Guyana has a GDP of $24.8B compared to $142B for Slovakia, ranking 119/197 and 61/197 by economy size, respectively.
Guyana has $6.03B in government debt (27.7% of GDP), compared to $82.3B (60.1% of GDP) in Slovakia.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $170,216,241 | $1,555,849,244 | - | - |
| 1961 | $185,849,535 | $1,628,811,172 | - | - |
| 1962 | $194,949,513 | $1,646,808,327 | - | - |
| 1963 | $175,757,894 | $1,444,602,377 | - | - |
| 1964 | $194,774,513 | $1,608,713,286 | - | - |
| 1965 | $213,235,294 | $1,778,288,056 | - | - |
| 1966 | $228,705,882 | $1,871,350,740 | - | - |
| 1967 | $250,176,471 | $1,952,073,734 | - | - |
| 1968 | $229,750,000 | $1,972,079,124 | - | - |
| 1969 | $249,300,000 | $2,110,013,963 | - | - |
| 1970 | $267,800,000 | $2,199,804,697 | - | - |
| 1971 | $282,050,000 | $2,268,281,337 | - | - |
| 1972 | $285,380,952 | $2,193,027,226 | - | - |
| 1973 | $307,047,619 | $2,220,324,260 | - | - |
| 1974 | $433,954,545 | $2,391,352,284 | - | - |
| 1975 | $494,791,667 | $2,594,211,213 | - | - |
| 1976 | $454,440,000 | $2,634,081,990 | - | - |
| 1977 | $449,880,000 | $2,564,577,004 | - | - |
| 1978 | $507,080,000 | $2,518,255,902 | - | - |
| 1979 | $530,440,000 | $2,472,028,373 | - | - |
| 1980 | $603,200,000 | $2,514,890,619 | - | - |
| 1981 | $570,357,107 | $2,552,517,555 | - | - |
| 1982 | $482,000,000 | $2,215,837,057 | - | - |
| 1983 | $489,333,333 | $2,065,328,835 | - | - |
| 1984 | $437,631,605 | $1,961,468,862 | - | - |
| 1985 | $453,488,372 | $2,008,537,592 | - | - |
| 1986 | $504,651,140 | $1,990,448,658 | - | - |
| 1987 | $354,591,847 | $2,008,350,685 | - | - |
| 1988 | $413,799,990 | $1,934,171,588 | - | - |
| 1989 | $379,779,390 | $1,839,074,818 | - | - |
| 1990 | $396,582,263 | $1,782,661,480 | $12,915,046,978 | $45,559,569,013 |
| 1991 | $348,533,095 | $1,890,652,727 | $14,459,924,589 | $38,919,807,326 |
| 1992 | $373,573,141 | $2,037,327,406 | $15,699,327,209 | $36,303,816,918 |
| 1993 | $454,101,382 | $2,203,881,071 | $16,737,973,764 | $36,994,071,827 |
| 1994 | $540,874,934 | $2,391,925,530 | $20,428,139,756 | $39,289,750,245 |
| 1995 | $621,626,786 | $2,512,273,985 | $26,180,022,222 | $41,585,644,561 |
| 1996 | $705,406,001 | $2,712,138,382 | $28,197,790,875 | $44,130,510,843 |
| 1997 | $749,138,010 | $2,879,766,586 | $27,844,628,979 | $46,551,440,141 |
| 1998 | $717,530,683 | $2,831,412,296 | $29,976,207,629 | $48,332,548,393 |
| 1999 | $694,754,988 | $2,915,226,398 | $30,496,272,225 | $48,103,809,190 |
| 2000 | $712,667,897 | $2,875,468,427 | $29,215,726,005 | $48,483,456,227 |
| 2001 | $712,167,450 | $2,941,015,353 | $30,726,659,551 | $49,901,675,269 |
| 2002 | $726,131,435 | $2,974,326,086 | $35,243,658,399 | $52,105,958,758 |
| 2003 | $743,063,950 | $2,955,521,641 | $46,616,149,117 | $54,636,588,084 |
| 2004 | $787,814,379 | $3,001,726,851 | $57,215,475,076 | $57,581,226,217 |
| 2005 | $824,880,550 | $2,943,164,433 | $62,547,753,148 | $61,315,329,711 |
| 2006 | $2,379,817,991 | $3,094,137,271 | $70,751,813,443 | $66,788,144,153 |
| 2007 | $2,730,971,595 | $3,316,643,991 | $86,587,749,518 | $74,013,706,024 |
| 2008 | $3,025,187,433 | $3,374,858,506 | $100,830,060,553 | $77,983,340,267 |
| 2009 | $3,165,663,153 | $3,496,741,807 | $89,342,984,698 | $73,690,093,872 |
| 2010 | $3,432,912,517 | $3,641,452,425 | $91,112,160,801 | $78,694,079,821 |
