,744,499,570 $788,479,685
1971 $12,528,522,307 $678,159,729
1970 $11,358,529,162 $639,519,744
1969 $10,177,524,839 $698,879,720
1968 $8,916,565,041 $561,119,776
1967 $9,468,272,357 $631,679,747
1966 $9,306,142,172 $657,999,737
1965 $8,680,393,839 $599,759,760
1964 $7,848,987,793 -
1963 $6,958,916,548 -
1962 $6,407,796,043 -
1961 $5,984,433,774 -
1960 $5,279,481,824 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Finland vs Jordan by year

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Jordan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Finland Jordan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $56,149 - $5,348 -
2024 $53,156 $65,378 $5,074 $10,821
2023 $52,865 $63,415 $4,906 $10,412
2022 $50,441 $62,133 $4,754 $9,927
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $4,582 $9,182
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $4,411 $9,579
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $4,558 $9,429
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $4,534 $9,042
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $4,449 $9,266
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $4,366 $8,748
2015 $42,560 $42,258 $4,442 $8,967
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $4,611 $9,145
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $4,739 $9,817
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $4,594 $9,739
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $4,363 $9,632
2010 $46,506 $38,946 $4,139 $9,417
2009 $47,478 $37,988 $3,845 $9,291
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $3,670 $8,983
2007 $48,473 $37,843 $2,506 $8,416
2006 $41,214 $34,440 $2,343 $8,046
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $2,088 $7,697
2004 $37,768 $31,195 $1,940 $7,074
2003 $32,920 $29,043 $1,776 $6,500
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $1,706 $6,256
2001 $24,965 $27,798 $1,632 $5,948
2000 $24,336 $26,783 $1,571 $5,641
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $1,545 $5,402
1998 $26,000 $23,570 $1,532 $5,264
1997 $24,682 $21,787 $1,436 $5,171
1996 $25,757 $20,067 $1,410 $5,055
1995 $26,246 $19,568 $1,416 $5,027
1994 $20,278 $18,458 $1,367 $4,830
1993 $17,589 $17,458 $1,289 $4,726
1992 $22,320 $17,271 $1,287 $4,654
1991 $25,489 $17,563 $1,110 $4,195
1990 $28,366 $18,149 $1,149 $4,317
1989 $23,969 - $1,260 -
1988 $22,044 - $1,966 -
1987 $18,565 - $2,217 -
1986 $14,947 - $2,200 -
1985 $11,394 - $1,797 -
1984 $10,830 - $1,871 -
1983 $10,494 - $1,939 -
1982 $10,935 - $1,929 -
1981 $10,925 - $1,885 -
1980 $11,225 - $1,750 -
1979 $9,333 - $1,519 -
1978 $7,629 - $1,249 -
1977 $7,070 - $1,039 -
1976 $6,740 - $873 -
1975 $6,256 - $718 -
1974 $5,298 - $651 -
1973 $4,174 - $531 -
1972 $3,178 - $460 -
1971 $2,716 - $412 -
1970 $2,466 - $409 -
1969 $2,201 - $474 -
1968 $1,927 - $409 -
1967 $2,056 - $497 -
1966 $2,032 - $558 -
1965 $1,902 - $546 -
1964 $1,726 - - -
1963 $1,538 - - -
1962 $1,427 - - -
1961 $1,341 - - -
1960 $1,192 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

Finland's GDP per capita is $56,149, ranking 22/197, compared to $5,348 in Jordan, ranking 120/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 27th at $65,378, while Jordan ranks 131st at $10,821.

Economic indicators

Finland Jordan
Gross domestic product
$317B
2025
$61.6B
2025
GDP rank
48/197
2025
90/197
2025
GDP growth
0.17%
2024-2025
2.83%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$56,149
2025
$5,348
2025
GDP per capita rank
22/197
2025
120/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$65,378
2024
$10,821
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
27/197
2024
131/197
2024
Government debt
$283B
2025
$51B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
89.3%
2025
82.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,138
2025
$4,430
2025
Government debt per person rank
11/185
2025
91/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,402
2026
$4,506
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
$37.4B
2025
Number of billionaires
7
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
27.4%
2010
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
3.5%
2010
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.6%
2025
33.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.34%
2024-2025
1.77%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
9.7%
2025
16.8%
2024
Population
5647947
11538682

