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Economy of Equatorial Guinea vs Finland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Equatorial Guinea has a GDP of $12.8B compared to $299B for Finland, ranking 148/197 and 47/197 by economy size, respectively.

Equatorial Guinea has $4.65B in government debt (36.4% of GDP), compared to $245B (82.1% of GDP) in Finland.

Equatorial Guinea vs Finland GDP by year

Equatorial Guinea
Finland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Equatorial Guinea Finland
2024 $12,765,777,677 $298,696,961,298
2023 $12,337,550,584 $295,021,982,463
2022 $13,687,643,436 $280,253,099,309
2021 $12,215,878,033 $294,223,210,496
2020 $9,893,816,008 $270,000,311,606
2019 $11,364,133,550 $267,014,821,129
2018 $13,097,012,134 $273,869,255,596
2017 $12,200,913,879 $253,846,138,440
2016 $11,240,808,848 $238,777,818,793
2015 $13,185,496,881 $233,210,733,506
2014 $21,765,453,082 $273,478,528,955
2013 $21,948,834,284 $270,268,036,626
2012 $22,388,344,144 $257,443,384,493
2011 $21,357,343,669 $275,126,915,516
2010 $16,314,443,436 $249,429,613,683
2009 $15,027,795,173 $253,480,783,439
2008 $19,749,893,536 $285,698,662,071
2007 $13,071,718,759 $256,360,251,538
2006 $10,086,528,699 $217,044,068,234
2005 $8,217,369,093 $204,859,368,791
2004 $4,410,764,339 $197,458,297,640
2003 $2,484,745,935 $171,612,867,736
2002 $1,806,742,742 $140,360,963,812
2001 $1,461,139,022 $129,519,672,869
2000 $1,045,998,496 $125,967,821,111
1999 $621,117,886 $135,234,241,918
1998 $370,687,634 $133,990,876,725
1997 $442,337,871 $126,862,902,302
1996 $232,463,023 $131,991,975,149
1995 $141,853,361 $134,060,457,516
1994 $100,807,003 $103,182,697,780
1993 $136,047,906 $89,112,105,756
1992 $134,707,184 $112,537,828,511
1991 $110,906,029 $127,794,441,994
1990 $112,119,411 $141,446,120,355
1989 $88,265,975 $118,991,270,611
1988 $100,534,657 $109,039,090,263
1987 $93,345,860 $91,564,993,913
1986 $76,407,396 $73,511,611,541
1985 $62,118,570 $55,856,676,899
1984 $50,320,914 $52,870,993,273
1983 $44,442,457 $50,956,447,481
1982 $44,294,648 $52,784,013,815
1981 $36,731,423 $52,440,066,134
1980 $50,642,881 $53,649,984,061
1979 - $44,469,218,440
1978 - $36,259,392,058
1977 $103,987,520 $33,502,784,418
1976 $103,653,050 $31,852,352,670
1975 $104,295,643 $29,475,251,333
1974 $94,159,863 $24,851,036,710
1973 $81,203,227 $19,474,098,335
1972 $65,429,198 $14,744,499,570
1971 $64,946,955 $12,528,522,307
1970 $66,331,429 $11,358,529,162
1969 $67,225,714 $10,177,524,839
1968 $67,514,286 $8,916,565,041
1967 $72,317,447 $9,468,272,357
1966 $69,110,000 $9,306,142,172
1965 $64,748,333 $8,680,393,839
1964 $51,915,000 $7,848,987,793
1963 $44,266,667 $6,958,916,548
1962 $37,253,333 $6,407,796,043
1961 - $5,984,433,774
1960 - $5,279,481,824

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Equatorial Guinea vs Finland by year

