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Economy of Belarus vs Belgium compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Belarus has a GDP of $76B compared to $671B for Belgium, ranking 83/197 and 23/197 by economy size, respectively.

Belarus has $30.3B in government debt (39.9% of GDP), compared to $703B (104.7% of GDP) in Belgium.

Belarus vs Belgium GDP by year

Belarus
Belgium
1x
Year GDP, current $
Belarus Belgium
2024 $75,961,865,472 $671,370,081,636
2023 $72,478,760,370 $651,330,595,110
2022 $73,775,179,925 $591,085,783,326
2021 $69,673,747,132 $598,522,422,242
2020 $61,371,673,345 $529,694,473,502
2019 $64,410,170,653 $536,726,344,405
2018 $60,031,026,576 $542,638,913,428
2017 $54,725,405,751 $500,908,767,352
2016 $47,723,545,321 $474,271,566,740
2015 $56,454,769,845 $461,044,767,545
2014 $78,813,069,121 $537,987,419,164
2013 $75,527,558,966 $524,097,026,599
2012 $65,685,890,439 $498,414,364,945
2011 $61,762,382,328 $527,196,649,049
2010 $57,231,904,543 $481,556,503,720
2009 $50,873,167,326 $485,014,525,992
2008 $60,752,106,347 $517,328,087,920
2007 $45,275,711,996 $470,922,156,309
2006 $36,961,894,281 $408,259,840,869
2005 $30,210,091,837 $385,714,762,230
2004 $23,141,566,293 $369,214,712,443
2003 $17,825,444,724 $318,082,528,507
2002 $14,594,900,945 $258,383,599,375
2001 $12,354,820,144 $236,746,141,604
2000 $12,736,856,828 $236,792,460,312
1999 $12,138,486,532 $258,245,733,221
1998 $15,222,012,660 $258,528,339,631
1997 $14,128,408,566 $252,708,051,421
1996 $14,500,437,520 $279,201,433,225
1995 $13,972,683,274 $288,025,588,396
1994 $14,931,435,232 $244,884,129,491
1993 $16,275,073,527 $224,721,795,709
1992 $16,939,790,094 $234,781,652,447
1991 $18,404,907,975 $210,510,999,409
1990 $17,389,558,233 $205,331,747,948
1989 - $164,221,056,511
1988 - $162,299,103,675
1987 - $149,394,404,106
1986 - $120,018,787,249
1985 - $86,268,264,148
1984 - $83,349,530,159
1983 - $87,184,239,053
1982 - $92,095,926,188
1981 - $104,730,018,470
1980 - $126,829,314,388
1979 - $116,315,456,797
1978 - $101,246,526,194
1977 - $82,839,905,459
1976 - $71,113,882,968
1975 - $65,678,189,097
1974 - $56,033,077,879
1973 - $47,743,801,490
1972 - $37,209,418,019
1971 - $29,821,661,870
1970 - $26,706,196,047
1969 - $24,019,653,475
1968 - $21,654,856,965
1967 - $20,252,508,995
1966 - $18,894,891,312
1965 - $17,597,783,297
1964 - $16,168,044,450
1963 - $14,445,805,381
1962 - $13,436,827,167
1961 - $12,561,701,694
1960 - $11,810,619,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

GDP per capita in Belarus vs Belgium by year

Belarus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Belarus Belgium
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $8,318 $33,010 $56,615 $73,514
2023 $7,897 $30,834 $55,291 $71,946
2022 $7,995 $28,429 $50,606 $69,128
2021 $7,490 $27,611 $51,658 $60,669
2020 $6,543 $24,872 $45,906 $56,120
2019 $6,838 $22,302 $46,717 $56,712
2018 $6,360 $20,026 $47,487 $52,467
2017 $5,786 $18,414 $44,035 $50,256
2016 $5,040 $17,832 $41,855 $48,415
2015 $5,967 $18,134 $40,894 $46,072
2014 $8,341 $19,038 $47,996 $45,148
2013 $7,998 $19,014 $46,965 $43,864
2012 $6,953 $18,115 $44,874 $42,484
2011 $6,528 $16,563 $47,761 $41,245
2010 $6,035 $15,339 $44,197 $39,840
2009 $5,352 $14,034 $44,923 $37,906
2008 $6,376 $13,886 $48,303 $37,883
2007 $4,735 $12,320 $44,319 $36,798
2006 $3,848 $10,995 $38,705 $35,251
2005 $3,126 $9,637 $36,810 $33,178
2004 $2,378 $8,483 $35,429 $32,060
2003 $1,820 $7,362 $30,655 $30,931
2002 $1,479 $6,697 $25,006 $30,282
2001 $1,244 $6,238 $23,015 $28,794
2000 $1,276 $5,796 $23,099 $27,794
1999 $1,211 $5,331 $25,253 $25,441
1998 $1,511 $5,061 $25,338 $24,370
1997 $1,396 $4,596 $24,821 $23,733
1996 $1,427 $4,039 $27,490 $22,745
1995 $1,371 $3,846 $28,414 $22,446
1994 $1,460 $4,190 $24,209 $21,518
1993 $1,590 $4,641 $22,284 $20,473
1992 $1,658 $4,917 $23,373 $20,272
1991 $1,805 $5,330 $21,042 $19,601
1990 $1,707 $5,220 $20,600 $18,688
1989 - - $16,525 -
1988 - - $16,391 -
1987 - - $15,136 -
1986 - - $12,170 -
1985 - - $8,751 -
1984 - - $8,457 -
1983 - - $8,846 -
1982 - - $9,344 -
1981 - - $10,623 -
1980 - - $12,864 -
1979 - - $11,811 -
1978 - - $10,290 -
1977 - - $8,427 -
1976 - - $7,243 -
1975 - - $6,701 -
1974 - - $5,734 -
1973 - - $4,901 -
1972 - - $3,832 -
1971 - - $3,083 -
1970 - - $2,766 -
1969 - - $2,490 -
1968 - - $2,251 -
1967 - - $2,114 -
1966 - - $1,983 -
1965 - - $1,860 -
1964 - - $1,724 -
1963 - - $1,555 -
1962 - - $1,457 -
1961 - - $1,368 -
1960 - - $1,290 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