| 2011 | $3,691,384,318 | $3,830,671,453 | $99,705,104,723 | $80,710,556,385 |
| 2012 | $4,063,088,536 | $4,032,790,344 | $94,724,394,278 | $81,977,043,068 |
| 2013 | $4,167,800,929 | $4,180,123,674 | $99,134,277,850 | $82,553,606,913 |
| 2014 | $4,127,660,152 | $4,250,621,228 | $101,713,075,599 | $84,789,118,562 |
| 2015 | $4,279,840,194 | $4,279,840,194 | $89,178,548,717 | $89,178,548,717 |
| 2016 | $4,482,697,337 | $4,442,793,237 | $90,347,173,229 | $90,915,584,912 |
| 2017 | $4,748,174,334 | $4,608,708,975 | $95,978,130,735 | $93,529,165,483 |
| 2018 | $4,787,636,998 | $4,813,377,726 | $106,611,673,365 | $97,328,432,250 |
| 2019 | $5,173,760,192 | $5,071,030,136 | $105,843,498,304 | $99,543,529,164 |
| 2020 | $5,471,256,595 | $7,275,896,377 | $107,732,602,896 | $96,969,818,857 |
| 2021 | $8,041,362,110 | $8,735,441,013 | $120,560,912,621 | $102,496,703,509 |
| 2022 | $14,718,388,489 | $14,268,000,638 | $115,884,262,198 | $102,944,982,588 |
| 2023 | $16,918,503,597 | $19,089,873,040 | $133,896,931,490 | $105,176,983,317 |
| 2024 | $24,835,899,826 | $27,369,534,584 | $141,775,733,420 | $107,345,393,746 |
Economic indicators
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$24.8B
2024 |
$142B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
119/197
2024 |
61/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
46.8%
2023-2024 |
5.88%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$29,884
2024 |
$26,148
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
42/197
2024 |
46/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$79,906
2024 |
$47,181
2024 |
| Government debt |
$6.03B
2024 |
$82.3B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
27.7%
2025 |
60.1%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$7,252
2024 |
$15,170
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
67/185
2024 |
40/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$13,265
2025 |
$17,365
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$5.38B
2014 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
2
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
34.4%
1998 |
18.8%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.1%
1998 |
3.3%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
24.3%
2025 |
48.6%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.6%
2024-2025 |
2.76%
2023-2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
13.2%
2019 |
5.34%
2024 |
| Population |
839919
|
5390674
|
GDP per capita in Guyana vs Slovakia
Guyana's GDP per capita is $29,884, ranking 42/197, compared to $26,148 in Slovakia, ranking 46/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guyana ranks 13th at $79,906, while Slovakia ranks 50th at $47,181.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $299.1 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $319 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $327 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $288.8 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $313 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $336 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $353 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $378 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $340 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $361 