Skip to content

Economy of Finland vs Kyrgyzstan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Finland has a GDP of $299B compared to $17.5B for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 47/197 and 135/197 by economy size, respectively.

Finland has $245B in government debt (82.1% of GDP), compared to $6.56B (37.5% of GDP) in Kyrgyzstan.

Finland vs Kyrgyzstan GDP by year

Finland
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Finland Kyrgyzstan
2024 $298,696,961,298 $17,478,259,659
2023 $295,021,982,463 $15,180,842,369
2022 $280,253,099,309 $12,134,931,018
2021 $294,223,210,496 $9,249,133,946
2020 $270,000,311,606 $8,270,468,614
2019 $267,014,821,129 $9,371,275,264
2018 $273,869,255,596 $8,271,106,235
2017 $253,846,138,440 $7,702,938,379
2016 $238,777,818,793 $6,813,095,379
2015 $233,210,733,506 $6,678,177,512
2014 $273,478,528,955 $7,468,102,413
2013 $270,268,036,626 $7,335,033,801
2012 $257,443,384,493 $6,605,142,884
2011 $275,126,915,516 $6,197,765,984
2010 $249,429,613,683 $4,794,361,863
2009 $253,480,783,439 $4,690,061,381
2008 $285,698,662,071 $5,139,958,909
2007 $256,360,251,538 $3,802,570,553
2006 $217,044,068,234 $2,834,168,889
2005 $204,859,368,791 $2,460,246,766
2004 $197,458,297,640 $2,211,534,585
2003 $171,612,867,736 $1,919,008,090
2002 $140,360,963,812 $1,605,643,105
2001 $129,519,672,869 $1,525,116,370
2000 $125,967,821,111 $1,369,688,498
1999 $135,234,241,918 $1,249,061,487
1998 $133,990,876,725 $1,645,963,750
1997 $126,862,902,302 $1,767,864,036
1996 $131,991,975,149 $1,827,570,586
1995 $134,060,457,516 $1,661,147,035
1994 $103,182,697,780 $1,681,780,847
1993 $89,112,105,756 $2,026,019,253
1992 $112,537,828,511 $2,315,346,943
1991 $127,794,441,994 $2,542,256,424
1990 $141,446,120,355 $2,660,202,623
1989 $118,991,270,611 -
1988 $109,039,090,263 -
1987 $91,564,993,913 -
1986 $73,511,611,541 -
1985 $55,856,676,899 -
1984 $52,870,993,273 -
1983 $50,956,447,481 -
1982 $52,784,013,815 -
1981 $52,440,066,134 -
1980 $53,649,984,061 -
1979 $44,469,218,440 -
1978 $36,259,392,058 -
1977 $33,502,784,418 -
1976 $31,852,352,670 -
1975 $29,475,251,333 -
1974 $24,851,036,710 -
1973 $19,474,098,335 -
1972 $14,744,499,570 -
1971 $12,528,522,307 -
1970 $11,358,529,162 -
1969 $10,177,524,839 -
1968 $8,916,565,041 -
1967 $9,468,272,357 -
1966 $9,306,142,172 -
1965 $8,680,393,839 -
1964 $7,848,987,793 -
1963 $6,958,916,548 -
1962 $6,407,796,043 -
1961 $5,984,433,774 -
1960 $5,279,481,824 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Finland vs Kyrgyzstan by year

