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Economy of Armenia vs Sweden compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Armenia has a GDP of $26B compared to $604B for Sweden, ranking 114/197 and 26/197 by economy size, respectively.

Armenia has $13B in government debt (50% of GDP), compared to $199B (33% of GDP) in Sweden.

Armenia vs Sweden GDP by year

Armenia
Sweden
1x
Year GDP, current $
Armenia Sweden
2024 $25,955,275,380 $603,715,224,266
2023 $24,185,982,216 $578,990,915,246
2022 $19,513,506,553 $575,071,237,641
2021 $13,878,908,629 $631,693,331,301
2020 $12,641,698,583 $544,265,668,452
2019 $13,619,290,539 $530,894,124,494
2018 $12,457,940,695 $549,649,344,043
2017 $11,527,458,709 $535,172,356,785
2016 $10,546,136,236 $513,058,312,951
2015 $10,553,337,518 $501,602,351,912
2014 $11,609,513,247 $577,727,767,304
2013 $11,121,464,437 $584,125,353,119
2012 $10,619,320,683 $549,739,674,655
2011 $10,142,111,825 $570,538,581,144
2010 $9,260,285,756 $492,750,897,239
2009 $8,647,937,081 $434,311,714,442
2008 $11,662,040,714 $514,614,100,833
2007 $9,206,301,270 $490,047,789,548
2006 $6,384,452,067 $422,528,394,459
2005 $4,900,469,511 $391,688,455,929
2004 $3,576,615,240 $384,545,442,175
2003 $2,807,061,009 $334,072,443,516
2002 $2,376,335,048 $267,371,907,447
2001 $2,118,467,913 $242,497,797,485
2000 $1,911,563,669 $262,903,560,280
1999 $1,845,482,173 $274,318,357,862
1998 $1,893,726,437 $270,887,306,759
1997 $1,639,492,445 $268,249,616,891
1996 $1,596,968,946 $291,949,597,375
1995 $1,468,317,435 $267,050,453,507
1994 $1,315,158,637 $228,699,066,874
1993 $1,201,312,829 $212,644,602,616
1992 $1,272,835,453 $283,908,914,454
1991 $2,069,870,130 $273,831,464,572
1990 $2,256,863,449 $261,466,577,009
1989 - $217,632,340,195
1988 - $206,686,590,776
1987 - $182,744,315,974
1986 - $150,279,869,729
1985 - $113,958,084,357
1984 - $109,043,045,407
1983 - $104,862,109,663
1982 - $114,214,731,799
1981 - $129,498,921,476
1980 - $141,886,067,004
1979 - $123,207,527,699
1978 - $104,290,933,496
1977 - $94,331,782,622
1976 - $89,232,517,046
1975 - $82,765,232,648
1974 - $65,917,634,590
1973 - $59,318,842,992
1972 - $48,883,173,400
1971 - $41,506,151,115
1970 - $38,037,226,668
1969 - $33,967,301,561
1968 - $31,277,871,669
1967 - $29,474,881,506
1966 - $27,154,716,721
1965 - $24,963,947,415
1964 - $22,685,490,195
1963 - $20,342,131,882
1962 - $18,794,066,990
1961 - $17,329,620,585
1960 - $15,930,075,467

