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Economy of Albania vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Albania has a GDP of $30.5B compared to $4.44T for Japan, ranking 113/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Albania has $16.1B in government debt (52.6% of GDP), compared to $9.16T (206.5% of GDP) in Japan.

Albania vs Japan GDP by year

Albania
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Albania Japan
2025 $30,540,188,271 $4,435,162,999,977
2024 $27,037,474,263 $4,190,008,188,359
2023 $23,491,242,727 $4,384,854,269,962
2022 $19,017,247,014 $4,447,976,207,315
2021 $18,031,989,573 $5,225,933,520,753
2020 $15,241,458,745 $5,189,197,543,645
2019 $15,585,111,614 $5,245,755,000,479
2018 $15,379,508,330 $5,154,293,721,630
2017 $13,258,268,436 $5,038,231,631,661
2016 $11,988,668,785 $5,110,357,383,254
2015 $11,470,171,827 $4,534,438,580,495
2014 $13,296,322,588 $4,985,763,289,561
2013 $12,796,985,886 $5,272,297,037,397
2012 $12,246,499,748 $6,333,803,928,788
2011 $12,973,755,875 $6,279,422,550,219
2010 $12,086,545,641 $5,811,578,109,447
2009 $12,335,540,656 $5,336,765,697,589
2008 $13,258,506,375 $5,160,197,175,876
2007 $11,116,937,870 $4,624,670,179,655
2006 $9,150,528,132 $4,648,058,930,707
2005 $8,256,658,250 $4,875,648,486,366
2004 $7,406,645,793 $4,941,485,123,807
2003 $5,801,712,040 $4,573,413,206,709
2002 $4,515,003,117 $4,245,946,980,572
2001 $4,059,064,033 $4,438,792,748,062
2000 $3,584,570,165 $5,042,381,838,343
1999 $3,283,941,510 $4,688,983,449,627
1998 $2,600,356,999 $4,150,359,076,370
1997 $2,293,666,030 $4,579,780,793,432
1996 $3,234,486,232 $5,021,441,618,840
1995 $2,905,092,799 $5,639,649,753,986
1994 $1,880,950,864 $5,104,063,486,348
1993 $1,185,315,468 $4,632,480,515,091
1992 $652,174,991 $4,064,529,567,505
1991 $1,099,559,028 $3,724,887,648,862
1990 $2,028,553,750 $3,252,994,239,867
1989 $2,253,090,000 $3,174,934,735,896
1988 $2,051,236,250 $3,191,546,727,316
1987 $2,080,796,250 $2,635,094,473,494
1986 $2,097,326,250 $2,164,729,071,349
1985 $1,897,050,117 $1,457,070,301,468
1984 $1,857,337,995 $1,374,165,212,365
1983 $1,881,412,587 $1,297,622,008,229
1982 $1,861,163,170 $1,183,132,285,328
1981 $1,808,177,156 $1,271,443,597,067
1980 $1,578,102,105 $1,153,159,955,513
1979 - $1,100,608,979,757
1978 - $1,057,419,758,047
1977 - $752,590,681,822
1976 - $611,495,350,304
1975 - $544,082,569,364
1974 - $500,355,087,138
1973 - $450,756,970,744
1972 - $331,776,379,992
1971 - $250,530,994,765
1970 - $221,798,003,144
1969 - $188,179,852,753
1968 - $160,201,483,788
1967 - $135,265,319,098
1966 - $115,427,351,851
1965 - $99,387,878,008
1964 - $89,332,989,729
1963 - $75,945,582,324
1962 - $66,356,388,224
1961 - $58,472,696,006
1960 - $48,417,804,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Albania vs Japan by year

