Romania has a GDP of $429B compared to $155B for Slovakia, ranking 39/197 and 60/197 by economy size, respectively.
Romania has $260B in government debt (60.6% of GDP), compared to $95.3B (61.6% of GDP) in Slovakia.
Romania vs Slovakia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 2025 | $428,677,977,855 | $154,530,066,507 |
| 2024 | $382,564,217,989 | $140,934,076,532 |
| 2023 | $347,757,995,759 | $133,578,518,424 |
| 2022 | $295,317,862,856 | $115,792,972,358 |
| 2021 | $285,072,444,957 | $120,511,265,913 |
| 2020 | $250,624,575,872 | $107,732,602,896 |
| 2019 | $250,080,428,512 | $105,843,498,304 |
| 2018 | $241,791,427,224 | $106,611,673,365 |
| 2017 | $210,147,385,855 | $95,978,130,735 |
| 2016 | $185,290,759,249 | $90,347,173,229 |
| 2015 | $177,885,131,240 | $89,178,548,717 |
| 2014 | $199,722,319,676 | $101,713,075,599 |
| 2013 | $189,798,603,751 | $99,134,277,850 |
| 2012 | $179,117,323,107 | $94,724,394,278 |
| 2011 | $192,623,977,894 | $99,705,104,723 |
| 2010 | $170,064,350,672 | $91,112,160,801 |
| 2009 | $174,110,532,659 | $89,342,984,698 |
| 2008 | $214,315,932,061 | $96,685,492,864 |
| 2007 | $174,588,782,939 | $77,019,443,089 |
| 2006 | $122,023,735,993 | $57,111,148,619 |
| 2005 | $98,454,380,120 | $48,823,790,951 |
| 2004 | $74,973,656,852 | $42,960,730,480 |
| 2003 | $57,806,384,143 | $33,761,723,946 |
| 2002 | $46,065,502,703 | $24,768,142,566 |
| 2001 | $40,395,116,581 | $21,377,597,035 |
| 2000 | $37,253,739,511 | $20,626,538,612 |
| 1999 | $35,953,156,754 | $20,813,421,086 |
| 1998 | $41,696,091,974 | $22,911,708,405 |
| 1997 | $35,575,214,078 | $22,026,728,498 |
| 1996 | $36,937,074,278 | $21,864,845,214 |
| 1995 | $37,430,162,103 | $20,306,095,054 |
| 1994 | $30,072,805,104 | $16,187,735,322 |
| 1993 | $26,361,160,450 | $13,991,963,247 |
| 1992 | $25,121,666,667 | $12,932,972,789 |
| 1991 | $28,850,634,900 | $11,952,983,608 |
| 1990 | $38,247,882,300 | $17,068,924,602 |
| 1989 | $41,450,777,202 | - |
| 1988 | $40,424,528,302 | - |
| 1987 | $38,067,567,568 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Romania vs Slovakia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $22,538 | - | $28,544 | - |
| 2024 | $20,080 | $49,077 | $25,993 | $48,132 |
| 2023 | $18,244 | $45,982 | $24,615 | $45,974 |
| 2022 | $15,503 | $41,979 | $21,318 | $41,562 |
| 2021 | $14,908 | $37,534 | $22,123 | $38,346 |
| 2020 | $13,009 | $34,194 | $19,735 | $35,328 |
| 2019 | $12,910 | $33,425 | $19,406 | $33,986 |
| 2018 | $12,416 | $29,383 | $19,573 | $31,510 |
| 2017 | $10,728 | $26,943 | $17,646 | $30,246 |
| 2016 | $9,405 | $23,905 | $16,636 | $29,868 |
| 2015 | $8,977 | $21,625 | $16,442 | $30,148 |
| 2014 | $10,032 | $20,633 | $18,771 | $29,108 |
| 2013 | $9,498 | $19,678 | $18,313 | $28,075 |
| 2012 | $8,930 | $19,808 | $17,517 | $27,023 |
| 2011 | $9,561 | $18,804 | $18,469 | $26,202 |
| 2010 | $8,400 | $17,355 | $16,899 | $25,382 |
| 2009 | $8,548 | $16,641 | $16,587 | $23,077 |
| 2008 | $10,435 | $16,782 | $17,974 | $23,714 |
| 2007 | $8,360 | $13,703 | $14,330 | $21,232 |
| 2006 | $5,758 | $11,554 | $10,629 | $18,906 |
| 2005 | $4,618 | $9,602 | $9,087 | $16,570 |
| 2004 | $3,495 | $8,989 | $7,997 | $15,166 |
| 2003 | $2,679 | $7,559 | $6,283 | $14,088 |
| 2002 | $2,120 | $7,162 | $4,606 | $13,292 |
| 2001 | $1,825 | $6,520 | $3,974 | $12,367 |
| 2000 | $1,660 | $5,850 | $3,828 | $11,370 |
| 1999 | $1,600 | $5,596 | $3,857 | $10,726 |
| 1998 | $1,853 | $5,545 | $4,250 | $10,666 |
| 1997 | $1,577 | $5,564 | $4,092 | $10,137 |
| 1996 | $1,633 | $5,746 | $4,069 | $9,500 |
| 1995 | $1,650 | $5,429 | $3,787 | $8,812 |
| 1994 | $1,323 | $4,995 | $3,028 | $8,178 |
| 1993 | $1,158 | $4,699 | $2,627 | $7,569 |
| 1992 | $1,102 | $4,515 | $2,438 | $7,270 |
| 1991 | $1,254 | $4,795 | $2,254 | $7,623 |
| 1990 | $1,648 | $5,280 | $3,221 | $8,638 |
| 1989 | $1,790 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $1,753 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $1,659 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1987–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
Romania's GDP per capita is $22,538, ranking 57/197, compared to $28,544 in Slovakia, ranking 46/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Romania ranks 47th at $49,077, while Slovakia ranks 49th at $48,132.