Equatorial Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Equatorial Guinea Finland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $6,745 $17,567 $53,150 $65,378
2023 $6,678 $17,412 $52,834 $63,415
2022 $7,589 $18,140 $50,441 $62,133
2021 $6,946 $16,821 $53,099 $56,790
2020 $5,764 $13,677 $48,829 $53,297
2019 $6,804 $16,451 $48,358 $52,276
2018 $8,102 $18,413 $49,654 $49,249
2017 $7,809 $18,435 $46,085 $47,235
2016 $7,453 $16,649 $43,451 $44,562
2015 $9,069 $19,479 $42,560 $42,258
2014 $15,549 $27,177 $50,074 $41,547
2013 $16,304 $27,910 $49,691 $41,326
2012 $17,309 $30,012 $47,552 $40,739
2011 $17,198 $27,242 $51,060 $40,846
2010 $13,720 $26,168 $46,506 $38,946
2009 $13,233 $29,722 $47,478 $37,988
2008 $18,211 $30,523 $53,769 $40,081
2007 $12,617 $26,611 $48,473 $37,843
2006 $10,185 $23,511 $41,214 $34,440
2005 $8,674 $22,137 $39,050 $32,048
2004 $4,901 $19,354 $37,768 $31,195
2003 $2,931 $14,496 $32,920 $29,043
2002 $2,264 $13,255 $26,989 $28,596
2001 $1,949 $11,627 $24,965 $27,798
2000 $1,487 $7,420 $24,336 $26,783
1999 $931 $6,470 $26,180 $24,762
1998 $578 $5,280 $26,000 $23,570
1997 $717 $4,387 $24,682 $21,787
1996 $392 $1,793 $25,757 $20,067
1995 $248.3 $1,098 $26,246 $19,568
1994 $183.2 $951 $20,278 $18,458
1993 $256.7 $828 $17,589 $17,458
1992 $263.7 $756 $22,320 $17,271
1991 $225.3 $569 $25,489 $17,563
1990 $236.4 $577 $28,366 $18,149
1989 $193.2 - $23,969 -
1988 $228.7 - $22,044 -
1987 $220.9 - $18,565 -
1986 $188.8 - $14,947 -
1985 $161.1 - $11,394 -
1984 $137.9 - $10,830 -
1983 $129.4 - $10,494 -
1982 $137.5 - $10,935 -
1981 $121.1 - $10,925 -
1980 $175.5 - $11,225 -
1979 - - $9,333 -
1978 - - $7,629 -
1977 $376 - $7,070 -
1976 $369 - $6,740 -
1975 $362 - $6,256 -
1974 $319 - $5,298 -
1973 $268.6 - $4,174 -
1972 $211.4 - $3,178 -
1971 $205.6 - $2,716 -
1970 $206.8 - $2,466 -
1969 $208.4 - $2,201 -
1968 $211.7 - $1,927 -
1967 $231.9 - $2,056 -
1966 $226.7 - $2,032 -
1965 $217.1 - $1,902 -
1964 $177.8 - $1,726 -
1963 $154.8 - $1,538 -
1962 $132.9 - $1,427 -
1961 - - $1,341 -
1960 - - $1,192 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

Equatorial Guinea's GDP per capita is $6,745, ranking 106/197, compared to $53,150 in Finland, ranking 23/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Equatorial Guinea ranks 106th at $17,567, while Finland ranks 27th at $65,378.

Economic indicators

Equatorial Guinea Finland
Gross domestic product
$12.8B
2024
$299B
2024
GDP rank
148/197
2024
47/197
2024
GDP growth
0.91%
2023-2024
0.42%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$6,745
2024
$53,150
2024
GDP per capita rank
106/197
2024
23/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,567
2024
$65,378
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
106/197
2024
27/197
2024
Government debt
$4.65B
2024
$245B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.4%
2024
82.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,458
2024
$43,662
2024
Government debt per person rank
110/185
2024
12/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,042
2026
$36,394
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$20.3B
2004
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2025
Income share by richest 10%
29.1%
2022
22.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2022
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.5%
2024
57.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.4%
2023-2024
1.57%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
8.6%
2014
8.34%
2024
Population
1998075
5631965

