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Economy of Morocco vs Peru compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Morocco has a GDP of $182B compared to $335B for Peru, ranking 58/197 and 47/197 by economy size, respectively.

Morocco has $122B in government debt (67.1% of GDP), compared to $101B (30.2% of GDP) in Peru.

Morocco vs Peru GDP by year

Morocco
Peru
1x
Year GDP, current $
Morocco Peru
2025 $182,374,250,612 $334,854,659,182
2024 $160,610,994,055 $291,751,523,019
2023 $146,036,093,667 $268,025,009,709
2022 $131,245,312,804 $246,169,867,863
2021 $142,022,058,447 $226,406,075,009
2020 $121,353,645,057 $201,409,694,756
2019 $128,920,266,409 $228,346,006,004
2018 $127,341,147,582 $222,597,009,739
2017 $118,540,573,368 $211,007,984,081
2016 $111,572,947,005 $191,898,104,390
2015 $110,413,823,842 $189,802,976,286
2014 $119,130,841,412 $200,786,250,583
2013 $115,739,287,305 $201,175,543,571
2012 $106,937,392,311 $192,650,021,649
2011 $110,080,631,332 $171,761,737,047
2010 $100,865,329,473 $147,527,631,521
2009 $101,154,952,241 $120,822,986,521
2008 $101,822,906,949 $120,550,599,815
2007 $86,947,913,287 $102,170,981,144
2006 $75,883,823,301 $88,643,193,062
2005 $68,852,658,069 $76,060,606,061
2004 $66,114,145,451 $66,768,703,498
2003 $58,029,363,354 $58,731,030,122
2002 $47,077,192,188 $54,777,553,515
2001 $43,831,480,208 $52,030,158,775
2000 $43,017,455,402 $51,744,749,133
1999 $46,266,428,648 $50,187,324,568
1998 $46,497,608,725 $55,501,467,877
1997 $39,147,844,526 $58,147,522,523
1996 $43,161,571,528 $55,252,414,130
1995 $39,030,285,468 $53,312,793,687
1994 $35,604,137,423 $44,882,079,767
1993 $31,655,473,664 $34,832,077,221
1992 $33,711,069,431 $35,966,302,303
1991 $32,285,573,574 $34,341,465,998
1990 $30,179,954,775 $26,410,386,963
1989 $26,314,313,191 $22,499,558,526
1988 $25,705,296,184 $15,439,408,447
1987 $21,765,195,948 $36,889,706,593
1986 $19,462,085,540 $21,859,448,586
1985 $14,991,283,216 $15,078,736,875
1984 $14,824,667,954 $17,600,400,385
1983 $16,251,408,128 $17,345,260,564
1982 $17,692,276,734 $21,794,535,621
1981 $17,788,185,479 $21,648,214,893
1980 $21,728,516,153 $18,136,838,538
1979 $15,911,994,817 $15,954,012,439
1978 $13,236,946,234 $12,491,876,743
1977 $11,049,783,872 $14,544,913,961
1976 $9,584,297,284 $16,131,958,851
1975 $8,984,853,005 $16,931,162,355
1974 $7,675,466,449 $13,858,441,211
1973 $6,242,145,880 $10,994,381,895
1972 $5,074,117,545 $9,189,413,409
1971 $4,356,669,034 $8,289,582,884
1970 $3,956,336,244 $7,432,223,177
1969 $3,651,622,669 $6,420,909,790
1968 $3,271,422,333 $5,736,083,835
1967 $3,046,345,314 $6,194,340,080
1966 $2,876,401,297 $6,109,048,737
1965 $2,948,331,090 $5,163,008,077
1964 $2,798,345,299 $4,353,664,867
1963 $2,657,252,578 $3,598,272,493
1962 $2,379,611,125 $3,284,322,201
1961 $2,025,693,540 $2,897,852,693
1960 $2,037,154,742 $2,571,986,572