Economic indicators
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$429B
2025 |
$155B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
39/197
2025 |
60/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
0.68%
2024-2025 |
0.81%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$22,538
2025 |
$28,544
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
57/197
2025 |
46/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$49,077
2024 |
$48,132
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
47/197
2024 |
49/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$260B
2025 |
$95.3B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
60.6%
2025 |
61.6%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$13,650
2025 |
$17,597
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
48/185
2025 |
36/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$13,510
2026 |
$17,518
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$70.9B
2025 |
$5.38B
2014 |
| Number of billionaires |
6
2026 |
2
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
21.8%
2023 |
18.8%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.4%
2023 |
3.3%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
40.5%
2025 |
48.7%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
7.3%
2024-2025 |
4%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
6.5%
2024 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
6.1%
2025 |
5.4%
2025 |
| Population |
18912567
|
5376239
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 40.5% | 60.6% | 48.7% | 61.6% |
| 2024 | 40% | 57.5% | 47.5% | 59.7% |
| 2023 | 37% | 52.6% | 48.2% | 55.8% |
| 2022 | 37.5% | 51.9% | 43.1% | 57.8% |
| 2021 | 37.2% | 51.8% | 44.8% | 60.2% |
| 2020 | 38.3% | 49.5% | 44.5% | 58.4% |
| 2019 | 33.4% | 36.8% | 40.6% | 48% |
| 2018 | 31.9% | 36.4% | 39.7% | 49.3% |
| 2017 | 31% | 37.1% | 39.8% | 51.4% |
| 2016 | 31.8% | 39.5% | 40.9% | 52.1% |
| 2015 | 34.2% | 39.4% | 44.1% | 51.6% |
| 2014 | 33.8% | 40.5% | 42% | 53.4% |
| 2013 | 34.2% | 39.3% | 41.1% | 54.6% |
| 2012 | 33.5% | 36.2% | 40% | 51.7% |
| 2011 | 35% | 32.6% | 40.8% | 43.3% |
| 2010 | 37.4% | 30.2% | 41% | 40.7% |
| 2009 | 36.3% | 22.5% | 43.2% | 36.4% |
| 2008 | 35.3% | 13% | 36.5% | 28.6% |
| 2007 | 34.6% | 12.4% | 35.9% | 30.4% |
| 2006 | 33.9% | 12.7% | 38.2% | 31.5% |
| 2005 | 32.3% | 17.8% | 39.1% | 35% |
| 2004 | 33.7% | 21.3% | 38.4% | 42% |
| 2003 | 31.8% | 24.9% | 40% | 43.6% |
| 2002 | 32.1% | 27.4% | 46% | 45.6% |
| 2001 | 33.2% | 27.4% | 46.2% | 51.4% |
| 2000 | 35% | 29.6% | 53.2% | 50.6% |
| 1999 | 35.1% | 21.7% | 48.4% | 47.1% |
| 1998 | 34.7% | 16.5% | 46.2% | 33.9% |
| 1997 | 33.5% | 15% | 48.6% | 32.8% |
| 1996 | 33.5% | 11% | 52.8% | 30.3% |
| 1995 | 34.4% | 6.91% | 47.8% | 21.3% |
| 1994 | 33.1% | - | - | - |
| 1993 | 33.5% | - | - | - |
| 1992 | 41.5% | - | - | - |
| 1991 | 38.3% | - | - | - |
| 1990 | 38.4% | - | - | - |