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $381 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $396 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $395 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $421 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $588 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $664 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $604 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $593 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $663 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $689 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $779 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $735 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $621 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $631 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $565 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $588 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $657 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $464 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $545 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $503 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $529 | $3,022 | $2,437 | $8,633 |
| 1991 | $466 | $3,322 | $2,727 | $7,618 |
| 1992 | $498 | $3,651 | $2,959 | $7,266 |
| 1993 | $603 | $4,027 | $3,143 | $7,564 |
| 1994 | $716 | $4,447 | $3,821 | $8,173 |
| 1995 | $820 | $4,753 | $4,883 | $8,806 |
| 1996 | $928 | $5,210 | $5,248 | $9,496 |
| 1997 | $983 | $5,615 | $5,172 | $10,135 |
| 1998 | $940 | $5,573 | $5,561 | $10,666 |
| 1999 | $909 | $5,812 | $5,652 | $10,726 |
| 2000 | $932 | $5,860 | $5,422 | $11,368 |
| 2001 | $932 | $6,131 | $5,712 | $12,369 |
| 2002 | $951 | $6,304 | $6,555 | $13,292 |
| 2003 | $974 | $6,392 | $8,675 | $14,090 |
| 2004 | $1,033 | $6,673 | $10,650 | $15,168 |
| 2005 | $1,084 | $6,761 | $11,642 | $16,570 |
| 2006 | $3,136 | $7,346 | $13,168 | $18,910 |
| 2007 | $3,608 | $8,110 | $16,110 | $21,233 |
| 2008 | $4,009 | $8,437 | $18,744 | $23,714 |
| 2009 | $4,209 | $8,824 | $16,587 | $23,065 |
| 2010 | $4,582 | $9,337 | $16,899 | $25,384 |
| 2011 | $4,947 | $10,066 | $18,469 | $26,202 |
| 2012 | $5,444 | $10,627 | $17,517 | $27,023 |
| 2013 | $5,557 | $11,200 | $18,313 | $28,075 |
| 2014 | $5,473 | $11,145 | $18,771 | $29,108 |
| 2015 | $5,640 | $11,408 | $16,442 | $30,156 |
| 2016 | $5,871 | $11,516 | $16,636 | $29,868 |
| 2017 | $6,179 | $12,243 | $17,646 | $30,246 |
| 2018 | $6,048 | $12,443 | $19,573 | $31,510 |
| 2019 | $6,406 | $13,241 | $19,406 | $33,986 |
| 2020 | $6,776 | $16,819 | $19,735 | $35,328 |
| 2021 | $9,861 | $22,866 | $22,132 | $38,346 |
| 2022 | $17,913 | $39,711 | $21,335 | $41,096 |
| 2023 | $20,474 | $54,729 | $24,674 | $43,950 |
| 2024 | $29,884 | $79,906 | $26,148 | $47,181 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Guyana's government spending was $5.77B, accounting for 24.3% of its GDP, while Slovakia's spent $66.6B, or 48.6% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 27.7% in Guyana and 60.1% in Slovakia, ranking 163/185 and 80/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1995 | - | - | 47.7% | 21.3% |
| 1996 | - | - | 52.8% | 30.3% |
| 1997 | 20.9% | 101.3% | 48.5% | 32.8% |
| 1998 | 19.7% | 108% | 45.7% | 33.8% |
| 1999 | 17.6% | 97.1% | 47.9% | 47% |