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

GDP per capita in Morocco vs Peru by year

Morocco
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Peru
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Morocco Peru
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $4,746 - $9,684 -
2024 $4,218 $10,415 $8,526 $17,802
2023 $3,872 $9,895 $7,919 $17,011
2022 $3,516 $9,310 $7,354 $16,669
2021 $3,843 $8,623 $6,829 $15,281
2020 $3,317 $7,705 $6,133 $12,563
2019 $3,560 $8,046 $7,037 $13,564
2018 $3,553 $7,801 $6,978 $13,078
2017 $3,344 $8,115 $6,736 $12,592
2016 $3,186 $7,853 $6,217 $12,067
2015 $3,190 $7,799 $6,232 $11,600
2014 $3,483 $7,237 $6,667 $11,518
2013 $3,425 $7,542 $6,747 $11,291
2012 $3,206 $7,308 $6,519 $10,757
2011 $3,345 $7,274 $5,861 $10,463
2010 $3,107 $6,849 $5,072 $9,713
2009 $3,158 $6,629 $4,181 $8,917
2008 $3,222 $6,437 $4,198 $8,820
2007 $2,788 $6,058 $3,581 $7,982
2006 $2,466 $5,781 $3,130 $7,214
2005 $2,268 $5,275 $2,707 $6,560
2004 $2,207 $5,025 $2,397 $6,038
2003 $1,962 $4,741 $2,129 $5,657
2002 $1,612 $4,436 $2,007 $5,383
2001 $1,521 $4,269 $1,930 $5,086
2000 $1,513 $3,930 $1,945 $5,012
1999 $1,651 $3,801 $1,917 $4,847
1998 $1,683 $3,740 $2,156 $4,791
1997 $1,439 $3,502 $2,301 $4,844
1996 $1,610 $3,551 $2,227 $4,556
1995 $1,478 $3,152 $2,190 $4,435
1994 $1,369 $3,315 $1,879 $4,123
1993 $1,236 $2,979 $1,488 $3,666
1992 $1,337 $2,979 $1,567 $3,472
1991 $1,302 $3,025 $1,527 $3,484
1990 $1,238 $2,777 $1,200 $3,367
1989 $1,099 - $1,045 -
1988 $1,094 - $733 -
1987 $944 - $1,792 -
1986 $861 - $1,087 -
1985 $678 - $767 -
1984 $687 - $918 -
1983 $772 - $927 -
1982 $862 - $1,194 -
1981 $890 - $1,216 -
1980 $1,117 - $1,045 -
1979 $839 - $942 -
1978 $716 - $756 -
1977 $613 - $903 -
1976 $545 - $1,026 -
1975 $524 - $1,104 -
1974 $459 - $927 -
1973 $382 - $754 -
1972 $319 - $647 -
1971 $280.6 - $599 -
1970 $261.5 - $550 -
1969 $247.8 - $488 -
1968 $228 - $448 -
1967 $218.1 - $498 -
1966 $211.5 - $505 -
1965 $222.7 - $439 -
1964 $216.9 - $381 -
1963 $211.3 - $324 -
1962 $194.2 - $305 -
1961 $169.8 - $276.6 -
1960 $175.2 - $252.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

Morocco's GDP per capita is $4,746, ranking 126/197, compared to $9,684 in Peru, ranking 90/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Morocco ranks 132nd at $10,415, while Peru ranks 104th at $17,802.

Economic indicators

Morocco Peru
Gross domestic product
$182B
2025
$335B
2025
GDP rank
58/197
2025
47/197
2025
GDP growth
4.6%
2024-2025
3.43%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$4,746
2025
$9,684
2025
GDP per capita rank
126/197
2025
90/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,415
2024
$17,802
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
132/197
2024
104/197
2024
Government debt
$122B
2025
$101B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
67.1%
2025
30.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,183
2025
$2,927
2025
Government debt per person rank
102/185
2025
107/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,045
2026
$7,143
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$114B
2025
$105B
2025
Number of billionaires
3
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
31.9%
2013
30.3%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2013
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
21.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.7%
2024-2025
1.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
2.25%
2025
4.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.8%
2022
4.32%
2025
Population
38938817
35105331

