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Economy of Sweden vs Tajikistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Sweden has a GDP of $604B compared to $14.2B for Tajikistan, ranking 26/197 and 145/197 by economy size, respectively.

Sweden has $199B in government debt (33% of GDP), compared to $3.54B (24.9% of GDP) in Tajikistan.

Sweden vs Tajikistan GDP by year

Sweden
Tajikistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Sweden Tajikistan
2024 $603,715,224,266 $14,204,575,549
2023 $578,990,915,246 $12,244,169,293
2022 $575,071,237,641 $10,713,525,200
2021 $631,693,331,301 $8,937,805,347
2020 $544,265,668,452 $8,133,963,551
2019 $530,894,124,494 $8,300,813,599
2018 $549,649,344,043 $7,764,999,999
2017 $535,172,356,785 $7,536,402,853
2016 $513,058,312,951 $6,992,416,097
2015 $501,602,351,912 $8,271,431,485
2014 $577,727,767,304 $9,112,605,459
2013 $584,125,353,119 $8,448,411,318
2012 $549,739,674,655 $7,633,036,903
2011 $570,538,581,144 $6,522,756,255
2010 $492,750,897,239 $5,642,221,099
2009 $434,311,714,442 $4,979,472,364
2008 $514,614,100,833 $5,161,299,725
2007 $490,047,789,548 $3,719,524,541
2006 $422,528,394,459 $2,830,213,849
2005 $391,688,455,929 $2,312,352,021
2004 $384,545,442,175 $2,076,176,869
2003 $334,072,443,516 $1,555,318,261
2002 $267,371,907,447 $1,221,106,220
2001 $242,497,797,485 $1,080,772,551
2000 $262,903,560,280 $860,541,842
1999 $274,318,357,862 $1,086,612,290
1998 $270,887,306,759 $1,320,199,582
1997 $268,249,616,891 $921,518,033
1996 $291,949,597,375 $1,043,654,822
1995 $267,050,453,507 $1,231,561,860
1994 $228,699,066,874 $1,522,001,206
1993 $212,644,602,616 $1,646,623,195
1992 $283,908,914,454 $1,908,554,572
1991 $273,831,464,572 $2,536,585,366
1990 $261,466,577,009 $2,629,395,066
1989 $217,632,340,195 -
1988 $206,686,590,776 -
1987 $182,744,315,974 -
1986 $150,279,869,729 -
1985 $113,958,084,357 -
1984 $109,043,045,407 -
1983 $104,862,109,663 -
1982 $114,214,731,799 -
1981 $129,498,921,476 -
1980 $141,886,067,004 -
1979 $123,207,527,699 -
1978 $104,290,933,496 -
1977 $94,331,782,622 -
1976 $89,232,517,046 -
1975 $82,765,232,648 -
1974 $65,917,634,590 -
1973 $59,318,842,992 -
1972 $48,883,173,400 -
1971 $41,506,151,115 -
1970 $38,037,226,668 -
1969 $33,967,301,561 -
1968 $31,277,871,669 -
1967 $29,474,881,506 -
1966 $27,154,716,721 -
1965 $24,963,947,415 -
1964 $22,685,490,195 -
1963 $20,342,131,882 -
1962 $18,794,066,990 -
1961 $17,329,620,585 -
1960 $15,930,075,467 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Sweden vs Tajikistan by year