Belarus' GDP per capita is $8,318, ranking 92/197, compared to $56,615 in Belgium, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belarus ranks 68th at $33,010, while Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514.

Economic indicators

Belarus Belgium
Gross domestic product
$76B
2024
$671B
2024
GDP rank
83/197
2024
23/197
2024
GDP growth
4.01%
2023-2024
1.07%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$8,318
2024
$56,615
2024
GDP per capita rank
92/197
2024
18/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$33,010
2024
$73,514
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
68/197
2024
21/197
2024
Government debt
$30.3B
2024
$703B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
39.9%
2024
104.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$3,318
2024
$59,278
2024
Government debt per person rank
97/185
2024
5/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,345
2026
$35,259
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$6.01B
2024
$321B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
549,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
11
2025
Income share by richest 10%
20.7%
2020
22.2%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2020
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
40.9%
2024
54.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.7%
2023-2024
3.14%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
9.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.04%
2024
5.7%
2024
Population
9013835
11902714

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Belarus
Spending

Debt
Belgium
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Belarus Belgium
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 40.9% 39.9% 54.5% 104.7%
2023 40.3% 40.7% 53.3% 103.2%
2022 38% 40.8% 52.3% 102.7%
2021 36.7% 41.2% 54.9% 108.5%
2020 38% 47.5% 58.5% 111.2%
2019 37.4% 41% 51.8% 97.6%
2018 37.8% 47.5% 52.5% 100.1%
2017 39% 53.2% 52.3% 102.5%
2016 40.7% 53.5% 53.4% 105.5%
2015 41.8% 53% 53.9% 105.6%
2014 38.8% 38.8% 55.4% 106.6%
2013 40.8% 36.9% 55.9% 105%
2012 38.9% 36.9% 56.2% 104.3%
2011 40.3% 58.2% 55% 102.7%
2010 44.3% 36.8% 53.9% 100.2%
2009 51.7% 32.5% 54.5% 99.9%
2008 60% 20.3% 50.8% 93.2%
2007 49.2% 15.8% 48.6% 87.3%
2006 47.2% 12.3% 48.8% 91.5%
2005 45% 8.12% 51.9% 95.1%
2004 44% 9.22% 49.3% 97.2%
2003 43.5% - 51% 101.7%
2002 43.8% - 49.9% 105.4%
2001 42.4% - 49.4% 108.2%
2000 - - 49.4% 109.6%
1999 - - 50.5% 115.4%
1998 - - 51% 119.2%
1997 - - 51.6% 124.3%
1996 - - 53.1% 129%
1995 - - 52.6% 131.3%
1994 - - 54.7% 137.1%
1993 - - 57.1% 138.9%
1992 - - 55.9% 134.7%
1991 - - 55.6% 131.8%
1990 - - 54.4% 130.3%
1989 - - 52.3% 126.4%
1988 - - 53.9% 129.7%
1987 - - 55.8% 129.2%
1986 - - 57.6% 124.7%
1985 - - 58.4% 119.4%
1984 - - 59.1% 114.6%
1983 - - 62.2% 110.3%
1982 - - 59.6% 99.6%
1981 - - 61.5% 89.7%
1980 - - 54.9% 76.8%
1979 - - 54.8% 69.2%
1978 - - 52.8% 65.2%
1977 - - 52.2% 61.6%
1976 - - 50.4% 61.4%
1975 - - 50.2% 59.5%
1974 - - 44.5% 61.7%
1973 - - 45% 63.7%
1972 - - 45% 64.9%
1971 - - 43.9% 63.5%
1970 - - 42.7% 66.6%
1969 - - 26.5% 51.6%
1968 - - 26.7% 54.5%
1967 - - 25.5% 54.1%
1966 - - 25.1% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 57.6%
1964 - - 22.5% 59.4%
1963 - - 23.1% 64.1%
1962 - - 22.5% 65.3%
1961 - - 22.1% 67.8%
1960 - - 23.7% 69.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