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

GDP per capita in Armenia vs Sweden by year

Armenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sweden
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Armenia Sweden
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $8,556 $22,823 $57,117 $71,845
2023 $8,159 $21,534 $54,950 $69,226
2022 $6,572 $19,161 $54,837 $67,076
2021 $4,685 $15,922 $60,648 $62,732
2020 $4,269 $14,706 $52,569 $57,489
2019 $4,597 $14,976 $51,649 $57,046
2018 $4,196 $12,877 $54,018 $53,122
2017 $3,869 $12,066 $53,210 $51,474
2016 $3,524 $10,570 $51,704 $50,290
2015 $3,512 $9,757 $51,188 $48,772
2014 $3,852 $9,736 $59,583 $46,841
2013 $3,680 $9,455 $60,844 $46,098
2012 $3,512 $8,943 $57,750 $45,207
2011 $3,350 $7,624 $60,379 $44,333
2010 $3,041 $7,095 $52,543 $41,951
2009 $2,821 $6,812 $46,708 $40,094
2008 $3,778 $7,827 $55,817 $41,907
2007 $2,963 $7,137 $53,568 $40,813
2006 $2,042 $6,073 $46,531 $37,672
2005 $1,557 $5,172 $43,378 $34,198
2004 $1,130 $4,377 $42,758 $33,805
2003 $882 $3,836 $37,292 $31,788
2002 $743 $3,282 $29,958 $30,987
2001 $660 $2,844 $27,259 $29,946
2000 $593 $2,531 $29,633 $29,636
1999 $583 $2,377 $30,969 $27,496
1998 $590 $2,239 $30,605 $25,897
1997 $505 $2,040 $30,324 $24,817
1996 $487 $1,922 $33,022 $23,952
1995 $444 $1,767 $30,254 $23,084
1994 $391 $1,591 $26,046 $21,835
1993 $348 $1,440 $24,390 $20,700
1992 $356 $1,492 $32,753 $20,767
1991 $573 $2,477 $31,777 $20,663
1990 $635 $2,760 $30,549 $20,357
1989 - - $25,625 -
1988 - - $24,499 -
1987 - - $21,761 -
1986 - - $17,955 -
1985 - - $13,647 -
1984 - - $13,080 -
1983 - - $12,590 -
1982 - - $13,719 -
1981 - - $15,564 -
1980 - - $17,073 -
1979 - - $14,856 -
1978 - - $12,602 -
1977 - - $11,432 -
1976 - - $10,853 -
1975 - - $10,103 -
1974 - - $8,078 -
1973 - - $7,291 -
1972 - - $6,018 -
1971 - - $5,125 -
1970 - - $4,729 -
1969 - - $4,263 -
1968 - - $3,953 -
1967 - - $3,746 -
1966 - - $3,478 -
1965 - - $3,228 -
1964 - - $2,961 -
1963 - - $2,675 -
1962 - - $2,485 -
1961 - - $2,304 -
1960 - - $2,128 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

Armenia's GDP per capita is $8,556, ranking 90/197, compared to $57,117 in Sweden, ranking 17/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Armenia ranks 86th at $22,823, while Sweden ranks 23rd at $71,845.

Economic indicators

Armenia Sweden
Gross domestic product
$26B
2024
$604B
2024
GDP rank
114/197
2024
26/197
2024
GDP growth
5.9%
2023-2024
0.82%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$8,556
2024
$57,117
2024
GDP per capita rank
90/197
2024
17/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,823
2024
$71,845
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
86/197
2024
23/197
2024
Government debt
$13B
2024
$199B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50%
2024
33%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,275
2024
$18,842
2024
Government debt per person rank
89/185
2024
32/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,687
2026
$42,066
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.85B
2024
$290B
2003
Number of millionaires n/a
490,000
2025
Number of billionaires
1
2025
45
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.9%
2023
22.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2023
2.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29%
2024
49.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.4%
2023-2024
2.84%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
6.75%
2025
1.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.3%
2023
8.31%
2024
Population
2989841
10680056