Sweden
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tajikistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Sweden Tajikistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $57,117 $71,845 $1,341 $5,406
2023 $54,950 $69,226 $1,178 $4,964
2022 $54,837 $67,076 $1,052 $4,514
2021 $60,648 $62,732 $897 $3,986
2020 $52,569 $57,489 $834 $3,654
2019 $51,649 $57,046 $871 $3,460
2018 $54,018 $53,122 $834 $3,069
2017 $53,210 $51,474 $829 $3,017
2016 $51,704 $50,290 $789 $2,914
2015 $51,188 $48,772 $957 $2,975
2014 $59,583 $46,841 $1,082 $3,152
2013 $60,844 $46,098 $1,028 $2,919
2012 $57,750 $45,207 $952 $2,679
2011 $60,379 $44,333 $834 $2,456
2010 $52,543 $41,951 $737 $2,291
2009 $46,708 $40,094 $665 $2,171
2008 $55,817 $41,907 $703 $2,120
2007 $53,568 $40,813 $517 $1,966
2006 $46,531 $37,672 $401 $1,810
2005 $43,378 $34,198 $334 $1,673
2004 $42,758 $33,805 $306 $1,550
2003 $37,292 $31,788 $233.6 $1,396
2002 $29,958 $30,987 $187 $1,257
2001 $27,259 $29,946 $168.7 $1,139
2000 $29,633 $29,636 $136.9 $1,036
1999 $30,969 $27,496 $175 $947
1998 $30,605 $25,897 $213.7 $905
1997 $30,324 $24,817 $150.1 $855
1996 $33,022 $23,952 $172 $836
1995 $30,254 $23,084 $207 $1,006
1994 $26,046 $21,835 $261.3 $1,148
1993 $24,390 $20,700 $287.6 $1,454
1992 $32,753 $20,767 $338 $1,721
1991 $31,777 $20,663 $458 $2,417
1990 $30,549 $20,357 $487 $2,583
1989 $25,625 - - -
1988 $24,499 - - -
1987 $21,761 - - -
1986 $17,955 - - -
1985 $13,647 - - -
1984 $13,080 - - -
1983 $12,590 - - -
1982 $13,719 - - -
1981 $15,564 - - -
1980 $17,073 - - -
1979 $14,856 - - -
1978 $12,602 - - -
1977 $11,432 - - -
1976 $10,853 - - -
1975 $10,103 - - -
1974 $8,078 - - -
1973 $7,291 - - -
1972 $6,018 - - -
1971 $5,125 - - -
1970 $4,729 - - -
1969 $4,263 - - -
1968 $3,953 - - -
1967 $3,746 - - -
1966 $3,478 - - -
1965 $3,228 - - -
1964 $2,961 - - -
1963 $2,675 - - -
1962 $2,485 - - -
1961 $2,304 - - -
1960 $2,128 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

Sweden's GDP per capita is $57,117, ranking 17/197, compared to $1,341 in Tajikistan, ranking 166/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Sweden ranks 23rd at $71,845, while Tajikistan ranks 157th at $5,406.

Economic indicators

Sweden Tajikistan
Gross domestic product
$604B
2024
$14.2B
2024
GDP rank
26/197
2024
145/197
2024
GDP growth
0.82%
2023-2024
8.4%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$57,117
2024
$1,341
2024
GDP per capita rank
17/197
2024
166/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,845
2024
$5,406
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
23/197
2024
157/197
2024
Government debt
$199B
2024
$3.54B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
33%
2024
24.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$18,842
2024
$335
2024
Government debt per person rank
32/185
2024
175/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$42,066
2026
$2,591
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$290B
2003
n/a
Number of millionaires
490,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
45
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.3%
2023
28.2%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.9%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.3%
2024
27.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.84%
2023-2024
3.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.75%
2025
7.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.31%
2024
0.08%
2016
Population
10680056
11038274