| 1989 | 40.1% | - | - | - |
| 1988 | 36.6% | - | - | - |
| 1987 | 40.7% | - | - | - |
| 1986 | 42.5% | - | - | - |
| 1985 | 41.6% | - | - | - |
| 1984 | 28.6% | - | - | - |
| 1983 | 25.8% | - | - | - |
| 1982 | 28.5% | - | - | - |
| 1981 | 30.4% | - | - | - |
| 1980 | 33.6% | - | - | - |
| 1979 | 42% | - | - | - |
| 1978 | 42.1% | - | - | - |
| 1977 | 39.9% | - | - | - |
| 1976 | 37.5% | - | - | - |
| 1975 | 40.6% | - | - | - |
| 1974 | 37.6% | - | - | - |
| 1973 | 32.6% | - | - | - |
| 1972 | 29.9% | - | - | - |
| 1971 | 27.2% | - | - | - |
| 1970 | 28.1% | - | - | - |
| 1969 | 32.1% | - | - | - |
| 1968 | 31.8% | - | - | - |
| 1967 | 30.6% | - | - | - |
| 1966 | 27.3% | - | - | - |
| 1965 | 25.6% | - | - | - |
| 1964 | 25.1% | - | - | - |
| 1963 | 23.1% | - | - | - |
| 1962 | 43.4% | - | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
In 2025, Romania's government spending was $173B, accounting for 40.5% of its GDP, while Slovakia spent $75.3B, or 48.7% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 60.6% in Romania and 61.6% in Slovakia, ranking 76/185 and 74/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 2025 | -7.64% | -5.02% |
| 2024 | -8.68% | -5.5% |
| 2023 | -5.66% | -5.3% |
| 2022 | -5.85% | -1.56% |
| 2021 | -6.74% | -5.09% |
| 2020 | -9.6% | -5.3% |
| 2019 | -4.58% | -1.21% |
| 2018 | -2.76% | -1.01% |
| 2017 | -2.86% | -0.98% |
| 2016 | -2.5% | -2.59% |
| 2015 | -1.35% | -2.78% |
| 2014 | -1.76% | -3.25% |
| 2013 | -2.44% | -2.86% |
| 2012 | -2.39% | -4.37% |
| 2011 | -4.14% | -4.36% |
| 2010 | -6.22% | -7.44% |
| 2009 | -6.86% | -8.18% |
| 2008 | -4.6% | -2.54% |
| 2007 | -3.05% | -2.26% |
| 2006 | -1.36% | -3.57% |
| 2005 | -0.69% | -2.86% |
| 2004 | -3.39% | -2.36% |
| 2003 | -2.29% | -2.28% |
| 2002 | -2.59% | -8.35% |
| 2001 | -3.2% | -7.74% |
| 2000 | -3.99% | -12.7% |
| 1999 | -3.58% | -7.25% |
| 1998 | -5.33% | -5.37% |
| 1997 | -5.19% | -6.24% |
| 1996 | -4.74% | -9.72% |
| 1995 | -3.32% | -3.43% |
| 1994 | -2.2% | - |
| 1993 | -0.35% | - |
| 1992 | -4.55% | - |
| 1991 | 3.23% | - |
| 1990 | 1.03% | - |
| 1989 | -2.87% | - |
| 1988 | 8.4% | - |
| 1987 | 2.37% | - |
| 1986 | 5.72% | - |
| 1985 | 6.36% | - |
| 1984 | 15.2% | - |
| 1983 | 9.35% | - |
| 1982 | 0.36% | - |
| 1981 | 0.61% | - |
| 1980 | -1.95% | - |
| 1979 | 0% | - |
| 1978 | 0% | - |
| 1977 | 0.23% | - |
| 1976 | 0.66% | - |
| 1975 | 0.41% | - |
| 1974 | 0.51% | - |
| 1973 | 1.53% | - |
| 1972 | 1.21% | - |
| 1971 | 0.89% | - |
| 1970 | 0.52% | - |
| 1969 | 0.93% | - |
| 1968 | 1.65% | - |
| 1967 | 1.23% | - |
| 1966 | 0.91% | - |
| 1965 | -1.29% | - |
| 1964 | -3.11% | - |
| 1963 | -1.61% | - |
| 1962 | -4.86% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
In 2025, Romania's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $32.8B, equivalent to 7.64% of GDP. This compares to Slovakia's deficit of $7.75B, or 5.02% of GDP.