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Finland
Spending

Debt
Jordan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Finland Jordan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 57.6% 89.3% 33.7% 82.8%
2024 57.8% 82.4% 34.6% 82.1%
2023 56% 77% 33.9% 81%
2022 52.6% 74% 32.8% 80.7%
2021 55.2% 73.1% 33.8% 79.9%
2020 56.5% 75.3% 33% 77.9%
2019 52.6% 65.3% 32.7% 69.4%
2018 52.7% 65.3% 33.3% 67.9%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 31.7% 69.1%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 30% 70.7%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 32.3% 71.4%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 36.3% 68.2%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 34.5% 68.8%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 28.3% 64%
2011 53.8% 52% 29.3% 56.1%
2010 54% 50.1% 26.6% 53.4%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 30.7% 51.8%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 29.6% 47.9%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 32.4% 58.2%
2006 48.3% 38% 34% 60%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 36.6% 66.1%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 35.1% 73.8%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 35% 80.4%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 31.6% 85.9%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 30.6% 85.5%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 31.2% 89.9%
1999 49.9% 44% 31.8% 98.7%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 32.3% 96.3%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 30.7% 94.7%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 32.6% 101.2%
1995 60% 55.2% 32.1% 102.4%
1994 62.2% 56.2% 30.6% 112.1%
1993 63.7% 54.2% 32.5% 122.1%
1992 60.8% 39.3% 31.7% 134.7%
1991 55.8% 21.9% 39.6% 180.5%
1990 47.1% 13.9% 39.9% 197.7%
1989 44.4% 14.3% 42.5% 195.4%
1988 46.4% 16.5% 44.3% 129.3%
1987 47.8% 17.6% 42.1% 101.9%
1986 46.9% 16.4% 33.8% 84.3%
1985 46.3% 15.8% 42.4% 85.2%
1984 44.4% 15.2% - -
1983 44.4% 15.4% - -
1982 42.7% 13.9% - -
1981 41% 11.5% - -
1980 40.1% 10.9% - -
1979 40.3% 11% - -
1978 41.3% 10.7% - -
1977 41.7% 8.22% - -
1976 39.8% 7.09% - -
1975 38.6% 6.76% - -
1974 22.9% 2.97% - -
1973 21.8% 4.42% - -
1972 20.4% 6.46% - -
1971 22.8% 7.94% - -
1970 21.9% 9.19% - -
1969 22.2% 10.8% - -
1968 25.5% 13.9% - -
1967 23.5% 14.2% - -
1966 23.3% 13.7% - -
1965 23.2% 13% - -
1964 22.8% 12.5% - -
1963 21.6% 12.2% - -
1962 23.9% 10.3% - -
1961 22.7% 9.12% - -
1960 22.5% 9.96% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

In 2025, Finland's government spending was $183B, accounting for 57.6% of its GDP, while Jordan spent $20.8B, or 33.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 89.3% in Finland and 82.8% in Jordan, ranking 31/185 and 39/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Jordan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Jordan
2025 -3.88% -6.35%
2024 -4.4% -7.27%
2023 -2.89% -6.49%
2022 -0.18% -4.9%
2021 -2.69% -6.62%
2020 -5.53% -7.56%
2019 -0.93% -5.06%
2018 -0.87% -4.23%
2017 -0.63% -3.22%
2016 -1.7% -2.62%
2015 -2.43% -5.18%
2014 -2.99% -6.75%
2013 -2.52% -8.78%
2012 -2.15% -3.33%
2011 -1.01% -1.21%
2010 -2.57% 0.19%
2009 -2.48% -2.28%
2008 4.18% 1.92%
2007 5.12% 2.76%
2006 3.93% -1.86%
2005 2.59% -2.2%
2004 2.16% 0.56%
2003 2.34% -1.6%
2002 3.97% -3.21%
2001 4.89% -1.13%
2000 6.73% -1.85%
1999 1.6% -1.13%
1998 1.54% -5.59%
1997 -1.33% -2.68%
1996 -3.37% -2.69%
1995 -5.98% -1.45%
1994 -6.41% -1.67%
1993 -8.09% -1.43%
1992 -4.88% 2.07%
1991 0.3% -8.1%
1990 6.63% -6.82%
1989 6.73% -6.89%
1988 5.09% -13%
1987 1.63% -13.4%
1986 3.83% -2.39%
1985 3.33% -6.9%
1984 3.23% -
1983 1.52% -
1982 3.06% -
1981 5.11% -
1980 3.7% -
1979 3.41% -
1978 3.83% -
1977 6.27% -
1976 7.65% -
1975 4.96% -
1974 -0.03% -
1973 1.48% -
1972 -0.18% -
1971 0.15% -
1970 1.06% -
1969 0.94% -
1968 -1.69% -
1967 -0.26% -
1966 -1.08% -
1965 -1.67% -
1964 -1.35% -
1963 -2.5% -
1962 -2.37% -
1961 -3.03% -
1960 -0.52% -
1959 -0.12% -
1958 -1.73% -
1957 0.08% -
1956 -1.14% -
1955 -1% -
1954 -0.17% -
1953 0.02% -
1952 -1.24% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 -0.26% -
1949 -2.77% -
1948 1.88% -
1947 -5.99% -
1946 -15.3% -
1945 -6.35% -
1944 -21.5% -
1943 -14.2% -
1942 -16.4% -
1941 -35.8% -
1940 -36.9% -
1939 -9.76% -
1938 -1.48% -
1937 -4.44% -
1936 -3.75% -
1935 -3.81% -
1934 -2.81% -
1933 -1.63% -
1932 -2.61% -
1931 -2.32% -
1930 -1.94% -
1929 -0.78% -
1928 -2.07% -
1927 -0.32% -
1926 -2.9% -
1925 -2.92% -
1924 0.04% -
1923 -2.3% -
1922 0.62% -
1921 -2.59% -
1920 -2.6% -
1919 -7.49% -
1918 -11.4% -
1917 -1.27% -
1916 1.48% -
1915 -0.29% -
1914 -1.15% -
1913 -0.25% -
1912 0.33% -
1911 -0.14% -
1910 -0.3% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.92% -
1907 0.24% -
1906 0.86% -
1905 -1.28% -
1904 -1.63% -
1903 -0.3% -
1902 -1.74% -
1901 -2.13% -
1900 -0.52% -
1899 -1% -
1898 -4.55% -
1897 -0.37% -
1896 -0.56% -
1895 -1.21% -
1894 -0.62% -
1893 0% -
1892 0.82% -
1891 0.16% -
1890 0.17% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 -0.59% -
1887 -1.46% -
1886 0% -
1885 -1.2% -
1884 -0.2% -
1883 0% -
1882 0.2% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