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Sweden
Spending

Debt
Tajikistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Sweden Tajikistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.3% 33% 27.7% 24.9%
2023 48.9% 31.8% 28% 29.9%
2022 48.3% 33.9% 27.4% 31.8%
2021 49.3% 37% 27.6% 42%
2020 52% 40.2% 29.2% 50.9%
2019 48.8% 35.8% 28.8% 43.2%
2018 49.8% 39.9% 30.9% 46.3%
2017 49.2% 41.6% 33.8% 46.3%
2016 49.5% 42.9% 32.7% 42.2%
2015 49.4% 44.5% 31.9% 35%
2014 50.7% 45.7% 27.5% 27.9%
2013 51.4% 40.8% 27.7% 29.3%
2012 50.2% 38% 24.7% 32.5%
2011 49.1% 37.7% 24.3% 35.5%
2010 49.7% 38.6% 25.9% 36.8%
2009 51.7% 41.2% 23.6% 36.9%
2008 49.4% 38% 20.2% 30.2%
2007 48.5% 39.2% 20.3% 34.3%
2006 50.1% 43.8% 21.6% 36.8%
2005 51.2% 48.9% 22.9% 45.8%
2004 51.7% 48.7% 20.2% 49.4%
2003 53% 49.4% 19.1% 69.8%
2002 52.7% 49.8% 19.1% 98.3%
2001 51.7% 52% 17.3% 99.4%
2000 52.2% 50.4% 18.1% 111.4%
1999 55.2% 60.3% 17.5% 107.8%
1998 55.6% 65.4% 17.1% 96.6%
1997 57.9% 67.7% - -
1996 60% 68.9% - -
1995 62.1% 68.7% - -
1994 65.3% 68.6% - -
1993 67.9% 66.1% - -
1992 66.5% 45.7% - -
1991 61.2% 40.2% - -
1990 57.5% 40.3% - -
1989 35.8% 44.8% - -
1988 37.9% 50.3% - -
1987 40.9% 56% - -
1986 42.1% 59.5% - -
1985 47.6% 61.2% - -
1984 46.7% 57.5% - -
1983 48.6% 54.5% - -
1982 46.4% 47.9% - -
1981 46.1% 41.5% - -
1980 41% 34.4% - -
1979 39.9% 28.3% - -
1978 39.1% 24% - -
1977 35.7% 21% - -
1976 32.3% 19% - -
1975 30.6% 19.9% - -
1974 30.1% 19.4% - -
1973 31.1% 18% - -
1972 31.9% 17.2% - -
1971 29.8% 16.9% - -
1970 29.5% 16.9% - -
1969 28.7% 17.6% - -
1968 28.3% 17.6% - -
1967 27.7% 16.1% - -
1966 26.5% 15.3% - -
1965 24.6% 17% - -
1964 23.4% 18.7% - -
1963 24.4% 20.7% - -
1962 23.4% 23% - -
1961 23.7% 26% - -
1960 24.4% 28.6% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2024, Sweden's government spending was $298B, accounting for 49.3% of its GDP, while Tajikistan spent $3.93B, or 27.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 33% in Sweden and 24.9% in Tajikistan, ranking 148/185 and 166/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Sweden

Tajikistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Sweden Tajikistan
2024 -1.72% 0.28%
2023 -0.63% -0.93%
2022 1% -0.23%
2021 -0.15% -0.64%
2020 -3.18% -4.34%
2019 0.44% -2.04%
2018 0.67% -2.69%
2017 1.29% -5.65%
2016 0.86% -2.91%
2015 -0.27% -1.96%
2014 -1.84% 0.92%
2013 -1.63% -0.73%
2012 -1.19% 0.41%
2011 -0.41% 0.6%
2010 -0.14% -2.71%
2009 -0.89% -0.2%
2008 1.87% 1.94%
2007 3.37% 2.13%
2006 2.2% 2%
2005 2.08% -2.83%
2004 0.17% -2.32%
2003 -1.25% -1.74%
2002 -1.46% -2.4%
2001 1.37% -2.11%
2000 3.11% -4.51%
1999 0.6% -4.03%
1998 0.82% -5.09%
1997 -1.57% -
1996 -3.11% -
1995 -7.01% -
1994 -8.77% -
1993 -10.9% -
1992 -8.51% -
1991 0.28% -
1990 3.7% -
1989 1.5% -
1988 -0.64% -
1987 -2% -
1986 -6.21% -
1985 -9.91% -
1984 -12.1% -
1983 -15.1% -
1982 -13.4% -
1981 -12.8% -
1980 -11.5% -
1979 -9.95% -
1978 -7.32% -
1977 -3.32% -
1976 -1.27% -
1975 -4.05% -
1974 -4.12% -
1973 -3.28% -
1972 -2.17% -
1971 -1.67% -
1970 -2.64% -
1969 -2.03% -
1968 -2.37% -
1967 -1.41% -
1966 -0.33% -
1965 -0.17% -
1964 -0.1% -
1963 0.41% -
1962 0.7% -
1961 0.56% -
1960 -2.67% -
1959 -2.53% -
1958 -2.31% -
1957 -2.1% -
1956 -1.21% -
1955 -1.72% -
1954 -1.52% -
1953 -2.47% -
1952 -0.16% -
1951 -0.9% -
1950 -1.64% -
1949 -0.74% -
1948 0.29% -
1947 -1.08% -
1946 -0.61% -
1945 -8.04% -
1944 -8.66% -
1943 -10.7% -
1942 -11.8% -
1941 -13.1% -
1940 -8.16% -
1939 -1.13% -
1938 -0.07% -
1937 0.46% -
1936 -0.64% -
1935 -2.19% -
1934 -1.88% -
1933 -4.1% -
1932 -1.56% -
1931 -0.05% -
1930 0.09% -
1929 -0.39% -
1928 -0.06% -
1927 -1.14% -
1926 -1.11% -
1925 -1.44% -
1924 -0.99% -
1923 -1.65% -
1922 -3.17% -
1921 -3.55% -
1920 -0.6% -
1919 0.17% -
1918 -8.59% -
1917 -0.26% -
1916 -0.23% -
1915 -0.94% -
1914 -0.55% -
1913 -0.17% -
1912 -0.51% -
1911 -0.87% -
1910 -0.81% -
1909 -2.08% -
1908 -2.27% -
1907 -0.68% -
1906 -0.66% -
1905 -0.34% -
1904 -0.56% -
1903 0.08% -
1902 -1.57% -
1901 -1.34% -
1900 -0.32% -
1899 0.57% -
1898 0.91% -
1897 1.09% -
1896 -0.59% -
1895 1% -
1894 0.47% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.68% -
1891 -0.6% -
1890 0.33% -
1889 0.19% -
1888 -0.05% -
1887 -1.5% -
1886 -0.98% -
1885 -0.08% -
1884 0.24% -
1883 0.16% -
1882 0.36% -
1881 -0.17% -
1880 -0.47% -
1879 -1.89% -
1878 -2.04% -
1877 -1.21% -
1876 -1.07% -
1875 -1.26% -
1874 -1.05% -
1873 0.06% -
1872 -0.15% -
1871 0.22% -
1870 -0.42% -
1869 -1.52% -
1868 -1.67% -
1867 -1.17% -
1866 -3.01% -
1865 -2.02% -
1864 -2.3% -
1863 -1.58% -
1862 -1.35% -
1861 -1.11% -
1860 -2.03% -
1859 -2.17% -
1858 -2.36% -
1857 -0.62% -
1856 -0.08% -
1855 -0.09% -
1854 -0.19% -
1853 0.17% -
1852 -0.31% -
1851 -0.07% -
1850 0.004% -
1849 0.09% -
1848 0.12% -
1847 0.08% -
1846 0.13% -
1845 0.04% -
1844 0.009% -
1843 0.05% -
1842 -0.12% -
1841 0.06% -
1840 -0.01% -
1839 -0.006% -
1838 0.09% -
1837 -0.38% -
1836 -0.08% -
1835 0.08% -
1834 -0.12% -
1833 0.09% -
1832 0.01% -
1831 -0.1% -
1830 -0.45% -
1829 2.7% -
1828 0.03% -
1827 -0.16% -
1826 0.37% -
1825 0.18% -
1824 -0.23% -
1823 0.37% -
1822 -0.03% -
1821 -0.49% -
1820 0.26% -
1819 0.09% -
1818 0.35% -
1817 0.35% -
1816 0.16% -
1815 2.34% -
1814 -0.45% -
1813 -0.37% -
1812 3.47% -
1811 -0.48% -
1810 -3.05% -
1809 -7.65% -
1808 -5.04% -
1807 0.1% -
1806 0.55% -
1805 0.52% -
1804 -0.25% -
1803 11.6% -
1802 2.17% -
1801 0.01% -
1800 -0.44% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2024, Sweden's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.4B, equivalent to 1.72% of GDP. This compares to Tajikistan's surplus of $39.2M, or 0.28% of GDP.

