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Economy of Finland vs Mexico compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Finland has a GDP of $299B compared to $1.86T for Mexico, ranking 47/197 and 13/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $245B in government debt (82.1% of GDP), compared to $1.08T (58.3% of GDP) in Mexico.

Finland vs Mexico GDP by year

Finland
Mexico
1x
Year GDP, current $
Finland Mexico
2024 $298,696,961,298 $1,856,365,616,166
2023 $295,021,982,463 $1,798,317,581,487
2022 $280,253,099,309 $1,466,934,724,293
2021 $294,223,210,496 $1,316,569,466,686
2020 $270,000,311,606 $1,121,064,767,308
2019 $267,014,821,129 $1,304,106,203,902
2018 $273,869,255,596 $1,256,300,182,880
2017 $253,846,138,440 $1,190,721,475,906
2016 $238,777,818,793 $1,112,233,497,453
2015 $233,210,733,506 $1,213,294,467,717
2014 $273,478,528,955 $1,364,507,717,614
2013 $270,268,036,626 $1,327,436,290,283
2012 $257,443,384,493 $1,255,110,424,818
2011 $275,126,915,516 $1,229,013,703,417
2010 $249,429,613,683 $1,105,424,238,731
2009 $253,480,783,439 $943,437,415,025
2008 $285,698,662,071 $1,161,553,459,715
2007 $256,360,251,538 $1,102,355,554,972
2006 $217,044,068,234 $1,020,265,057,882
2005 $204,859,368,791 $917,571,853,529
2004 $197,458,297,640 $819,459,227,375
2003 $171,612,867,736 $765,549,967,703
2002 $140,360,963,812 $810,666,116,402
2001 $129,519,672,869 $796,064,590,549
2000 $125,967,821,111 $742,061,329,749
1999 $135,234,241,918 $631,249,359,702
1998 $133,990,876,725 $557,461,102,631
1997 $126,862,902,302 $523,449,530,464
1996 $131,991,975,149 $432,157,945,024
1995 $134,060,457,516 $380,157,469,867
1994 $103,182,697,780 $553,618,247,901
1993 $89,112,105,756 $530,160,763,663
1992 $112,537,828,511 $363,157,832,924
1991 $127,794,441,994 $313,139,656,146
1990 $141,446,120,355 $261,253,675,693
1989 $118,991,270,611 $221,403,098,267
1988 $109,039,090,263 $181,611,150,497
1987 $91,564,993,913 $147,542,558,209
1986 $73,511,611,541 $134,556,034,673
1985 $55,856,676,899 $195,241,069,482
1984 $52,870,993,273 $184,230,754,105
1983 $50,956,447,481 $156,167,000,433
1982 $52,784,013,815 $184,602,611,610
1981 $52,440,066,134 $263,797,827,860
1980 $53,649,984,061 $205,577,055,466
1979 $44,469,218,440 $134,531,900,899
1978 $36,259,392,058 $102,648,570,299
1977 $33,502,784,418 $81,912,018,784
1976 $31,852,352,670 $88,875,923,765
1975 $29,475,251,333 $88,000,000,000
1974 $24,851,036,710 $72,000,000,000
1973 $19,474,098,335 $55,280,000,000
1972 $14,744,499,570 $45,200,000,000
1971 $12,528,522,307 $39,200,000,000
1970 $11,358,529,162 $35,520,000,000
1969 $10,177,524,839 $32,480,000,000
1968 $8,916,565,041 $29,360,000,000
1967 $9,468,272,357 $26,560,000,000
1966 $9,306,142,172 $24,320,000,000
1965 $8,680,393,839 $21,840,000,000
1964 $7,848,987,793 $20,080,000,000
1963 $6,958,916,548 $16,960,000,000
1962 $6,407,796,043 $15,200,000,000
1961 $5,984,433,774 $14,160,000,000
1960 $5,279,481,824 $13,040,000,000