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Morocco
Spending

Debt
Peru
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Morocco Peru
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 31.3% 67.1% 21.4% 30.2%
2024 30.9% 67.7% 22.2% 32.1%
2023 30.2% 68.7% 22.1% 32.4%
2022 31.8% 71.4% 23.1% 33.5%
2021 30.1% 69.4% 23.1% 35.5%
2020 34.1% 72.2% 25.7% 34.3%
2019 27% 60.3% 20.8% 26.5%
2018 27.8% 60.5% 21% 25.7%
2017 27.9% 60.3% 20.6% 24.8%
2016 28.6% 60.1% 20.5% 23.9%
2015 28.5% 58.4% 22% 23.7%
2014 30.7% 58.6% 22.4% 20.5%
2013 30.4% 57.1% 21.5% 19.9%
2012 32.5% 52.3% 20.3% 20.7%
2011 31.2% 48.6% 19.8% 23.1%
2010 28.7% 45.3% 21% 25.1%
2009 28.1% 42.6% 21.3% 28.2%
2008 28.3% 42% 19.9% 28.1%
2007 26.4% 47.1% 18.6% 31.9%
2006 26% 50.6% 19.2% 34.9%
2005 28.6% 54.8% 20.4% 40.4%
2004 24.5% 54.4% 19.6% 46.7%
2003 24.1% 56.9% 20.1% 49.4%
2002 25.8% 59.4% 19.6% 45.5%
2001 23.7% 60.4% 20.9% 43.8%
2000 22.8% 64.9% 21.7% 44.9%
1999 18.4% 63.4% 17.8% 41.1%
1998 18.7% 64.5% 16.3% 36.8%
1997 18.6% 68% 15.6% 34.5%
1996 17.6% 65.3% 16.5% 37.4%
1995 21.3% 72.2% 17.5% 36.8%
1994 21.7% 69.3% 16.9% 41.9%
1993 23.1% 74.7% 18.2% 49.9%
1992 22.3% 67% 19.1% 46.8%
1991 20.8% 59.1% 15.7% 48.3%
1990 22.6% 70.5% 20.4% 56.3%
1989 - - 12.1% 34.9%
1988 - - 12.8% 42.8%
1987 - - 15.5% 39.1%
1986 - - 16.6% 48.6%
1985 - - 17.2% 63.4%
1984 - - 18.3% 56.7%
1983 - - 19.4% 56.2%
1982 - - 17.6% 34.2%
1981 - - 18.4% 30.6%
1980 - - 19.3% 36.3%
1979 - - 16.4% 45.9%
1978 - - 19% 56%
1977 - - 19.4% 44.8%
1976 - - 21.1% 34.5%
1975 - - 19.8% 27%
1974 - - 17.7% 24%
1973 - - 19.5% 22.6%
1972 - - 15.3% 20.6%
1971 - - 15% 19%
1970 - - 14.3% 20%
1969 - - 16.4% -
1968 - - 18.4% 15.2%
1967 - - 19.1% 12.1%
1966 - - 18.6% 17%
1965 - - 18.7% 14.5%
1964 - - 16.9% 14.1%
1963 - - 16.2% -
1962 - - 14.6% -
1961 - - 14.8% 16%
1960 - - 13.3% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

In 2025, Morocco's government spending was $57B, accounting for 31.3% of its GDP, while Peru spent $71.7B, or 21.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 67.1% in Morocco and 30.2% in Peru, ranking 64/185 and 154/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Morocco

Peru
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Morocco Peru
2025 -3.54% -2.36%
2024 -3.92% -3.53%
2023 -4.41% -2.74%
2022 -5.37% -1.38%
2021 -5.92% -2.49%
2020 -7.15% -8.19%
2019 -3.8% -1.37%
2018 -3.52% -1.94%
2017 -3.3% -2.79%
2016 -4.49% -2.12%
2015 -4.59% -2.02%
2014 -4.78% -0.19%
2013 -4.7% 0.75%
2012 -6.63% 2.07%
2011 -6.08% 2.05%
2010 -3.93% -0.02%
2009 -1.63% -1.48%
2008 0.63% 2.48%
2007 -0.12% 3.35%
2006 -1.8% 2.03%
2005 -5.46% -0.44%
2004 -3.31% -1.03%
2003 -3.74% -1.62%
2002 -4.37% -1.4%
2001 -3.79% -2.15%
2000 -1.97% -2.12%
1999 3.21% -2.93%
1998 1.47% -0.2%
1997 1.5% 0.47%
1996 0.87% -0.25%
1995 -2.54% -2.05%
1994 -2.51% -1.9%
1993 -2% -2.82%
1992 -1.84% -3.55%
1991 -0.9% -1.98%
1990 -1.32% -7.99%
1989 - -1.3%
1988 - -3.57%
1987 - -6.26%
1986 - -4.08%
1985 - -2.41%
1984 - -4.45%
1983 - -7.52%
1982 - -3.22%
1981 - -3.98%
1980 - -2.36%
1979 - -0.54%
1978 - -5.07%
1977 - -6.52%
1976 - -8.37%
1975 - -6.54%
1974 - -4.47%
1973 - -6.68%
1972 - -2.04%
1971 - -1.89%
1970 - -0.42%
1969 - -1.1%
1968 - -3.28%
1967 - -3.76%
1966 - -5.41%
1965 - -4.79%
1964 - -3.37%
1963 - -1.86%
1962 - 2.16%
1961 - 2.46%
1960 - 3.32%
1959 - -1.46%
1958 - -2.63%
1957 - -2.23%
1956 - -0.93%
1955 - 0.06%
1954 - -0.66%
1953 - -2.35%
1952 - 0.04%
1951 - 0.61%
1950 - 0.08%
1949 - 0.26%
1948 - -0.84%
1947 - -0.54%
1946 - -1.39%
1945 - 0%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0.18%
1942 - -2.38%
1941 - -1.76%
1940 - 0.27%
1939 - -1.01%
1938 - -1.57%
1937 - 0.18%
1936 - 0.18%
1935 - 0.09%
1934 - 0.11%
1933 - 0.02%
1932 - -0.57%
1931 - -0.28%
1930 - -0.67%
1929 - 0.008%
1928 - -1.88%
1927 - 0%
1926 - -1.84%
1925 - -1.69%
1924 - -1.31%
1923 - -0.85%
1922 - -1.24%
1921 - -1.53%
1920 - -0.4%
1919 - -0.26%
1918 - -0.34%
1917 - -0.25%
1916 - 0.27%
1915 - -0.74%
1914 - -1.59%
1913 - -3.04%
1912 - -0.45%
1911 - 0.32%
1910 - 0.16%
1909 - -0.33%
1908 - -0.18%
1907 - 0.18%
1906 - 0.38%
1905 - 0.2%
1904 - 0.22%
1903 - 0.24%
1902 - 0.26%
1901 - 0.26%
1900 - 0%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