Over the past 27 years, Sweden recorded a fiscal deficit in 13 of those years, while Tajikistan ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Sweden posted an annual surplus equal to 0.19% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.55% of GDP for Tajikistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Sweden

Tajikistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Sweden Tajikistan
2024 2.84% 3.5%
2023 8.55% 3.7%
2022 8.37% 6.6%
2021 2.16% 9%
2020 0.5% 8.6%
2019 1.78% 7.8%
2018 1.95% 3.8%
2017 1.79% 7.3%
2016 0.98% 5.9%
2015 -0.05% 5.8%
2014 -0.18% 6.1%
2013 -0.04% 5%
2012 0.89% 5.8%
2011 2.96% 12.4%
2010 1.16% 6.5%
2009 -0.49% 6.4%
2008 3.44% 20.4%
2007 2.21% 13.2%
2006 1.36% 10%
2005 0.45% 7.3%
2004 0.37% 7.2%
2003 1.93% 16.4%
2002 2.16% 12.2%
2001 2.41% 38.6%
2000 0.9% 32.9%
1999 0.46% 27.5%
1998 -0.27% 43.2%
1997 0.66% 88%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Sweden has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.76%, compared with 15% in Tajikistan. In 2024, inflation was 2.84% in Sweden and 3.5% in Tajikistan.

Top exports between countries

Sweden
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $1.03M
Machinery & equipment $845K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $403K
Raw materials & minerals $134K
Miscellaneous $74K
Textiles & consumer goods $70K
Metals $50K
Wood & paper products $45K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K
Tajikistan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $412K
Textiles & consumer goods $5K

Balance of trade

Sweden Tajikistan
Current account balance
$35.8B
2024
$887M
2024
Current account balance ranking
17/190
2024
54/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.92%
2024
+6.24%
2024
Goods imports
$188B
2024
$5.94B
2024
Goods exports
$218B
2024
$1.42B
2024
Service imports
$126B
2024
$971M
2024
Service exports
$116B
2024
$195M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
51.6%
2024
48.4%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.3%
2024
17.2%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Sweden Tajikistan
Economic freedom 77.8 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 14/197 147/197
Property rights 96.2 28.4
Government integrity 91.6 18.5
Judicial effectiveness 95.6 10.1
Tax burden 51.6 94.2
Government spending 28.4 77
Fiscal health 97.5 98.6
Business freedom 84.8 60.6
Labor freedom 65.8 43.4
Monetary freedom 78.1 72.6
Trade freedom 79.4 72.2
Investment freedom 85 25
Financial freedom 80 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Sweden
Tajikistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Sweden Tajikistan
2026 77.8 52.5
2025 77.9 51.5
2024 77.5 51.3
2023 77.5 50.6
2022 77.9 49.7
2021 74.7 55.2
2020 74.9 52.2
2019 75.2 55.6
2018 76.3 58.3
2017 74.9 58.2
2016 72 51.3
2015 72.7 52.7
2014 73.1 52
2013 72.9 53.4
2012 71.7 53.4
2011 71.9 53.5
2010 72.4 53
2009 70.5 54.6
2008 70.8 54.4
2007 69.3 53.6
2006 70.9 52.6
2005 69.8 50.4
2004 70.1 48.7
2003 70 46.5
2002 70.8 47.3
2001 66.6 46.8
2000 65.1 44.8
1999 64.2 41.2
1998 64 41.1
1997 63.3 -
1996 61.8 -
1995 61.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Sweden is 77.8, ranking 14/197, compared to 52.5 for Tajikistan, ranking 147/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Sweden Tajikistan
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2024
34.7%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
21.7%
2024
33.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.42%
2024
22.9%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$615B
2024
$17.5B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$75,000
2024
$7,100
2024
Total reserves including gold
$62.6B
2024
$3.3B
2023
Total reserves ranking
37/177
2024
117/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$2.08B
2024
-$190M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27B
2024
$291M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$29.6B
2024
$101M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.07%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2022
19.8%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25.4%
2024
31.7%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/tajikistan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.