| 2000 | 22.9% | 97.2% | 52.8% | 50.5% |
| 2001 | 24% | 104.6% | 45.4% | 51.2% |
| 2002 | 23.1% | 105.1% | 45.5% | 45.4% |
| 2003 | 23.5% | 95.6% | 40.6% | 43.5% |
| 2004 | 23.7% | 91.8% | 38.1% | 41.9% |
| 2005 | 28.4% | 90.7% | 39.9% | 34.9% |
| 2006 | 29% | 74.5% | 38.8% | 31.4% |
| 2007 | 25.5% | 47% | 36.4% | 30.3% |
| 2008 | 24.1% | 47.6% | 37% | 28.6% |
| 2009 | 25.4% | 51.7% | 44.4% | 36.4% |
| 2010 | 23.9% | 52.5% | 42.2% | 40.6% |
| 2011 | 23.5% | 51.2% | 41.4% | 43.3% |
| 2012 | 21.8% | 44.3% | 41.1% | 51.7% |
| 2013 | 21.4% | 41.1% | 42.4% | 54.6% |
| 2014 | 23.1% | 38.3% | 43.1% | 53.3% |
| 2015 | 21.7% | 41.8% | 45.4% | 51.5% |
| 2016 | 25.2% | 43.8% | 42.4% | 52% |
| 2017 | 26.3% | 42.9% | 39.4% | 51.3% |
| 2018 | 27.6% | 47% | 39.5% | 49.2% |
| 2019 | 28.1% | 43.6% | 40.5% | 47.9% |
| 2020 | 30.5% | 51.1% | 44.3% | 58.3% |
| 2021 | 24.8% | 41.2% | 44.6% | 60.1% |
| 2022 | 20.3% | 24.8% | 42.2% | 57.6% |
| 2023 | 23.7% | 26.7% | 47.9% | 56% |
| 2024 | 23.2% | 24.3% | 47% | 58% |
| 2025 | 24.3% | 27.7% | 48.6% | 60.1% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Guyana's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.83B, equivalent to -7.35% of GDP. This compares to Slovakia's deficit of -$8.27B, or -5.84% of GDP.
Over the past 28 years, Guyana recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Slovakia ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Guyana posted an annual deficit equal to -3.59% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.46% of GDP for Slovakia.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 1995 | - | -3.43% |
| 1996 | - | -9.72% |
| 1997 | -1.7% | -6.24% |
| 1998 | -2.67% | -5.28% |
| 1999 | -0.47% | -7.17% |
| 2000 | -2.27% | -12.6% |
| 2001 | -3.71% | -7.23% |
| 2002 | -2.42% | -8.23% |
| 2003 | -4.81% | -3.14% |
| 2004 | -2.88% | -2.32% |
| 2005 | -6.54% | -2.89% |
| 2006 | -6.16% | -3.58% |
| 2007 | -3.35% | -2.05% |
| 2008 | -2.78% | -2.52% |
| 2009 | -2.5% | -8.15% |
| 2010 | -1.88% | -7.48% |
| 2011 | -2.13% | -4.31% |
| 2012 | -3.11% | -4.35% |
| 2013 | -2.16% | -2.87% |
| 2014 | -3.88% | -3.1% |
| 2015 | -0.75% | -2.66% |
| 2016 | -3.21% | -2.56% |
| 2017 | -3.14% | -0.98% |
| 2018 | -2.52% | -1.01% |
| 2019 | -2.52% | -1.21% |
| 2020 | -7.78% | -5.3% |
| 2021 | -6.94% | -5.09% |
| 2022 | -5.11% | -1.63% |
| 2023 | -5.78% | -5.16% |
| 2024 | -7.35% | -5.84% |
| 2025 | -4.95% | -5.24% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Guyana has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.19%, compared with 4.5% in Slovakia. In 2024, inflation was 3.6% in Guyana and 2.76% in Slovakia.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
| 1996 | 7.1% | 5.78% | |
| 1997 | 3.6% | 6.14% | |
| 1998 | 4.6% | 6.67% | |
| 1999 | 7.5% | 10.6% | |
| 2000 | 6.1% | 12% | |
| 2001 | 2.6% | 7.33% | |
| 2002 | 5.4% | 3.13% | |
| 2003 | 6% | 8.55% | |
| 2004 | 4.7% | 7.55% | |
| 2005 | 6.9% | 2.71% | |
| 2006 | 6.7% | 4.48% | |
| 2007 | 12.2% | 2.76% | |
| 2008 | 8.1% | 4.6% | |
| 2009 | 3% | 1.62% | |
| 2010 | 4.3% | 0.96% | |
| 2011 | 4.4% | 3.92% | |
| 2012 | 2.4% | 3.61% | |
| 2013 | 1.9% | 1.4% | |
| 2014 | 0.7% | -0.08% | |
| 2015 | -0.9% | -0.33% | |
| 2016 | 0.8% | -0.52% | |
| 2017 | 1.9% | 1.31% | |
| 2018 | 1.3% | 2.51% | |
| 2019 | 2.1% | 2.66% | |
| 2020 | 1.2% | 1.94% | |