In 2025, Morocco's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.46B, equivalent to 3.54% of GDP. This compares to Peru's deficit of $7.9B, or 2.36% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Morocco recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Peru ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Morocco posted an annual deficit equal to 2.94% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.44% of GDP for Peru.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Morocco

Peru
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Morocco Peru
2025 0.7% 1.53%
2024 0.99% 2.01%
2023 6.09% 6.46%
2022 6.66% 8.33%
2021 1.4% 4.27%
2020 0.71% 2%
2019 0.3% 2.25%
2018 1.8% 1.51%
2017 0.75% 2.99%
2016 1.64% 3.56%
2015 1.56% 3.4%
2014 0.44% 3.41%
2013 1.88% 2.77%
2012 1.29% 3.61%
2011 0.91% 3.37%
2010 0.99% 1.53%
2009 0.97% 2.94%
2008 3.71% 5.79%
2007 2.04% 1.78%
2006 3.28% 2%
2005 0.98% 1.62%
2004 1.49% 3.66%
2003 1.17% 2.26%
2002 2.8% 0.19%
2001 0.62% 1.98%
2000 1.89% 3.76%
1999 0.68% 3.47%
1998 2.75% 7.25%
1997 1.04% 8.56%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Morocco has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.78%, compared with 3.39% in Peru. In 2025, inflation was 0.7% in Morocco and 1.53% in Peru.

Top exports between countries

Morocco
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $58.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $396K
Machinery & equipment $133K
Animal & marine products $111K
Raw agricultural goods $101K
Wood & paper products $36K
Chemicals & pharma $31K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $20K
Metals $4K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Peru
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $6.82M
Raw materials & minerals $6.21M
Raw agricultural goods $5.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.08M
Metals $1.94M
Chemicals & pharma $1.41M
Wood & paper products $296K
Textiles & consumer goods $224K
Machinery & equipment $132K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Morocco Peru
Current account balance
-$4.56B
2025
$12B
2025
Current account balance ranking
163/190
2025
23/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.5%
2025
+3.58%
2025
Goods imports
$77.2B
2025
$58.6B
2025
Goods exports
$43.7B
2025
$94B
2025
Service imports
$16.7B
2025
$15.9B
2025
Service exports
$33.6B
2025
$7.64B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
51.1%
2025
21.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42%
2025
30%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Morocco Peru
Economic freedom 61.8 66.3
Economic freedom ranking 91/197 62/197
Property rights 55.2 44
Government integrity 35.6 35
Judicial effectiveness 32.5 47.8
Tax burden 65.5 79.4
Government spending 67.5 84.8
Fiscal health 57.5 87.4
Business freedom 72.1 73.1
Labor freedom 46.2 64.7
Monetary freedom 79.6 77.6
Trade freedom 69.8 81.6
Investment freedom 80 60
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Morocco
Peru
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Morocco Peru
2026 61.8 66.3
2025 60.3 65.9
2024 56.8 64.8
2023 58.4 66.5
2022 59.2 66.5
2021 63.3 67.7
2020 63.3 67.9
2019 62.9 67.8
2018 61.9 68.7
2017 61.5 68.9
2016 61.3 67.4
2015 60.1 67.7
2014 58.3 67.4
2013 59.6 68.2
2012 60.2 68.7
2011 59.6 68.6
2010 59.2 67.6
2009 57.7 64.6
2008 55.6 63.8
2007 56.4 62.7
2006 51.5 60.5
2005 52.2 61.3
2004 56.7 64.7
2003 57.8 64.6
2002 59 64.8
2001 63.9 69.6
2000 63.2 68.7
1999 63.8 69.2
1998 61.1 65
1997 64.7 63.8
1996 64.3 62.5
1995 62.8 56.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Morocco is 61.8, ranking 91/197, compared to 66.3 for Peru, ranking 62/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Morocco Peru
Services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
50.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
34.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
10.5%
2025
7.47%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$170B
2025
$291B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$10,960
2025
$17,540
2025
Total reserves including gold
$48.5B
2025
$90.4B
2025
Total reserves ranking
50/177
2025
32/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.51B
2025
-$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.75B
2024
$6.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$679M
2024
$1.14B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.63%
2024
5.54%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
3.9%
2022
27.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.9%
2025
20.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/morocco/peru | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.