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

GDP per capita in Finland vs Mexico by year

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Finland Mexico
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $53,150 $65,378 $14,186 $26,185
2023 $52,834 $63,415 $13,861 $25,243
2022 $50,441 $62,133 $11,406 $23,135
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $10,314 $20,783
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $8,841 $19,354
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $10,370 $20,964
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $10,085 $20,921
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $9,649 $20,489
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $9,098 $20,105
2015 $42,560 $42,258 $10,021 $19,071
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $11,391 $18,821
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $11,217 $18,170
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $10,744 $18,005
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $10,664 $17,267
2010 $46,506 $38,946 $9,729 $15,909
2009 $47,478 $37,988 $8,424 $15,191
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $10,524 $15,681
2007 $48,473 $37,843 $10,134 $15,032
2006 $41,214 $34,440 $9,513 $14,540
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $8,672 $13,260
2004 $37,768 $31,195 $7,850 $12,658
2003 $32,920 $29,043 $7,434 $12,066
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $7,983 $11,762
2001 $24,965 $27,798 $7,953 $11,739
2000 $24,336 $26,783 $7,524 $11,705
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $6,500 $11,031
1998 $26,000 $23,570 $5,833 $10,756
1997 $24,682 $21,787 $5,567 $10,182
1996 $25,757 $20,067 $4,674 $9,496
1995 $26,246 $19,568 $4,184 $8,933
1994 $20,278 $18,458 $6,202 $9,466
1993 $17,589 $17,458 $6,048 $9,041
1992 $22,320 $17,271 $4,221 $9,470
1991 $25,489 $17,563 $3,709 $9,079
1990 $28,366 $18,149 $3,154 $8,578
1989 $23,969 - $2,725 -
1988 $22,044 - $2,279 -
1987 $18,565 - $1,888 -
1986 $14,947 - $1,757 -
1985 $11,394 - $2,602 -
1984 $10,830 - $2,506 -
1983 $10,494 - $2,170 -
1982 $10,935 - $2,621 -
1981 $10,925 - $3,829 -
1980 $11,225 - $3,055 -
1979 $9,333 - $2,049 -
1978 $7,629 - $1,604 -
1977 $7,070 - $1,315 -
1976 $6,740 - $1,465 -
1975 $6,256 - $1,492 -
1974 $5,298 - $1,256 -
1973 $4,174 - $993 -
1972 $3,178 - $837 -
1971 $2,716 - $748 -
1970 $2,466 - $699 -
1969 $2,201 - $660 -
1968 $1,927 - $616 -
1967 $2,056 - $576 -
1966 $2,032 - $545 -
1965 $1,902 - $506 -
1964 $1,726 - $481 -
1963 $1,538 - $420 -
1962 $1,427 - $388 -
1961 $1,341 - $374 -
1960 $1,192 - $355 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

Finland's GDP per capita is $53,150, ranking 23/197, compared to $14,186 in Mexico, ranking 69/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 27th at $65,378, while Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185.

Economic indicators

Finland Mexico
Gross domestic product
$299B
2024
$1.86T
2024
GDP rank
47/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP growth
0.42%
2023-2024
1.43%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,150
2024
$14,186
2024
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2024
69/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$65,378
2024
$26,185
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
27/197
2024
80/197
2024
Government debt
$245B
2024
$1.08T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.1%
2024
58.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$43,662
2024
$8,272
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2024
63/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,394
2026
$10,231
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
$418B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
399,000
2025
Number of billionaires
7
2025
22
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
34.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.1%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.7%
2024
30.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.57%
2023-2024
4.72%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.34%
2024
2.62%
2024
Population
5631965
133323134