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Spending

Debt
Finland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Finland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 18.5% 36.4% 57.7% 82.1%
2023 19.2% 39.1% 55.9% 77.5%
2022 14.8% 29.8% 52.6% 74%
2021 12.7% 42.3% 55.2% 73.2%
2020 16.2% 49.4% 56.5% 75.3%
2019 16.8% 43.2% 52.6% 65.3%
2018 19.1% 40.6% 52.7% 65.3%
2017 20.1% 36.2% 52.8% 66.6%
2016 27.8% 41.1% 55.1% 68.6%
2015 41.6% 31.7% 55.7% 68.8%
2014 31.6% 12.6% 57.6% 64.8%
2013 29.3% 6.27% 57.1% 60.8%
2012 35.2% 7.1% 55.7% 57.9%
2011 27.5% 7.17% 53.8% 52%
2010 31.2% 7.89% 54% 50.1%
2009 39.8% 4.34% 54.1% 41.5%
2008 19.9% 0.49% 47.9% 32.6%
2007 19.7% 0.75% 46.7% 33.9%
2006 18.1% 1.22% 48.3% 38%
2005 14.1% 2.85% 49.2% 39.9%
2004 15.5% 4.54% 48.2% 42.6%
2003 11.8% 6.77% 48.3% 42.7%
2002 11.3% 19.4% 47.5% 40.1%
2001 13.5% 25.5% 46.2% 40.9%
2000 22.6% 36.6% 46.9% 42.4%
1999 18.7% 60.5% 49.9% 44%
1998 35.1% 59.2% 51.3% 46.8%
1997 14.8% 46.3% 54.9% 52.2%
1996 22.9% 91.2% 58.5% 55.4%
1995 141.5% 136.9% 60% 55.2%
1994 510% 216% 62.2% 56.2%
1993 256.3% 152.6% 63.7% 54.2%
1992 595% 136.9% 60.8% 39.3%
1991 284.5% 169.5% 55.8% 21.9%
1990 212.9% 157% 47.1% 13.9%
1989 116.8% 187% 44.4% 14.3%
1988 227.9% 154.5% 46.4% 16.5%
1987 183% 141.3% 47.8% 17.6%
1986 119% 152.5% 46.9% 16.4%
1985 115.4% 183.8% 46.3% 15.8%
1984 - - 44.4% 15.2%
1983 - - 44.4% 15.4%
1982 - - 42.7% 13.9%
1981 - - 41% 11.5%
1980 - - 40.1% 10.9%
1979 - - 40.3% 11%
1978 - - 41.3% 10.7%
1977 - - 41.7% 8.22%
1976 - - 39.8% 7.09%
1975 - - 38.6% 6.76%
1974 - - 22.9% 2.97%
1973 - - 21.8% 4.42%
1972 - - 20.4% 6.46%
1971 - - 22.8% 7.94%
1970 - - 21.9% 9.19%
1969 - - 22.2% 10.8%
1968 - - 25.5% 13.9%
1967 - - 23.5% 14.2%
1966 - - 23.3% 13.7%
1965 - - 23.2% 13%
1964 - - 22.8% 12.5%
1963 - - 21.6% 12.2%
1962 - - 23.9% 10.3%
1961 - - 22.7% 9.12%
1960 - - 22.5% 9.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government spending was $2.36B, accounting for 18.5% of its GDP, while Finland spent $172B, or 57.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.4% in Equatorial Guinea and 82.1% in Finland, ranking 143/185 and 42/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Equatorial Guinea

Finland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Finland
2024 -0.55% -4.41%
2023 2.39% -2.98%
2022 11.7% -0.18%
2021 2.65% -2.69%
2020 -1.77% -5.53%
2019 1.82% -0.93%
2018 0.52% -0.87%
2017 -2.59% -0.63%
2016 -10.9% -1.7%
2015 -15.1% -2.43%
2014 -7.54% -2.99%
2013 -4.4% -2.52%
2012 -7.24% -2.15%
2011 0.83% -1.01%
2010 -4.53% -2.57%
2009 -6.47% -2.48%
2008 14.6% 4.18%
2007 17.2% 5.12%
2006 21.8% 3.93%
2005 18.5% 2.59%
2004 9.22% 2.16%
2003 9.99% 2.34%
2002 17.6% 3.97%
2001 14.9% 4.89%
2000 -2.67% 6.73%
1999 -0.19% 1.6%
1998 -7.65% 1.54%
1997 3.21% -1.33%
1996 -6.36% -3.37%
1995 -123.4% -5.98%
1994 -487% -6.41%
1993 -217.9% -8.09%
1992 -557% -4.88%
1991 -236% 0.3%
1990 -160.2% 6.63%
1989 -76.2% 6.73%
1988 -208.5% 5.09%
1987 -158% 1.63%
1986 -97.3% 3.83%
1985 -89.3% 3.33%
1984 - 3.23%
1983 - 1.52%
1982 - 3.06%
1981 - 5.11%
1980 - 3.7%
1979 - 3.41%
1978 - 3.83%
1977 - 6.27%
1976 - 7.65%
1975 - 4.96%
1974 - -0.03%
1973 - 1.48%
1972 - -0.18%
1971 - 0.15%
1970 - 1.06%
1969 - 0.94%
1968 - -1.69%
1967 - -0.26%
1966 - -1.08%
1965 - -1.67%
1964 - -1.35%
1963 - -2.5%
1962 - -2.37%
1961 - -3.03%
1960 - -0.52%
1959 - -0.12%
1958 - -1.73%
1957 - 0.08%
1956 - -1.14%
1955 - -1%
1954 - -0.17%
1953 - 0.02%
1952 - -1.24%
1951 - 1.1%
1950 - -0.26%
1949 - -2.77%
1948 - 1.88%
1947 - -5.99%
1946 - -15.3%
1945 - -6.35%
1944 - -21.5%
1943 - -14.2%
1942 - -16.4%
1941 - -35.8%
1940 - -36.9%
1939 - -9.76%
1938 - -1.48%
1937 - -4.44%
1936 - -3.75%
1935 - -3.81%
1934 - -2.81%
1933 - -1.63%
1932 - -2.61%
1931 - -2.32%
1930 - -1.94%
1929 - -0.78%
1928 - -2.07%
1927 - -0.32%
1926 - -2.9%
1925 - -2.92%
1924 - 0.04%
1923 - -2.3%
1922 - 0.62%
1921 - -2.59%
1920 - -2.6%
1919 - -7.49%
1918 - -11.4%
1917 - -1.27%
1916 - 1.48%
1915 - -0.29%
1914 - -1.15%
1913 - -0.25%
1912 - 0.33%
1911 - -0.14%
1910 - -0.3%
1909 - -2.64%
1908 - -1.92%
1907 - 0.24%
1906 - 0.86%
1905 - -1.28%
1904 - -1.63%
1903 - -0.3%
1902 - -1.74%
1901 - -2.13%
1900 - -0.52%
1899 - -1%
1898 - -4.55%
1897 - -0.37%
1896 - -0.56%
1895 - -1.21%
1894 - -0.62%
1893 - 0%
1892 - 0.82%
1891 - 0.16%
1890 - 0.17%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - -0.59%
1887 - -1.46%
1886 - 0%
1885 - -1.2%
1884 - -0.2%
1883 - 0%
1882 - 0.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