In 2024, Belarus' government spending was $31.1B, accounting for 40.9% of its GDP, while Belgium spent $366B, or 54.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 39.9% in Belarus and 104.7% in Belgium, ranking 133/185 and 19/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Belarus

Belgium
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Belarus Belgium
2024 1.05% -4.52%
2023 0.76% -4.1%
2022 -1.98% -3.62%
2021 -0.22% -5.4%
2020 -2.87% -9.03%
2019 0.91% -2.05%
2018 1.8% -1.05%
2017 -0.34% -0.76%
2016 -1.66% -2.43%
2015 -2.96% -2.48%
2014 0.09% -3.18%
2013 -0.98% -3.16%
2012 0.36% -4.35%
2011 -2.81% -4.44%
2010 -4.19% -4.13%
2009 -7.23% -5.45%
2008 -10.9% -1.1%
2007 -7.82% 0.07%
2006 -7.71% 0.24%
2005 -6.71% -2.72%
2004 -7.06% -0.24%
2003 -6.74% -1.86%
2002 -7.81% -0.04%
2001 -4.74% 0.23%
2000 - -0.08%
1999 - -0.65%
1998 - -1.03%
1997 - -2.15%
1996 - -4%
1995 - -4.51%
1994 - -5.29%
1993 - -7.71%
1992 - -8.42%
1991 - -7.67%
1990 - -6.99%
1989 - -7.58%
1988 - -7.28%
1987 - -7.89%
1986 - -9.96%
1985 - -10.1%
1984 - -10.8%
1983 - -14.5%
1982 - -12.3%
1981 - -15.5%
1980 - -9.43%
1979 - -8.33%
1978 - -6.51%
1977 - -6.51%
1976 - -6.61%
1975 - -6.45%
1974 - -3.87%
1973 - -5.02%
1972 - -6.07%
1971 - -4.45%
1970 - -3.51%
1969 - -3.34%
1968 - -3.69%
1967 - -2.76%
1966 - -3.08%
1965 - -2.9%
1964 - -2.27%
1963 - -2.8%
1962 - -2.12%
1961 - -2.34%
1960 - -4.89%
1959 - -5.21%
1958 - -4.33%
1957 - -1.27%
1956 - 1.85%
1955 - -1.05%
1954 - 2.34%
1953 - 0.14%
1952 - -0.26%
1951 - 0.59%
1950 - -2.01%
1949 - -2.05%
1948 - -2.29%
1947 - -14.5%
1946 - 1.87%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -5.81%
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -6.86%
1938 - -5.17%
1937 - -4.71%
1936 - -4.92%
1935 - -5.94%
1934 - -2.78%
1933 - -1.69%
1932 - -
1931 - -
1930 - -2.48%
1929 - -
1928 - -
1927 - 3.06%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -5.53%
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -1.4%
1912 - -1.39%
1911 - -0.92%
1910 - -0.18%
1909 - 0.13%
1908 - -0.95%
1907 - -0.81%
1906 - -1.35%
1905 - 1.23%
1904 - 0.004%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - 0.22%
1901 - 0.55%
1900 - -0.54%
1899 - -1.64%
1898 - -0.28%
1897 - -0.25%
1896 - 0.94%
1895 - -0.33%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - 0.07%
1892 - 0.17%
1891 - -0.005%
1890 - -0.83%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - -0.21%
1887 - -0.12%
1886 - 0.54%
1885 - -0.43%
1884 - -0.26%
1883 - -0.54%
1882 - -0.3%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - 0.12%
1879 - -1.51%
1878 - -1.78%
1877 - -2.52%
1876 - -0.77%
1875 - -0.88%
1874 - -1.02%
1873 - -2.08%
1872 - -0.7%
1871 - -0.64%
1870 - -0.58%
1869 - -0.35%
1868 - -0.39%
1867 - -0.49%
1866 - -0.87%
1865 - -0.55%
1864 - -0.62%
1863 - -0.72%
1862 - -0.49%
1861 - -0.22%
1860 - -0.13%
1859 - 0.1%
1858 - 0.35%
1857 - 0%
1856 - -0.26%
1855 - -0.28%
1854 - -0.4%
1853 - -0.3%
1852 - -0.44%
1851 - -0.05%
1850 - -0.11%
1849 - 0.11%
1848 - -1.41%
1847 - -0.69%
1846 - -0.52%
1845 - -1.17%
1844 - -4.92%
1843 - -0.86%
1842 - -0.89%
1841 - -0.75%
1840 - 0.16%
1839 - -0.43%
1838 - 0.23%
1837 - -0.11%
1836 - 0.18%
1835 - 0.27%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

In 2024, Belarus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $796M, equivalent to 1.05% of GDP. This compares to Belgium's deficit of $30.3B, or 4.52% of GDP.