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Finland
Spending

Debt
Mexico
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Finland Mexico
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.7% 82.1% 30.3% 58.3%
2023 55.9% 77.5% 28.5% 52.6%
2022 52.6% 74% 28.5% 53.8%
2021 55.2% 73.2% 26.7% 56.7%
2020 56.5% 75.3% 27.8% 58.5%
2019 52.6% 65.3% 25.3% 51.9%
2018 52.7% 65.3% 25% 52.2%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 25% 52.5%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 26.5% 55%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 26.6% 51%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 26.9% 47.1%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 26.7% 44.1%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 27% 40.8%
2011 53.8% 52% 26.6% 41.2%
2010 54% 50.1% 26.5% 40.2%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 26.5% 41.7%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 26.5% 40.6%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 22.5% 35.5%
2006 48.3% 38% 21.6% 35.8%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 21.2% 36.8%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 20.5% 38.9%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 21.5% 42.1%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 19.8% 39.9%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 19.5% 37.3%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 19.4% 38.5%
1999 49.9% 44% 20.1% 41.7%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 19.5% 39.7%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 20.7% 39.1%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 20.8% 42.5%
1995 60% 55.2% 18.9% 30.7%
1994 62.2% 56.2% 18.9% 26.8%
1993 63.7% 54.2% 18.2% 19.2%
1992 60.8% 39.3% 19% 21.5%
1991 55.8% 21.9% 20.1% 29.2%
1990 47.1% 13.9% 22.9% 35.7%
1989 44.4% 14.3% 19.2% 36%
1988 46.4% 16.5% 23.6% 36.5%
1987 47.8% 17.6% 26.7% 52.7%
1986 46.9% 16.4% 25.1% 47.8%
1985 46.3% 15.8% 21.4% 30.4%
1984 44.4% 15.2% 19.8% 25.2%
1983 44.4% 15.4% 21.6% 25.3%
1982 42.7% 13.9% 24.7% 29.8%
1981 41% 11.5% 20.1% 41.7%
1980 40.1% 10.9% 17.5% 31.4%
1979 40.3% 11% 16.5% 35.8%
1978 41.3% 10.7% 15.7% 39%
1977 41.7% 8.22% 15.5% 41.5%
1976 39.8% 7.09% 15.5% 31.3%
1975 38.6% 6.76% 14.7% 24.4%
1974 22.9% 2.97% 13.8% 21.7%
1973 21.8% 4.42% 12.7% 20%
1972 20.4% 6.46% 11.9% 17.9%
1971 22.8% 7.94% 10.6% 17%
1970 21.9% 9.19% 10.9% 17.1%
1969 22.2% 10.8% 11.8% 10.7%
1968 25.5% 13.9% 10.9% 7.85%
1967 23.5% 14.2% 10.4% 8.22%
1966 23.3% 13.7% 11.6% 5.14%
1965 23.2% 13% 10.7% 9.99%
1964 22.8% 12.5% 9.21% 6.22%
1963 21.6% 12.2% 8.51% 4.13%
1962 23.9% 10.3% 8.26% 4.2%
1961 22.7% 9.12% 8.01% 4.38%
1960 22.5% 9.96% 9.5% 4.58%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government spending was $172B, accounting for 57.7% of its GDP, while Mexico spent $563B, or 30.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.1% in Finland and 58.3% in Mexico, ranking 42/185 and 84/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Mexico