In 2024, Equatorial Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $70.8M, equivalent to 0.55% of GDP. This compares to Finland's deficit of $13.2B, or 4.41% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Equatorial Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Finland ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Equatorial Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 58.6% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.01% of GDP for Finland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Equatorial Guinea

Finland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Equatorial Guinea Finland
2024 3.4% 1.57%
2023 2.4% 6.25%
2022 4.9% 7.12%
2021 -0.1% 2.19%
2020 4.8% 0.29%
2019 1.2% 1.02%
2018 1.3% 1.08%
2017 0.7% 0.75%
2016 1.4% 0.36%
2015 1.7% -0.21%
2014 4.3% 1.04%
2013 3.2% 1.48%
2012 3.4% 2.81%
2011 4.8% 3.42%
2010 5.3% 1.18%
2009 5.7% -0%
2008 4.7% 4.07%
2007 2.8% 2.51%
2006 4.5% 1.57%
2005 5.6% 0.62%
2004 4.2% 0.19%
2003 7.3% 0.88%
2002 7.6% 1.57%
2001 8.7% 2.58%
2000 4.8% 3.04%
1999 0.4% 1.16%
1998 7.9% 1.4%
1997 3% 1.19%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Equatorial Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.93%, compared with 1.83% in Finland. In 2024, inflation was 3.4% in Equatorial Guinea and 1.57% in Finland.

Top exports between countries

Equatorial Guinea
Export category Export value
Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $234K
Metals $5K
Raw materials & minerals $3K

Balance of trade

Equatorial Guinea Finland
Current account balance
-$344M
1996
-$1.99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
101/190
1996
143/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-148%
1996
-0.67%
2024
Goods imports
$292M
1996
$76.6B
2024
Goods exports
$175M
1996
$83.1B
2024
Service imports
$185M
1996
$47.4B
2024
Service exports
$4.88M
1996
$42B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.4%
2024
41.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
35.2%
2024
41.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Equatorial Guinea Finland
Economic freedom 47.4 76.6
Economic freedom ranking 175/197 15/197
Property rights 16.9 99.9
Government integrity 6.9 95.4
Judicial effectiveness 7.2 96.4
Tax burden 81 68.4
Government spending 90.8 7.9
Fiscal health 97.3 76.3
Business freedom 35.9 85.3
Labor freedom 45.2 65.4
Monetary freedom 73.5 80.3
Trade freedom 43.6 79.4
Investment freedom 40 85
Financial freedom 30 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Finland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Equatorial Guinea Finland
2026 47.4 76.6
2025 47.7 77
2024 47.7 76.3
2023 48.3 77.1
2022 47.2 78.3
2021 49.2 76.1
2020 48.3 75.7
2019 41 74.9
2018 42 74.1
2017 45 74
2016 43.7 72.6
2015 40.4 73.4
2014 44.4 73.4
2013 42.3 74
2012 42.8 72.3
2011 47.5 74
2010 48.6 73.8
2009 51.3 74.5
2008 51.6 74.6
2007 53.2 74
2006 51.5 72.9
2005 53.3 71
2004 53.3 73.4
2003 53.1 73.7
2002 46.4 73.6
2001 47.9 69.7
2000 45.6 64.3
1999 45.1 63.9
1998 - 63.5
1997 - 65.2
1996 - 63.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Equatorial Guinea is 47.4, ranking 175/197, compared to 76.6 for Finland, ranking 15/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Equatorial Guinea Finland
Services, % of GDP
51.1%
2024
62.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
45.8%
2024
22.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.15%
2024
2.47%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$8.96B
2024
$290B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,330
2024
$65,640
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.54B
2023
$18B
2024
Total reserves ranking
134/177
2023
65/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$376M
1996
$3.28B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$188M
2024
$8.74B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$154M
2024
$12B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.7%
2022
12.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
8.96%
2024
22.3%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/finland | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2014, retrieved 2026-02-20)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.