Albania
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Albania Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $12,998 - $35,951 -
2024 $11,374 $26,702 $33,797 $52,039
2023 $9,741 $24,822 $35,215 $50,662
2022 $7,757 $22,138 $35,548 $47,192
2021 $7,242 $18,213 $41,581 $44,355
2020 $6,028 $16,288 $41,099 $42,426
2019 $6,069 $16,442 $41,425 $42,678
2018 $5,898 $15,055 $40,645 $42,142
2017 $5,006 $14,111 $39,680 $41,444
2016 $4,458 $13,056 $40,215 $40,597
2015 $4,200 $12,387 $35,665 $40,899
2014 $4,794 $11,788 $39,173 $39,555
2013 $4,543 $10,882 $41,369 $39,402
2012 $4,281 $10,609 $49,627 $37,606
2011 $4,466 $10,273 $49,122 $36,214
2010 $4,149 $9,755 $45,378 $35,336
2009 $4,214 $9,031 $41,678 $33,543
2008 $4,499 $8,469 $40,294 $35,274
2007 $3,743 $7,585 $36,130 $35,015
2006 $3,058 $6,753 $36,354 $33,632
2005 $2,742 $6,014 $38,159 $32,170
2004 $2,447 $5,595 $38,678 $30,832
2003 $1,909 $5,169 $35,809 $29,392
2002 $1,480 $4,840 $33,316 $28,624
2001 $1,326 $4,451 $34,910 $27,943
2000 $1,160 $3,978 $39,753 $27,288
1999 $1,056 $3,549 $37,029 $25,736
1998 $831 $3,086 $32,835 $25,508
1997 $729 $2,760 $36,331 $25,619
1996 $1,021 $3,054 $39,930 $24,999
1995 $911 $2,777 $44,947 $23,858
1994 $586 $2,385 $40,774 $22,823
1993 $367 $2,143 $37,111 $22,168
1992 $200.9 $1,899 $32,667 $21,825
1991 $337 $1,989 $30,048 $21,227
1990 $617 $2,656 $26,345 $19,912
1989 $698 - $25,798 -
1988 $653 - $26,037 -
1987 $675 - $21,587 -
1986 $694 - $17,819 -
1985 $640 - $12,058 -
1984 $639 - $11,443 -
1983 $662 - $10,876 -
1982 $668 - $9,986 -
1981 $663 - $10,806 -
1980 $591 - $9,872 -
1979 - - $9,497 -
1978 - - $9,202 -
1977 - - $6,609 -
1976 - - $5,422 -
1975 - - $4,876 -
1974 - - $4,542 -
1973 - - $4,147 -
1972 - - $3,095 -
1971 - - $2,370 -
1970 - - $2,145 -
1969 - - $1,841 -
1968 - - $1,586 -
1967 - - $1,354 -
1966 - - $1,168 -
1965 - - $1,015 -
1964 - - $922 -
1963 - - $792 -
1962 - - $699 -
1961 - - $622 -
1960 - - $519 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

Albania's GDP per capita is $12,998, ranking 79/197, compared to $35,951 in Japan, ranking 34/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Albania ranks 79th at $26,702, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Albania Japan
Gross domestic product
$30.5B
2025
$4.44T
2025
GDP rank
113/197
2025
4/197
2025
GDP growth
3.79%
2024-2025
1.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$12,998
2025
$35,951
2025
GDP per capita rank
79/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,702
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
79/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$16.1B
2025
$9.16T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
52.6%
2025
206.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$6,837
2025
$74,248
2025
Government debt per person rank
72/185
2025
3/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$9,481
2026
$22,962
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$7.61T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,902,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
41
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.8%
2020
24.3%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
3.4%
2020
2.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.1%
2025
36.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.2%
2024-2025
3.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.5%
2025
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.43%
2024
2.5%
2025
Population
2332078
122704252