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Armenia
Spending

Debt
Sweden
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Armenia Sweden
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 29% 50% 49.3% 33%
2023 26.9% 50.4% 48.9% 31.8%
2022 26.4% 49.3% 48.3% 33.9%
2021 28.7% 63.6% 49.3% 37%
2020 30.6% 67.3% 52% 40.2%
2019 24.9% 54.2% 48.8% 35.8%
2018 24% 56.1% 49.8% 39.9%
2017 26% 58.1% 49.2% 41.6%
2016 27% 56.5% 49.5% 42.9%
2015 26.3% 48.3% 49.4% 44.5%
2014 24% 43.6% 50.7% 45.7%
2013 23.8% 41.6% 51.4% 40.8%
2012 22.4% 41.2% 50.2% 38%
2011 25% 42% 49.1% 37.7%
2010 26.2% 39.7% 49.7% 38.6%
2009 28.6% 40.2% 51.7% 41.2%
2008 22.2% 16.1% 49.4% 38%
2007 22.4% 16.1% 48.5% 39.2%
2006 20% 18.7% 50.1% 43.8%
2005 19.9% 24.4% 51.2% 48.9%
2004 - 26.4% 51.7% 48.7%
2003 - 33% 53% 49.4%
2002 - 38.2% 52.7% 49.8%
2001 - 38.1% 51.7% 52%
2000 - 39.6% 52.2% 50.4%
1999 - 39.2% 55.2% 60.3%
1998 - 45.2% 55.6% 65.4%
1997 - 46.5% 57.9% 67.7%
1996 - 40.8% 60% 68.9%
1995 - - 62.1% 68.7%
1994 - - 65.3% 68.6%
1993 - - 67.9% 66.1%
1992 - - 66.5% 45.7%
1991 - - 61.2% 40.2%
1990 - - 57.5% 40.3%
1989 - - 35.8% 44.8%
1988 - - 37.9% 50.3%
1987 - - 40.9% 56%
1986 - - 42.1% 59.5%
1985 - - 47.6% 61.2%
1984 - - 46.7% 57.5%
1983 - - 48.6% 54.5%
1982 - - 46.4% 47.9%
1981 - - 46.1% 41.5%
1980 - - 41% 34.4%
1979 - - 39.9% 28.3%
1978 - - 39.1% 24%
1977 - - 35.7% 21%
1976 - - 32.3% 19%
1975 - - 30.6% 19.9%
1974 - - 30.1% 19.4%
1973 - - 31.1% 18%
1972 - - 31.9% 17.2%
1971 - - 29.8% 16.9%
1970 - - 29.5% 16.9%
1969 - - 28.7% 17.6%
1968 - - 28.3% 17.6%
1967 - - 27.7% 16.1%
1966 - - 26.5% 15.3%
1965 - - 24.6% 17%
1964 - - 23.4% 18.7%
1963 - - 24.4% 20.7%
1962 - - 23.4% 23%
1961 - - 23.7% 26%
1960 - - 24.4% 28.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

In 2024, Armenia's government spending was $7.53B, accounting for 29% of its GDP, while Sweden spent $298B, or 49.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50% in Armenia and 33% in Sweden, ranking 108/185 and 148/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Armenia