| 2021 | 3.3% | 3.15% | |
| 2022 | 6.5% | 12.8% | |
| 2023 | 4.5% | 10.5% | |
| 2024 | 2.5% | 2.76% | |
| 2025 | 3.6% | - | |
Top exports between countries
Balance of trade
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$2.35B
2023 |
-$3.89B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
41/189
2023 |
159/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+13.9%
2023 |
-2.75%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$6B
2023 |
$107B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$13.2B
2023 |
$107B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$4.95B
2023 |
$13.1B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$529M
2023 |
$13.6B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
109.7%
2005 |
85%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
84.6%
2005 |
85.2%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 58.2 | 68.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 109/197 | 48/197 |
| Property rights | 48.2 | 84.3 |
| Government integrity | 38.6 | 57.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 48.3 | 69.9 |
| Tax burden | 76.9 | 76.7 |
| Government spending | 83.6 | 38.7 |
| Fiscal health | 39.7 | 69.8 |
| Business freedom | 71.1 | 77 |
| Labor freedom | 76.7 | 58 |
| Monetary freedom | 76 | 64.5 |
| Trade freedom | 54 | 79.6 |
| Investment freedom | 55 | 75 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 70 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Guyana is 58.2, ranking 109/197, compared to 68.4 for Slovakia, ranking 48/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
| 1995 | 45.7 | 60.4 |
| 1996 | 50.1 | 57.6 |
| 1997 | 53.2 | 55.5 |
| 1998 | 52.7 | 57.5 |
| 1999 | 53.3 | 54.2 |
| 2000 | 52.4 | 53.8 |
| 2001 | 53.3 | 58.5 |
| 2002 | 54.3 | 59.8 |
| 2003 | 50.3 | 59 |
| 2004 | 53 | 64.6 |
| 2005 | 56.5 | 66.8 |
| 2006 | 56.6 | 69.8 |
| 2007 | 53.7 | 69.6 |
| 2008 | 48.8 | 70 |
| 2009 | 48.4 | 69.4 |
| 2010 | 48.4 | 69.7 |
| 2011 | 49.4 | 69.5 |
| 2012 | 51.3 | 67 |
| 2013 | 53.8 | 68.7 |
| 2014 | 55.7 | 66.4 |
| 2015 | 55.5 | 67.2 |
| 2016 | 55.4 | 66.6 |
| 2017 | 58.5 | 65.7 |
| 2018 | 58.7 | 65.3 |
| 2019 | 56.8 | 65 |
| 2020 | 56.2 | 66.8 |
| 2021 | 57.4 | 66.3 |
| 2022 | 59.5 | 69.7 |
| 2023 | 56.9 | 69 |
| 2024 | 57.3 | 68.1 |
| 2025 | 58.2 | 68.4 |
More economic indicators
|
Guyana
|
Slovakia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
15.3%
2024 |
60%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
74.3%
2024 |
28.5%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
8.02%
2024 |
2.03%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$16.8B
2024 |
$130B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$52,320
2024 |
$46,110
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$1.01B
2024 |
$14.5B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
141/177
2024 |
68/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$1.14B
2023 |
-$1.27B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$8.63B
2024 |
$3.58B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$5.7M
2024 |
$2.31B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
2.72%
2023 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
35%
2020 |
13.7%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
32.3%
2005 |
20.1%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.