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Albania
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Albania Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 30.1% 52.6% 36.9% 206.5%
2024 28.9% 54.5% 37.3% 214.5%
2023 28.5% 58% 37.8% 220.3%
2022 30.3% 64.7% 40.2% 227.8%
2021 31.9% 74.8% 41.3% 222.7%
2020 32.4% 75.4% 43.6% 228.8%
2019 28.7% 66.6% 36.4% 206.3%
2018 28.7% 68.5% 36% 203.7%
2017 29.2% 71.9% 35.9% 203.1%
2016 29.1% 73.3% 36.5% 202.1%
2015 30.8% 73.7% 36.6% 200.1%
2014 31.7% 72% 37.8% 203.6%
2013 29.2% 70.4% 38.4% 201.2%
2012 28.2% 62.1% 38.4% 197.1%
2011 28.9% 59.4% 38.4% 190.6%
2010 29.4% 57.7% 37.4% 178.6%
2009 32.7% 59.7% 38.3% 172.9%
2008 31.7% 55.1% 33.7% 153.6%
2007 29.3% 53.6% 32.8% 150.4%
2006 29.2% 56.7% 32.7% 152.1%
2005 28.9% 58.2% 33.2% 153.4%
2004 30.2% 57.5% 33.3% 148.8%
2003 29.7% 60.2% 34.6% 140.2%
2002 31.5% 64.1% 34.9% 134.6%
2001 32.7% 60.6% 34.7% 126.8%
2000 33.8% 63.8% 35.4% 118.5%
1999 37.1% 68.2% 35.2% 113.5%
1998 36.8% 71.2% 38.1% 101.6%
1997 30.3% 72.2% 32.4% 91.3%
1996 - - 33.1% 85.3%
1995 - - 32.8% 80.7%
1994 - - 32.1% 73.3%
1993 - - 31.4% 63.2%
1992 - - 29.6% 57.9%
1991 - - 28.6% 54.1%
1990 - - 28.8% 54.8%
1989 - - 29.2% 65.7%
1988 - - 29.9% 71.9%
1987 - - 30.6% 75.8%
1986 - - 30.4% 74.1%
1985 - - 30.4% 68.3%
1984 - - 31.2% 65.6%
1983 - - 31.8% 63.5%
1982 - - 31.7% 57.7%
1981 - - 31.5% 52.8%
1980 - - 33.5% 47.8%
1979 - - 33.2% 43.8%
1978 - - 32.1% 39%
1977 - - 30.4% 31.1%
1976 - - 29.1% 26.1%
1975 - - 28.5% 20.9%
1974 - - 25.5% 16.7%
1973 - - 23.3% 15.9%
1972 - - 23.1% 16.3%
1971 - - 21.8% 12.6%
1970 - - 20.2% 11.2%
1969 - - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 - - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 - - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 - - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 - - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 - - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 - - 20% 8.66%
1962 - - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 - - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 - - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government spending was $9.19B, accounting for 30.1% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.63T, or 36.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 52.6% in Albania and 206.5% in Japan, ranking 96/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Albania

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Albania Japan
2025 -1.75% -1.05%
2024 -0.72% -1.67%
2023 -1.32% -2.39%
2022 -3.64% -4.23%
2021 -4.57% -6.32%
2020 -6.67% -9.04%
2019 -1.84% -3.05%
2018 -1.58% -2.44%
2017 -1.41% -3.05%
2016 -1.5% -3.58%
2015 -4.32% -3.64%
2014 -5.46% -5.58%
2013 -5.22% -7.62%
2012 -3.44% -8.22%
2011 -3.52% -9.02%
2010 -3.52% -9.05%
2009 -6.59% -9.62%
2008 -4.88% -4.07%
2007 -3.18% -2.86%
2006 -3.26% -3%
2005 -3.46% -4.39%
2004 -5.16% -5.26%
2003 -5.01% -7.35%
2002 -6.21% -7.22%
2001 -6.84% -6.11%
2000 -7.77% -7.17%
1999 -8.84% -6.68%
1998 -9.93% -9.91%
1997 -11.9% -3.44%
1996 - -4.75%
1995 - -4.22%
1994 - -3.7%
1993 - -2.34%
1992 - 0.56%
1991 - 1.64%
1990 - 1.91%
1989 - 1.23%
1988 - 0.49%
1987 - -0.36%
1986 - -1.36%
1985 - -1.37%
1984 - -2.62%
1983 - -3.95%
1982 - -3.81%
1981 - -3.85%
1980 - -4.66%
1979 - -5%
1978 - -5.79%
1977 - -4.02%
1976 - -3.89%
1975 - -2.92%
1974 - 0.38%
1973 - 0.56%
1972 - -0.13%
1971 - 1.21%
1970 - 1.74%
1969 - 1.26%
1968 - 0.88%
1967 - 0.8%
1966 - -0.34%
1965 - 0.48%
1964 - 0.85%
1963 - 1.08%
1962 - 1.49%
1961 - 2.58%
1960 - 1.85%
1959 - 0.97%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - 1.27%
1956 - 1.39%
1955 - -0.67%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.65%
1952 - 2.22%
1951 - 5.06%
1950 - 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Albania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $533M, equivalent to 1.75% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $46.7B, or 1.05% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Albania recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Albania posted an annual deficit equal to 4.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.41% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Albania