Sweden
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Armenia Sweden
2024 -3.69% -1.72%
2023 -2.02% -0.63%
2022 -2.11% 1%
2021 -4.58% -0.15%
2020 -5.4% -3.18%
2019 -0.98% 0.44%
2018 -1.75% 0.67%
2017 -4.79% 1.29%
2016 -5.63% 0.86%
2015 -4.84% -0.27%
2014 -1.94% -1.84%
2013 -1.59% -1.63%
2012 -1.49% -1.19%
2011 -2.87% -0.41%
2010 -4.98% -0.14%
2009 -7.69% -0.89%
2008 -1.76% 1.87%
2007 -2.33% 3.37%
2006 -1.95% 2.2%
2005 -1.98% 2.08%
2004 - 0.17%
2003 - -1.25%
2002 - -1.46%
2001 - 1.37%
2000 - 3.11%
1999 - 0.6%
1998 - 0.82%
1997 - -1.57%
1996 - -3.11%
1995 - -7.01%
1994 - -8.77%
1993 - -10.9%
1992 - -8.51%
1991 - 0.28%
1990 - 3.7%
1989 - 1.5%
1988 - -0.64%
1987 - -2%
1986 - -6.21%
1985 - -9.91%
1984 - -12.1%
1983 - -15.1%
1982 - -13.4%
1981 - -12.8%
1980 - -11.5%
1979 - -9.95%
1978 - -7.32%
1977 - -3.32%
1976 - -1.27%
1975 - -4.05%
1974 - -4.12%
1973 - -3.28%
1972 - -2.17%
1971 - -1.67%
1970 - -2.64%
1969 - -2.03%
1968 - -2.37%
1967 - -1.41%
1966 - -0.33%
1965 - -0.17%
1964 - -0.1%
1963 - 0.41%
1962 - 0.7%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.67%
1959 - -2.53%
1958 - -2.31%
1957 - -2.1%
1956 - -1.21%
1955 - -1.72%
1954 - -1.52%
1953 - -2.47%
1952 - -0.16%
1951 - -0.9%
1950 - -1.64%
1949 - -0.74%
1948 - 0.29%
1947 - -1.08%
1946 - -0.61%
1945 - -8.04%
1944 - -8.66%
1943 - -10.7%
1942 - -11.8%
1941 - -13.1%
1940 - -8.16%
1939 - -1.13%
1938 - -0.07%
1937 - 0.46%
1936 - -0.64%
1935 - -2.19%
1934 - -1.88%
1933 - -4.1%
1932 - -1.56%
1931 - -0.05%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.39%
1928 - -0.06%
1927 - -1.14%
1926 - -1.11%
1925 - -1.44%
1924 - -0.99%
1923 - -1.65%
1922 - -3.17%
1921 - -3.55%
1920 - -0.6%
1919 - 0.17%
1918 - -8.59%
1917 - -0.26%
1916 - -0.23%
1915 - -0.94%
1914 - -0.55%
1913 - -0.17%
1912 - -0.51%
1911 - -0.87%
1910 - -0.81%
1909 - -2.08%
1908 - -2.27%
1907 - -0.68%
1906 - -0.66%
1905 - -0.34%
1904 - -0.56%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - -1.57%
1901 - -1.34%
1900 - -0.32%
1899 - 0.57%
1898 - 0.91%
1897 - 1.09%
1896 - -0.59%
1895 - 1%
1894 - 0.47%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.68%
1891 - -0.6%
1890 - 0.33%
1889 - 0.19%
1888 - -0.05%
1887 - -1.5%
1886 - -0.98%
1885 - -0.08%
1884 - 0.24%
1883 - 0.16%
1882 - 0.36%
1881 - -0.17%
1880 - -0.47%
1879 - -1.89%
1878 - -2.04%
1877 - -1.21%
1876 - -1.07%
1875 - -1.26%
1874 - -1.05%
1873 - 0.06%
1872 - -0.15%
1871 - 0.22%
1870 - -0.42%
1869 - -1.52%
1868 - -1.67%
1867 - -1.17%
1866 - -3.01%
1865 - -2.02%
1864 - -2.3%
1863 - -1.58%
1862 - -1.35%
1861 - -1.11%
1860 - -2.03%
1859 - -2.17%
1858 - -2.36%
1857 - -0.62%
1856 - -0.08%
1855 - -0.09%
1854 - -0.19%
1853 - 0.17%
1852 - -0.31%
1851 - -0.07%
1850 - 0.004%
1849 - 0.09%
1848 - 0.12%
1847 - 0.08%
1846 - 0.13%
1845 - 0.04%
1844 - 0.009%
1843 - 0.05%
1842 - -0.12%
1841 - 0.06%
1840 - -0.01%
1839 - -0.006%
1838 - 0.09%
1837 - -0.38%
1836 - -0.08%
1835 - 0.08%
1834 - -0.12%
1833 - 0.09%
1832 - 0.01%
1831 - -0.1%
1830 - -0.45%
1829 - 2.7%
1828 - 0.03%
1827 - -0.16%
1826 - 0.37%
1825 - 0.18%
1824 - -0.23%
1823 - 0.37%
1822 - -0.03%
1821 - -0.49%
1820 - 0.26%
1819 - 0.09%
1818 - 0.35%
1817 - 0.35%
1816 - 0.16%
1815 - 2.34%
1814 - -0.45%
1813 - -0.37%
1812 - 3.47%
1811 - -0.48%
1810 - -3.05%
1809 - -7.65%
1808 - -5.04%
1807 - 0.1%
1806 - 0.55%
1805 - 0.52%
1804 - -0.25%
1803 - 11.6%
1802 - 2.17%
1801 - 0.01%
1800 - -0.44%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

In 2024, Armenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $958M, equivalent to 3.69% of GDP. This compares to Sweden's deficit of $10.4B, or 1.72% of GDP.