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Mexico
2024 -4.41% -5.73%
2023 -2.98% -4.29%
2022 -0.18% -4.32%
2021 -2.69% -3.75%
2020 -5.53% -4.29%
2019 -0.93% -2.27%
2018 -0.87% -2.14%
2017 -0.63% -1.03%
2016 -1.7% -2.68%
2015 -2.43% -3.86%
2014 -2.99% -4.37%
2013 -2.52% -3.56%
2012 -2.15% -3.57%
2011 -1.01% -3.2%
2010 -2.57% -3.8%
2009 -2.48% -3.94%
2008 4.18% -0.68%
2007 5.12% -1.46%
2006 3.93% -1.23%
2005 2.59% -1.43%
2004 2.16% -1.35%
2003 2.34% -2.24%
2002 3.97% -2.18%
2001 4.89% -2.57%
2000 6.73% -2.69%
1999 1.6% -4.49%
1998 1.54% -4.49%
1997 -1.33% -3.48%
1996 -3.37% -3.66%
1995 -5.98% -2.28%
1994 -6.41% -2.25%
1993 -8.09% -1.51%
1992 -4.88% 2.26%
1991 0.3% 1.49%
1990 6.63% -3.11%
1989 6.73% -4.75%
1988 5.09% -8.76%
1987 1.63% -11.6%
1986 3.83% -11.2%
1985 3.33% -7.2%
1984 3.23% -5.79%
1983 1.52% -6.03%
1982 3.06% -11.4%
1981 5.11% -4.9%
1980 3.7% -1.75%
1979 3.41% -2.15%
1978 3.83% -1.88%
1977 6.27% -2.43%
1976 7.65% -3.14%
1975 4.96% -2.64%
1974 -0.03% -3.33%
1973 1.48% -2.75%
1972 -0.18% -2.3%
1971 0.15% -1.43%
1970 1.06% -1.71%
1969 0.94% -2.74%
1968 -1.69% -2.06%
1967 -0.26% -2.12%
1966 -1.08% -3.2%
1965 -1.67% -2.51%
1964 -1.35% -1.44%
1963 -2.5% -0.92%
1962 -2.37% -0.79%
1961 -3.03% -0.88%
1960 -0.52% -1.36%
1959 -0.12% -0.73%
1958 -1.73% 0.24%
1957 0.08% -0.03%
1956 -1.14% 0.52%
1955 -1% 0.6%
1954 -0.17% -0.94%
1953 0.02% -0.58%
1952 -1.24% 0.42%
1951 1.1% -0.26%
1950 -0.26% -0.2%
1949 -2.77% 0.44%
1948 1.88% -1.55%
1947 -5.99% -0.93%
1946 -15.3% 0.66%
1945 -6.35% -1.11%
1944 -21.5% -1.12%
1943 -14.2% 0.05%
1942 -16.4% -0.93%
1941 -35.8% -0.26%
1940 -36.9% -0.4%
1939 -9.76% -0.06%
1938 -1.48% -0.91%
1937 -4.44% -0.41%
1936 -3.75% -0.39%
1935 -3.81% 0.26%
1934 -2.81% 0.72%
1933 -1.63% -0.58%
1932 -2.61% 0%
1931 -2.32% 0.71%
1930 -1.94% 0.21%
1929 -0.78% 0.95%
1928 -2.07% 0.24%
1927 -0.32% -0.3%
1926 -2.9% -0.29%
1925 -2.92% 0.46%
1924 0.04% 1.34%
1923 -2.3% 1.02%
1922 0.62% 1.13%
1921 -2.59% 0.64%
1920 -2.6% 0.91%
1919 -7.49% 0.41%
1918 -11.4% -0.19%
1917 -1.27% 0.63%
1916 1.48% -
1915 -0.29% -
1914 -1.15% -
1913 -0.25% 0.28%
1912 0.33% -0.79%
1911 -0.14% -0.31%
1910 -0.3% 0.1%
1909 -2.64% 0.15%
1908 -1.92% -0.08%
1907 0.24% 0.43%
1906 0.86% 0.72%
1905 -1.28% 0.35%
1904 -1.63% 1.09%
1903 -0.3% 3.82%
1902 -1.74% 0.42%
1901 -2.13% 0.62%
1900 -0.52% 0.76%
1899 -1% -
1898 -4.55% -
1897 -0.37% -
1896 -0.56% -
1895 -1.21% -
1894 -0.62% -
1893 0% -
1892 0.82% -
1891 0.16% -
1890 0.17% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 -0.59% -
1887 -1.46% -
1886 0% -
1885 -1.2% -
1884 -0.2% -
1883 0% -
1882 0.2% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 4.41% of GDP. This compares to Mexico's deficit of $106B, or 5.73% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Mexico ran a deficit in 63 years. On average, Finland posted an annual surplus equal to 0.49% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.22% of GDP for Mexico.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Finland