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Albania Japan
2025 2.2% 3.17%
2024 2.2% 2.74%
2023 4.8% 3.27%
2022 6.7% 2.5%
2021 2% -0.23%
2020 1.6% -0.02%
2019 1.4% 0.47%
2018 2% 0.99%
2017 2% 0.48%
2016 1.3% -0.13%
2015 1.9% 0.8%
2014 1.6% 2.76%
2013 1.9% 0.34%
2012 2% -0.04%
2011 3.4% -0.27%
2010 3.6% -0.73%
2009 2.2% -1.35%
2008 3.3% 1.38%
2007 3% 0.06%
2006 2.4% 0.25%
2005 2.4% -0.28%
2004 2.9% -0.009%
2003 2.4% -0.26%
2002 5.2% -0.92%
2001 3.1% -0.74%
2000 0% -0.68%
1999 0.4% -0.34%
1998 20.6% 0.66%
1997 33.2% 1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Albania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.2%, compared with 0.54% in Japan. In 2025, inflation was 2.2% in Albania and 3.17% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Albania
Export category Export value
Metals $8.67M
Animal & marine products $2.94M
Government & miscellaneous services $236K
Business & finance services $118K
Textiles & consumer goods $109K
Machinery & equipment $38K
Raw agricultural goods $34K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Wood & paper products $2K
Japan
Export category Export value
Metals $8.27M
Machinery & equipment $2.46M
Miscellaneous $616K
Raw materials & minerals $167K
Chemicals & pharma $146K
Animal & marine products $134K
Textiles & consumer goods $64K
Raw agricultural goods $39K
Precious metals & jewellery $27K
Wood & paper products $4K

Balance of trade

Albania Japan
Current account balance
-$161M
2025
$216B
2025
Current account balance ranking
86/190
2025
3/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.53%
2025
+4.86%
2025
Goods imports
$8.52B
2025
$729B
2025
Goods exports
$1.76B
2025
$725B
2025
Service imports
$4.55B
2025
$269B
2025
Service exports
$9.66B
2025
$246B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.5%
2025
22.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37%
2025
22%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Albania Japan
Economic freedom 68 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 50/197 36/197
Property rights 57.6 94.2
Government integrity 41.9 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 59.9 97.9
Tax burden 89.3 63
Government spending 74.3 52
Fiscal health 88 41.7
Business freedom 76.6 77.8
Labor freedom 46.2 65.9
Monetary freedom 78.6 74.3
Trade freedom 83 76.2
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Albania
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Albania Japan
2026 68 70.3
2025 66.6 70.2
2024 64.8 67.5
2023 65.3 69.3
2022 66.6 69.9
2021 65.2 74.1
2020 66.9 73.3
2019 66.5 72.1
2018 64.5 72.3
2017 64.4 69.6
2016 65.9 73.1
2015 65.7 73.3
2014 66.9 72.4
2013 65.2 71.8
2012 65.1 71.6
2011 64 72.8
2010 66 72.9
2009 63.7 72.8
2008 62.4 73
2007 61.4 72.7
2006 60.3 73.3
2005 57.8 67.3
2004 58.5 64.3
2003 56.8 67.6
2002 56.8 66.7
2001 56.6 70.9
2000 53.6 70.7
1999 53.4 69.1
1998 53.9 70.2
1997 54.8 70.3
1996 53.8 72.6
1995 49.7 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Albania is 68, ranking 50/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Albania Japan
Services, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
71.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.8%
2025
26.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14.8%
2025
0.96%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$28.3B
2025
$4.73T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$28,170
2025
$58,920
2025
Total reserves including gold
$8.6B
2025
$1.37T
2025
Total reserves ranking
86/177
2025
3/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.51B
2025
$172B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.71B
2024
$18.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$261M
2024
$207B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
19.7%
2022
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
27.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/albania/japan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.