Over the past 20 years, Armenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Sweden ran a deficit in 11 years. On average, Armenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.22% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.09% of GDP for Sweden.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Armenia

Sweden
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Armenia Sweden
2024 0.4% 2.84%
2023 2% 8.55%
2022 8.8% 8.37%
2021 7.5% 2.16%
2020 1.5% 0.5%
2019 1.5% 1.78%
2018 2.5% 1.95%
2017 0.9% 1.79%
2016 -1.4% 0.98%
2015 3.7% -0.05%
2014 3% -0.18%
2013 5.7% -0.04%
2012 2.5% 0.89%
2011 7.5% 2.96%
2010 8.2% 1.16%
2009 3.5% -0.49%
2008 9.1% 3.44%
2007 4.4% 2.21%
2006 2.9% 1.36%
2005 0.6% 0.45%
2004 6.9% 0.37%
2003 4.7% 1.93%
2002 1% 2.16%
2001 3.2% 2.41%
2000 -0.8% 0.9%
1999 0.7% 0.46%
1998 8.7% -0.27%
1997 14% 0.66%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Armenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.04%, compared with 1.76% in Sweden. In 2024, inflation was 0.4% in Armenia and 2.84% in Sweden.

Top exports between countries

Armenia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $558K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $147K
Textiles & consumer goods $118K
Metals $110K
Chemicals & pharma $75K
Wood & paper products $67K
Raw agricultural goods $46K
Miscellaneous $3K
Sweden
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $8.45M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.96M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.48M
Chemicals & pharma $711K
Metals $274K
Miscellaneous $202K
Wood & paper products $187K
Raw materials & minerals $183K
Animal & marine products $145K
Precious metals & jewellery $58K

Balance of trade

Armenia Sweden
Current account balance
-$1.19B
2024
$35.8B
2024
Current account balance ranking
128/190
2024
17/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.6%
2024
+5.92%
2024
Goods imports
$15.4B
2024
$188B
2024
Goods exports
$13.2B
2024
$218B
2024
Service imports
$4.39B
2024
$126B
2024
Service exports
$5.86B
2024
$116B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
76.4%
2024
51.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
73.6%
2024
54.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Armenia Sweden
Economic freedom 67.1 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 58/197 14/197
Property rights 48.6 96.2
Government integrity 51.8 91.6
Judicial effectiveness 31.4 95.6
Tax burden 87.2 51.6
Government spending 77.5 28.4
Fiscal health 84.1 97.5
Business freedom 72.9 84.8
Labor freedom 59.2 65.8
Monetary freedom 77.2 78.1
Trade freedom 75 79.4
Investment freedom 70 85
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Armenia
Sweden
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Armenia Sweden
2026 67.1 77.8
2025 65.4 77.9
2024 64.9 77.5
2023 65.1 77.5
2022 65.3 77.9
2021 71.9 74.7
2020 70.6 74.9
2019 67.7 75.2
2018 68.7 76.3
2017 70.3 74.9
2016 67 72
2015 67.1 72.7
2014 68.9 73.1
2013 69.4 72.9
2012 68.8 71.7
2011 69.7 71.9
2010 69.2 72.4
2009 69.9 70.5
2008 69.9 70.8
2007 68.6 69.3
2006 70.6 70.9
2005 69.8 69.8
2004 70.3 70.1
2003 67.3 70
2002 68 70.8
2001 66.4 66.6
2000 63 65.1
1999 56.4 64.2
1998 49.6 64
1997 46.7 63.3
1996 42.2 61.8
1995 - 61.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Armenia is 67.1, ranking 58/197, compared to 77.8 for Sweden, ranking 14/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Armenia Sweden
Services, % of GDP
62%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.9%
2024
21.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.81%
2024
1.42%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$23.7B
2024
$615B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,020
2024
$75,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$3.69B
2024
$62.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
111/177
2024
37/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$74.8M
2024
$2.08B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$132M
2024
$27B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$56.8M
2024
$29.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.26%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
23.7%
2023
16.1%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.8%
2024
25.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/sweden | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.