Mexico
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Finland Mexico
2024 1.57% 4.72%
2023 6.25% 5.53%
2022 7.12% 7.9%
2021 2.19% 5.69%
2020 0.29% 3.4%
2019 1.02% 3.64%
2018 1.08% 4.9%
2017 0.75% 6.04%
2016 0.36% 2.82%
2015 -0.21% 2.72%
2014 1.04% 4.02%
2013 1.48% 3.81%
2012 2.81% 4.11%
2011 3.42% 3.41%
2010 1.18% 4.16%
2009 -0% 5.3%
2008 4.07% 5.12%
2007 2.51% 3.97%
2006 1.57% 3.63%
2005 0.62% 3.99%
2004 0.19% 4.69%
2003 0.88% 4.55%
2002 1.57% 5.03%
2001 2.58% 6.37%
2000 3.04% 9.49%
1999 1.16% 16.6%
1998 1.4% 15.9%
1997 1.19% 20.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 6.15% in Mexico. In 2024, inflation was 1.57% in Finland and 4.72% in Mexico.

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $245M
Wood & paper products $103M
IT & IP services $74.8M
Metals $73.1M
Chemicals & pharma $45.1M
Raw materials & minerals $13.1M
Business & finance services $12.7M
Transport & tourism services $11.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $7.4M
Manufacturing & construction services $3.41M
Mexico
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $68.7M
Raw materials & minerals $12M
Raw agricultural goods $1.74M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.13M
Wood & paper products $467K
Chemicals & pharma $127K
Metals $4K
Miscellaneous $4K

Balance of trade

Finland Mexico
Current account balance
-$1.99B
2024
-$16.7B
2024
Current account balance ranking
143/190
2024
181/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.67%
2024
-0.9%
2024
Goods imports
$76.6B
2024
$637B
2024
Goods exports
$83.1B
2024
$618B
2024
Service imports
$47.4B
2024
$72B
2024
Service exports
$42B
2024
$63B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.6%
2024
37.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.9%
2024
36.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Mexico
Economic freedom 76.6 59.8
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 102/197
Property rights 99.9 37.6
Government integrity 95.4 28.8
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 40.4
Tax burden 68.4 75.4
Government spending 7.9 74.6
Fiscal health 76.3 56.7
Business freedom 85.3 67
Labor freedom 65.4 57.3
Monetary freedom 80.3 70.6
Trade freedom 79.4 74.2
Investment freedom 85 75
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Finland
Mexico
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Mexico
2026 76.6 59.8
2025 77 61.3
2024 76.3 62
2023 77.1 63.2
2022 78.3 63.7
2021 76.1 65.5
2020 75.7 66
2019 74.9 64.7
2018 74.1 64.8
2017 74 63.6
2016 72.6 65.2
2015 73.4 66.4
2014 73.4 66.8
2013 74 67
2012 72.3 65.3
2011 74 67.8
2010 73.8 68.3
2009 74.5 65.8
2008 74.6 66.2
2007 74 66
2006 72.9 64.7
2005 71 65.2
2004 73.4 66
2003 73.7 65.3
2002 73.6 63
2001 69.7 60.6
2000 64.3 59.3
1999 63.9 58.5
1998 63.5 57.9
1997 65.2 57.1
1996 63.7 61.2
1995 - 63.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 76.6, ranking 15/197, compared to 59.8 for Mexico, ranking 102/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Finland Mexico
Services, % of GDP
62.2%
2024
58.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.47%
2024
3.72%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$290B
2024
$1.68T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$65,640
2024
$25,460
2024
Total reserves including gold
$18B
2024
$232B
2024
Total reserves ranking
65/177
2024
16/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$3.28B
2024
-$32.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.74B
2024
$45.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12B
2024
$13B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.71%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
29.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
24.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/mexico | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.