Finland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Finland Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $53,150 $65,378 $2,420 $8,012
2023 $52,834 $63,415 $2,138 $7,298
2022 $50,441 $62,133 $1,740 $6,578
2021 $53,099 $56,790 $1,350 $5,736
2020 $48,829 $53,297 $1,230 $5,179
2019 $48,358 $52,276 $1,422 $5,304
2018 $49,654 $49,249 $1,284 $4,778
2017 $46,085 $47,235 $1,221 $4,954
2016 $43,451 $44,562 $1,103 $4,604
2015 $42,560 $42,258 $1,106 $4,153
2014 $50,074 $41,547 $1,265 $4,228
2013 $49,691 $41,326 $1,270 $4,001
2012 $47,552 $40,739 $1,169 $3,589
2011 $51,060 $40,846 $1,117 $3,278
2010 $46,506 $38,946 $877 $3,076
2009 $47,478 $37,988 $870 $3,097
2008 $53,769 $40,081 $966 $3,031
2007 $48,473 $37,843 $722 $2,770
2006 $41,214 $34,440 $543 $2,508
2005 $39,050 $32,048 $477 $2,386
2004 $37,768 $31,195 $433 $2,343
2003 $32,920 $29,043 $381 $2,158
2002 $26,989 $28,596 $322 $1,998
2001 $24,965 $27,798 $308 $1,986
2000 $24,336 $26,783 $279.6 $1,862
1999 $26,180 $24,762 $258 $1,747
1998 $26,000 $23,570 $345 $1,687
1997 $24,682 $21,787 $376 $1,659
1996 $25,757 $20,067 $395 $1,505
1995 $26,246 $19,568 $364 $1,401
1994 $20,278 $18,458 $372 $1,466
1993 $17,589 $17,458 $449 $1,795
1992 $22,320 $17,271 $513 $2,075
1991 $25,489 $17,563 $570 $2,382
1990 $28,366 $18,149 $606 $2,544
1989 $23,969 - - -
1988 $22,044 - - -
1987 $18,565 - - -
1986 $14,947 - - -
1985 $11,394 - - -
1984 $10,830 - - -
1983 $10,494 - - -
1982 $10,935 - - -
1981 $10,925 - - -
1980 $11,225 - - -
1979 $9,333 - - -
1978 $7,629 - - -
1977 $7,070 - - -
1976 $6,740 - - -
1975 $6,256 - - -
1974 $5,298 - - -
1973 $4,174 - - -
1972 $3,178 - - -
1971 $2,716 - - -
1970 $2,466 - - -
1969 $2,201 - - -
1968 $1,927 - - -
1967 $2,056 - - -
1966 $2,032 - - -
1965 $1,902 - - -
1964 $1,726 - - -
1963 $1,538 - - -
1962 $1,427 - - -
1961 $1,341 - - -
1960 $1,192 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Finland's GDP per capita is $53,150, ranking 23/197, compared to $2,420 in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 150/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Finland ranks 27th at $65,378, while Kyrgyzstan ranks 141st at $8,012.

Economic indicators

Finland Kyrgyzstan
Gross domestic product
$299B
2024
$17.5B
2024
GDP rank
47/197
2024
135/197
2024
GDP growth
0.42%
2023-2024
9.04%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$53,150
2024
$2,420
2024
GDP per capita rank
23/197
2024
150/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$65,378
2024
$8,012
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
27/197
2024
141/197
2024
Government debt
$245B
2024
$6.56B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
82.1%
2024
37.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$43,662
2024
$908
2024
Government debt per person rank
12/185
2024
144/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$36,394
2026
$4,187
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$20.3B
2004
n/a
Number of billionaires
7
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.5%
2023
23%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
4.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.7%
2024
33.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.57%
2023-2024
5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
10%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.34%
2024
3.5%
2023
Population
5631965
7471102

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Finland
Spending

Debt
Kyrgyzstan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Finland Kyrgyzstan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.7% 82.1% 33.7% 37.5%
2023 55.9% 77.5% 32.9% 42%
2022 52.6% 74% 35% 46.8%
2021 55.2% 73.2% 32.1% 56.2%
2020 56.5% 75.3% 32.1% 63.6%
2019 52.6% 65.3% 30.8% 48.8%
2018 52.7% 65.3% 33.1% 54.8%
2017 52.8% 66.6% 37% 58.8%
2016 55.1% 68.6% 38.9% 59.1%
2015 55.7% 68.8% 38.1% 67.1%
2014 57.6% 64.8% 38.5% 53.6%
2013 57.1% 60.8% 38.1% 47.1%
2012 55.7% 57.9% 40.6% 50.5%
2011 53.8% 52% 37.4% 50.1%
2010 54% 50.1% 37.1% 59.7%
2009 54.1% 41.5% 32.5% 58.5%
2008 47.9% 32.6% 27.9% 49%
2007 46.7% 33.9% 29.6% 57.7%
2006 48.3% 38% 29.1% 73.4%
2005 49.2% 39.9% 29.1% 85.7%
2004 48.2% 42.6% 28.5% 92.7%
2003 48.3% 42.7% 28.1% 108.2%
2002 47.5% 40.1% 29.3% 107.9%
2001 46.2% 40.9% 28.1% 108.2%
2000 46.9% 42.4% 30.2% 123.3%
1999 49.9% 44% 35.9% 119.6%
1998 51.3% 46.8% 35.9% 85.1%
1997 54.9% 52.2% 31.1% 64.8%
1996 58.5% 55.4% 28.6% 57.7%
1995 60% 55.2% 37.9% 52.4%
1994 62.2% 56.2% - -
1993 63.7% 54.2% - -
1992 60.8% 39.3% - -
1991 55.8% 21.9% - -
1990 47.1% 13.9% - -
1989 44.4% 14.3% - -
1988 46.4% 16.5% - -
1987 47.8% 17.6% - -
1986 46.9% 16.4% - -
1985 46.3% 15.8% - -
1984 44.4% 15.2% - -
1983 44.4% 15.4% - -
1982 42.7% 13.9% - -
1981 41% 11.5% - -
1980 40.1% 10.9% - -
1979 40.3% 11% - -
1978 41.3% 10.7% - -
1977 41.7% 8.22% - -
1976 39.8% 7.09% - -
1975 38.6% 6.76% - -
1974 22.9% 2.97% - -
1973 21.8% 4.42% - -
1972 20.4% 6.46% - -
1971 22.8% 7.94% - -
1970 21.9% 9.19% - -
1969 22.2% 10.8% - -
1968 25.5% 13.9% - -
1967 23.5% 14.2% - -
1966 23.3% 13.7% - -
1965 23.2% 13% - -
1964 22.8% 12.5% - -
1963 21.6% 12.2% - -
1962 23.9% 10.3% - -
1961 22.7% 9.12% - -
1960 22.5% 9.96% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government spending was $172B, accounting for 57.7% of its GDP, while Kyrgyzstan spent $5.89B, or 33.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 82.1% in Finland and 37.5% in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 42/185 and 140/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Finland