In 2025, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $12.3B, equivalent to 3.88% of GDP. This compares to Jordan's deficit of $3.91B, or 6.35% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Jordan ran a deficit in 36 years. On average, Finland posted an annual deficit equal to 0.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.91% of GDP for Jordan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Finland

Jordan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Finland Jordan
2025 0.34% 1.77%
2024 1.57% 1.56%
2023 6.25% 2.08%
2022 7.12% 4.23%
2021 2.19% 1.35%
2020 0.29% 0.33%
2019 1.02% 0.76%
2018 1.08% 4.46%
2017 0.75% 3.32%
2016 0.36% -0.78%
2015 -0.21% -0.88%
2014 1.04% 2.9%
2013 1.48% 4.82%
2012 2.81% 4.52%
2011 3.42% 4.16%
2010 1.18% 4.85%
2009 -0% -0.74%
2008 4.07% 14%
2007 2.51% 4.74%
2006 1.57% 6.25%
2005 0.62% 3.49%
2004 0.19% 3.36%
2003 0.88% 1.63%
2002 1.57% 1.83%
2001 2.58% 1.77%
2000 3.04% 0.67%
1999 1.16% 0.61%
1998 1.4% 3.09%
1997 1.19% 3.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.78%, compared with 2.87% in Jordan. In 2025, inflation was 0.34% in Finland and 1.77% in Jordan.

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $33.1M
Machinery & equipment $11.2M
Chemicals & pharma $2.44M
Raw materials & minerals $563K
Textiles & consumer goods $538K
Weapons & explosives $371K
Animal & marine products $266K
Metals $229K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $102K
Miscellaneous $5K
Jordan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $22.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $176K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $160K
Machinery & equipment $156K
Chemicals & pharma $33K
Miscellaneous $13K
Metals $6K

Balance of trade

Finland Jordan
Current account balance
$4.23B
2025
-$3.13B
2024
Current account balance ranking
33/190
2025
152/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.34%
2025
-5.33%
2024
Goods imports
$81.3B
2025
$23.9B
2024
Goods exports
$90.7B
2025
$13.3B
2024
Service imports
$48.9B
2025
$6.5B
2024
Service exports
$43.6B
2025
$9.45B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.1%
2025
57.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.3%
2025
42.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Jordan
Economic freedom 76.6 59.3
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 104/197
Property rights 99.9 52.3
Government integrity 95.4 51
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 44
Tax burden 68.4 84.1
Government spending 7.9 67.2
Fiscal health 76.3 5.2
Business freedom 85.3 62.7
Labor freedom 65.4 51.3
Monetary freedom 80.3 81.2
Trade freedom 79.4 82
Investment freedom 85 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Finland
Jordan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Jordan
2026 76.6 59.3
2025 77 59.4
2024 76.3 58.3
2023 77.1 58.8
2022 78.3 60.1
2021 76.1 64.6
2020 75.7 66
2019 74.9 66.5
2018 74.1 64.9
2017 74 66.7
2016 72.6 68.3
2015 73.4 69.3
2014 73.4 69.2
2013 74 70.4
2012 72.3 69.9
2011 74 68.9
2010 73.8 66.1
2009 74.5 65.4
2008 74.6 64.1
2007 74 64.5
2006 72.9 63.7
2005 71 66.7
2004 73.4 66.1
2003 73.7 65.3
2002 73.6 66.2
2001 69.7 68.3
2000 64.3 67.5
1999 63.9 67.4
1998 63.5 66.8
1997 65.2 63.6
1996 63.7 60.8
1995 - 62.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 76.6, ranking 15/197, compared to 59.3 for Jordan, ranking 104/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Finland Jordan
Services, % of GDP
62.1%
2025
56.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.5%
2025
27.4%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.61%
2025
5.56%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$312B
2025
$60.6B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$66,300
2025
$12,440
2025
Total reserves including gold
$22.5B
2025
$26.6B
2025
Total reserves ranking
64/177
2025
61/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$6.97B
2025
-$1.58B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.74B
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
$54.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
7.85%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
14.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
23%
2021

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/jordan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.