Over the past 31 years, Romania recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Slovakia ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Romania posted an annual deficit equal to 4.17% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.63% of GDP for Slovakia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 2025 | 7.3% | 4% |
| 2024 | 5.6% | 2.76% |
| 2023 | 10.4% | 10.5% |
| 2022 | 13.8% | 12.8% |
| 2021 | 5% | 3.15% |
| 2020 | 2.6% | 1.94% |
| 2019 | 3.8% | 2.66% |
| 2018 | 4.6% | 2.51% |
| 2017 | 1.3% | 1.31% |
| 2016 | -1.6% | -0.52% |
| 2015 | -0.6% | -0.33% |
| 2014 | 1.1% | -0.08% |
| 2013 | 4% | 1.4% |
| 2012 | 3.3% | 3.61% |
| 2011 | 5.8% | 3.92% |
| 2010 | 6.1% | 0.96% |
| 2009 | 5.6% | 1.62% |
| 2008 | 7.8% | 4.6% |
| 2007 | 4.8% | 2.76% |
| 2006 | 6.6% | 4.48% |
| 2005 | 9% | 2.71% |
| 2004 | 11.9% | 7.55% |
| 2003 | 15.4% | 8.55% |
| 2002 | 22.5% | 3.13% |
| 2001 | 34.5% | 7.33% |
| 2000 | 45.7% | 12% |
| 1999 | 45.8% | 10.6% |
| 1998 | 59.1% | 6.67% |
| 1997 | 154.8% | 6.14% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, Romania has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 17.1%, compared with 4.44% in Slovakia. In 2025, inflation was 7.3% in Romania and 4% in Slovakia.
Top exports between countries
|
Romania
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $1.51B |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $286M |
| Metals | $193M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $184M |
| Transport & tourism services | $161M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $90.3M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $50.2M |
| Wood & paper products | $32.7M |
| Business & finance services | $32.5M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $31.8M |
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $1.87B |
| Metals | $340M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $257M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $238M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $162M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $123M |
| Wood & paper products | $91.3M |
| Transport & tourism services | $68.5M |
| Miscellaneous | $33.4M |
| Animal & marine products | $29.6M |
Balance of trade
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$33.9B
2025 |
-$5.6B
2025 |
| Current account balance ranking |
186/190
2025 |
165/190
2025 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-7.9%
2025 |
-3.63%
2025 |
| Goods imports |
$139B
2025 |
$117B
2025 |
| Goods exports |
$102B
2025 |
$117B
2025 |
| Service imports |
$35.9B
2025 |
$14.3B
2025 |
| Service exports |
$50.1B
2025 |
$14.7B
2025 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
40.7%
2025 |
85.2%
2025 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
35.5%
2025 |
85.1%
2025 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 65.4 | 67.7 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 64/197 | 54/197 |
| Property rights | 81 | 82.6 |
| Government integrity | 50 | 57.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 67 | 70.5 |
| Tax burden | 89.1 | 75.4 |
| Government spending | 56.7 | 36.4 |
| Fiscal health | 21.4 | 69.6 |
| Business freedom | 74.4 | 71.1 |
| Labor freedom | 63.6 | 55.1 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.7 | 69.7 |
| Trade freedom | 79.4 | 79.4 |
| Investment freedom | 70 | 75 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 70 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 2026 | 65.4 | 67.7 |
| 2025 | 66.5 | 68.4 |
| 2024 | 64.4 | 68.1 |
| 2023 | 64.5 | 69 |
| 2022 | 67.1 | 69.7 |
| 2021 | 69.5 | 66.3 |
| 2020 | 69.7 | 66.8 |
| 2019 | 68.6 | 65 |
| 2018 | 69.4 | 65.3 |
| 2017 | 69.7 | 65.7 |
| 2016 | 65.6 | 66.6 |
| 2015 | 66.6 | 67.2 |
| 2014 | 65.5 | 66.4 |
| 2013 | 65.1 | 68.7 |
| 2012 | 64.4 | 67 |
| 2011 | 64.7 | 69.5 |
| 2010 | 64.2 | 69.7 |
| 2009 | 63.2 | 69.4 |
| 2008 | 61.7 | 70 |
| 2007 | 61.2 | 69.6 |
| 2006 | 58.2 | 69.8 |
| 2005 | 52.1 | 66.8 |
| 2004 | 50 | 64.6 |
| 2003 | 50.6 | 59 |
| 2002 | 48.7 | 59.8 |
| 2001 | 50 | 58.5 |
| 2000 | 52.1 | 53.8 |
| 1999 | 50.1 | 54.2 |
| 1998 | 54.4 | 57.5 |
| 1997 | 50.8 | 55.5 |
| 1996 | 46.2 | 57.6 |
| 1995 | 42.9 | 60.4 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Romania is 65.4, ranking 64/197, compared to 67.7 for Slovakia, ranking 54/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Romania
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
61.7%
2025 |
59.8%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
25.3%
2025 |
28.1%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3%
2025 |
1.59%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$384B
2025 |
$143B
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$49,550
2025 |
$47,920
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$90.6B
2025 |
$18.2B
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
31/177
2025 |
69/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$8.57B
2025 |
-$198M
2025 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$7.16B
2024 |
$5.01B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.99B
2024 |
$2.24B
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
19%
2023 |
13.7%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
25.9%
2025 |
20.1%
2025 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/romania/slovakia | CC BY
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1962–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.