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Finland Kyrgyzstan
2024 -4.41% 1.87%
2023 -2.98% 1.59%
2022 -0.18% -0.29%
2021 -2.69% -0.71%
2020 -5.53% -3.06%
2019 -0.93% -0.07%
2018 -0.87% -0.59%
2017 -0.63% -3.73%
2016 -1.7% -5.79%
2015 -2.43% -2.52%
2014 -2.99% -3.07%
2013 -2.52% -3.7%
2012 -2.15% -5.86%
2011 -1.01% -4.7%
2010 -2.57% -5.95%
2009 -2.48% 0.38%
2008 4.18% 1.92%
2007 5.12% 1.28%
2006 3.93% -2.1%
2005 2.59% -3.79%
2004 2.16% -4.89%
2003 2.34% -5.17%
2002 3.97% -5.9%
2001 4.89% -6.75%
2000 6.73% -10.7%
1999 1.6% -13.5%
1998 1.54% -12%
1997 -1.33% -9.3%
1996 -3.37% -9.1%
1995 -5.98% -13.5%
1994 -6.41% -
1993 -8.09% -
1992 -4.88% -
1991 0.3% -
1990 6.63% -
1989 6.73% -
1988 5.09% -
1987 1.63% -
1986 3.83% -
1985 3.33% -
1984 3.23% -
1983 1.52% -
1982 3.06% -
1981 5.11% -
1980 3.7% -
1979 3.41% -
1978 3.83% -
1977 6.27% -
1976 7.65% -
1975 4.96% -
1974 -0.03% -
1973 1.48% -
1972 -0.18% -
1971 0.15% -
1970 1.06% -
1969 0.94% -
1968 -1.69% -
1967 -0.26% -
1966 -1.08% -
1965 -1.67% -
1964 -1.35% -
1963 -2.5% -
1962 -2.37% -
1961 -3.03% -
1960 -0.52% -
1959 -0.12% -
1958 -1.73% -
1957 0.08% -
1956 -1.14% -
1955 -1% -
1954 -0.17% -
1953 0.02% -
1952 -1.24% -
1951 1.1% -
1950 -0.26% -
1949 -2.77% -
1948 1.88% -
1947 -5.99% -
1946 -15.3% -
1945 -6.35% -
1944 -21.5% -
1943 -14.2% -
1942 -16.4% -
1941 -35.8% -
1940 -36.9% -
1939 -9.76% -
1938 -1.48% -
1937 -4.44% -
1936 -3.75% -
1935 -3.81% -
1934 -2.81% -
1933 -1.63% -
1932 -2.61% -
1931 -2.32% -
1930 -1.94% -
1929 -0.78% -
1928 -2.07% -
1927 -0.32% -
1926 -2.9% -
1925 -2.92% -
1924 0.04% -
1923 -2.3% -
1922 0.62% -
1921 -2.59% -
1920 -2.6% -
1919 -7.49% -
1918 -11.4% -
1917 -1.27% -
1916 1.48% -
1915 -0.29% -
1914 -1.15% -
1913 -0.25% -
1912 0.33% -
1911 -0.14% -
1910 -0.3% -
1909 -2.64% -
1908 -1.92% -
1907 0.24% -
1906 0.86% -
1905 -1.28% -
1904 -1.63% -
1903 -0.3% -
1902 -1.74% -
1901 -2.13% -
1900 -0.52% -
1899 -1% -
1898 -4.55% -
1897 -0.37% -
1896 -0.56% -
1895 -1.21% -
1894 -0.62% -
1893 0% -
1892 0.82% -
1891 0.16% -
1890 0.17% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 -0.59% -
1887 -1.46% -
1886 0% -
1885 -1.2% -
1884 -0.2% -
1883 0% -
1882 0.2% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2024, Finland's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $13.2B, equivalent to 4.41% of GDP. This compares to Kyrgyzstan's surplus of $327M, or 1.87% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Finland recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while Kyrgyzstan ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Finland posted an annual deficit equal to 0.26% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.32% of GDP for Kyrgyzstan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Finland