Over the past 24 years, Belarus recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Belgium ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Belarus posted an annual deficit equal to 3.32% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.73% of GDP for Belgium.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Belarus

Belgium
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Belarus Belgium
2024 5.7% 3.14%
2023 5% 4.05%
2022 15.2% 9.6%
2021 9.5% 2.44%
2020 5.5% 0.74%
2019 5.6% 1.44%
2018 4.9% 2.05%
2017 6% 2.13%
2016 11.8% 1.97%
2015 13.5% 0.56%
2014 18.1% 0.34%
2013 18.3% 1.11%
2012 59.2% 2.84%
2011 53.2% 3.53%
2010 7.7% 2.19%
2009 13% -0.05%
2008 14.8% 4.49%
2007 8.4% 1.82%
2006 7% 1.79%
2005 10.3% 2.78%
2004 18.1% 2.1%
2003 28.4% 1.59%
2002 42.6% 1.65%
2001 61.1% 2.47%
2000 168.6% 2.54%
1999 293.7% 1.12%
1998 73% 0.95%
1997 63.8% 1.63%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Belarus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 37.2%, compared with 2.25% in Belgium. In 2024, inflation was 5.7% in Belarus and 3.14% in Belgium.

Top exports between countries

Belarus
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $68.9M
Raw materials & minerals $60.8M
Transport & tourism services $38.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $19.8M
Business & finance services $16.7M
IT & IP services $14.6M
Chemicals & pharma $12.8M
Metals $10M
Raw agricultural goods $6.17M
Machinery & equipment $2.49M
Belgium
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $61.4M
Chemicals & pharma $52.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $14.9M
Raw materials & minerals $10.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.97M
Wood & paper products $1.76M
Raw agricultural goods $1.71M
Metals $1.38M
Miscellaneous $347K
Animal & marine products $193K

Balance of trade

Belarus Belgium
Current account balance
-$1.94B
2024
-$2.54B
2024
Current account balance ranking
142/190
2024
151/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
-0.38%
2024
Goods imports
$44.2B
2024
$370B
2024
Goods exports
$39.5B
2024
$382B
2024
Service imports
$6.82B
2024
$164B
2024
Service exports
$10.1B
2024
$150B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
66.9%
2024
79.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
65.1%
2024
79.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Belarus Belgium
Economic freedom 49.1 69.2
Economic freedom ranking 166/197 42/197
Property rights 20 91.1
Government integrity 28.3 78.2
Judicial effectiveness 11.5 91.6
Tax burden 93.5 50.6
Government spending 52.6 14.6
Fiscal health 96.8 53.4
Business freedom 50.3 82.5
Labor freedom 48 57.5
Monetary freedom 69 76.8
Trade freedom 69.2 79.4
Investment freedom 30 85
Financial freedom 20 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Belarus
Belgium
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Belarus Belgium
2026 49.1 69.2
2025 48.9 69
2024 48.4 65.6
2023 51 67.1
2022 53 69.6
2021 61 70.1
2020 61.7 68.9
2019 57.9 67.3
2018 58.1 67.5
2017 58.6 67.8
2016 48.8 68.4
2015 49.8 68.8
2014 50.1 69.9
2013 48 69.2
2012 49 69
2011 47.9 70.2
2010 48.7 70.1
2009 45 72.1
2008 45.3 71.7
2007 47 72.5
2006 47.5 71.8
2005 46.7 69
2004 43.1 68.7
2003 39.7 68.1
2002 39 67.6
2001 38 63.8
2000 41.3 63.5
1999 35.4 62.9
1998 38 64.7
1997 39.8 64.6
1996 38.7 66
1995 40.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Belarus is 49.1, ranking 166/197, compared to 69.2 for Belgium, ranking 42/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Belarus Belgium
Services, % of GDP
49.7%
2024
71%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
30.7%
2024
18.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.87%
2024
0.79%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$75.4B
2024
$656B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$32,300
2024
$74,770
2024
Total reserves including gold
$8.91B
2024
$41.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
82/177
2024
49/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.57B
2024
$46.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.74B
2024
-$41.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$170M
2024
$4.71B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.19%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
3.9%
2022
12.3%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25.8%
2024
24.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belarus/belgium | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.