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Finland Kyrgyzstan
2024 1.57% 5%
2023 6.25% 10.8%
2022 7.12% 13.9%
2021 2.19% 11.9%
2020 0.29% 6.3%
2019 1.02% 1.1%
2018 1.08% 1.5%
2017 0.75% 3.2%
2016 0.36% 0.4%
2015 -0.21% 6.5%
2014 1.04% 7.5%
2013 1.48% 6.6%
2012 2.81% 2.8%
2011 3.42% 16.6%
2010 1.18% 8%
2009 -0% 6.8%
2008 4.07% 24.5%
2007 2.51% 10.2%
2006 1.57% 5.6%
2005 0.62% 4.3%
2004 0.19% 4.1%
2003 0.88% 3%
2002 1.57% 2.1%
2001 2.58% 6.9%
2000 3.04% 19.7%
1999 1.16% 35.9%
1998 1.4% 10.5%
1997 1.19% 23.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Finland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 9.25% in Kyrgyzstan. In 2024, inflation was 1.57% in Finland and 5% in Kyrgyzstan.

Top exports between countries

Finland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $19.5M
Metals $9.19M
Chemicals & pharma $4.03M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.91M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2M
Wood & paper products $826K
Raw materials & minerals $616K
Raw agricultural goods $361K
Miscellaneous $293K
Precious metals & jewellery $142K
Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $147K
Machinery & equipment $33K
Chemicals & pharma $5K
Metals $5K
Wood & paper products $4K

Balance of trade

Finland Kyrgyzstan
Current account balance
-$1.99B
2024
-$5.18B
2022
Current account balance ranking
143/190
2024
167/190
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.67%
2024
-42.7%
2022
Goods imports
$76.6B
2024
$9.17B
2022
Goods exports
$83.1B
2024
$2.25B
2022
Service imports
$47.4B
2024
$1.48B
2022
Service exports
$42B
2024
$1.37B
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.6%
2024
84.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.9%
2024
43.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Finland Kyrgyzstan
Economic freedom 76.6 56
Economic freedom ranking 15/197 126/197
Property rights 99.9 22.9
Government integrity 95.4 23.9
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 8.3
Tax burden 68.4 93.2
Government spending 7.9 65.6
Fiscal health 76.3 97.2
Business freedom 85.3 58.2
Labor freedom 65.4 52.3
Monetary freedom 80.3 68
Trade freedom 79.4 72.6
Investment freedom 85 60
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Finland
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Finland Kyrgyzstan
2026 76.6 56
2025 77 55.6
2024 76.3 55.2
2023 77.1 55.8
2022 78.3 55.8
2021 76.1 63.7
2020 75.7 62.9
2019 74.9 62.3
2018 74.1 62.8
2017 74 61.1
2016 72.6 59.6
2015 73.4 61.3
2014 73.4 61.1
2013 74 59.6
2012 72.3 60.2
2011 74 61.1
2010 73.8 61.3
2009 74.5 61.8
2008 74.6 61.1
2007 74 60.2
2006 72.9 61
2005 71 56.6
2004 73.4 58
2003 73.7 56.8
2002 73.6 51.7
2001 69.7 53.7
2000 64.3 55.7
1999 63.9 54.8
1998 63.5 51.8
1997 65.2 -
1996 63.7 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Finland is 76.6, ranking 15/197, compared to 56 for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 126/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Finland Kyrgyzstan
Services, % of GDP
62.2%
2024
52.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
24.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.47%
2024
8.61%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$290B
2024
$15.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$65,640
2024
$7,900
2024
Total reserves including gold
$18B
2024
$5.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
65/177
2024
100/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$3.28B
2024
-$509M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$8.74B
2024
$705M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12B
2024
$20M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2022
25.7%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
29.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/finland/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1882–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.