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Economy of Armenia vs Belgium compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Armenia has a GDP of $29.2B compared to $725B for Belgium, ranking 115/197 and 23/197 by economy size, respectively.

Armenia has $14.3B in government debt (49% of GDP), compared to $771B (106.3% of GDP) in Belgium.

Armenia vs Belgium GDP by year

Armenia
Belgium
1x
Year GDP, current $
Armenia Belgium
2025 $29,243,452,882 $725,466,462,860
2024 $25,955,275,380 $670,983,130,619
2023 $24,185,982,216 $650,779,364,364
2022 $19,513,506,553 $591,474,463,579
2021 $13,878,908,629 $598,522,422,242
2020 $12,641,698,583 $529,694,473,502
2019 $13,619,290,539 $536,726,344,405
2018 $12,457,940,695 $542,638,913,428
2017 $11,527,458,709 $500,908,767,352
2016 $10,546,136,236 $474,271,566,740
2015 $10,553,337,518 $461,044,767,545
2014 $11,609,513,247 $537,987,419,164
2013 $11,121,464,437 $524,097,026,599
2012 $10,619,320,683 $498,414,364,945
2011 $10,142,111,825 $527,196,649,049
2010 $9,260,285,756 $481,556,503,720
2009 $8,647,937,081 $485,014,525,992
2008 $11,662,040,714 $517,328,087,920
2007 $9,206,301,270 $470,922,156,309
2006 $6,384,452,067 $408,259,840,869
2005 $4,900,469,511 $385,714,762,230
2004 $3,576,615,240 $369,214,712,443
2003 $2,807,061,009 $318,082,528,507
2002 $2,376,335,048 $258,383,599,375
2001 $2,118,467,913 $236,746,141,604
2000 $1,911,563,669 $236,792,460,312
1999 $1,845,482,173 $258,245,733,221
1998 $1,893,726,437 $258,528,339,631
1997 $1,639,492,445 $252,708,051,421
1996 $1,596,968,946 $279,201,433,225
1995 $1,468,317,435 $288,025,588,396
1994 $1,315,158,637 $244,884,129,491
1993 $1,201,312,829 $224,721,795,709
1992 $1,272,835,453 $234,781,652,447
1991 $2,069,870,130 $210,510,999,409
1990 $2,256,863,449 $205,331,747,948
1989 - $164,221,056,511
1988 - $162,299,103,675
1987 - $149,394,404,106
1986 - $120,018,787,249
1985 - $86,268,264,148
1984 - $83,349,530,159
1983 - $87,184,239,053
1982 - $92,095,926,188
1981 - $104,730,018,470
1980 - $126,829,314,388
1979 - $116,315,456,797
1978 - $101,246,526,194
1977 - $82,839,905,459
1976 - $71,113,882,968
1975 - $65,678,189,097
1974 - $56,033,077,879
1973 - $47,743,801,490
1972 - $37,209,418,019
1971 - $29,821,661,870
1970 - $26,706,196,047
1969 - $24,019,653,475
1968 - $21,654,856,965
1967 - $20,252,508,995
1966 - $18,894,891,312
1965 - $17,597,783,297
1964 - $16,168,044,450
1963 - $14,445,805,381
1962 - $13,436,827,167
1961 - $12,561,701,694
1960 - $11,810,619,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

GDP per capita in Armenia vs Belgium by year

Armenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Armenia Belgium
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $9,474 - $60,750 -
2024 $8,556 $22,823 $56,582 $73,514
2023 $8,159 $21,534 $55,245 $71,946
2022 $6,572 $19,161 $50,639 $69,128
2021 $4,685 $15,922 $51,658 $60,669
2020 $4,269 $14,706 $45,906 $56,120
2019 $4,597 $14,976 $46,717 $56,712
2018 $4,196 $12,877 $47,487 $52,467
2017 $3,869 $12,066 $44,035 $50,256
2016 $3,524 $10,570 $41,855 $48,415
2015 $3,512 $9,757 $40,894 $46,072
2014 $3,852 $9,736 $47,996 $45,148
2013 $3,680 $9,455 $46,965 $43,864
2012 $3,512 $8,943 $44,874 $42,484
2011 $3,350 $7,624 $47,761 $41,245
2010 $3,041 $7,095 $44,197 $39,840
2009 $2,821 $6,812 $44,923 $37,906
2008 $3,778 $7,827 $48,303 $37,883
2007 $2,963 $7,137 $44,319 $36,798
2006 $2,042 $6,073 $38,705 $35,251
2005 $1,557 $5,172 $36,810 $33,178
2004 $1,130 $4,377 $35,429 $32,060
2003 $882 $3,836 $30,655 $30,931
2002 $743 $3,282 $25,006 $30,282
2001 $660 $2,844 $23,015 $28,794
2000 $593 $2,531 $23,099 $27,794
1999 $583 $2,377 $25,253 $25,441
1998 $590 $2,239 $25,338 $24,370
1997 $505 $2,040 $24,821 $23,733
1996 $487 $1,922 $27,490 $22,745
1995 $444 $1,767 $28,414 $22,446
1994 $391 $1,591 $24,209 $21,518
1993 $348 $1,440 $22,284 $20,473
1992 $356 $1,492 $23,373 $20,272
1991 $573 $2,477 $21,042 $19,601
1990 $635 $2,760 $20,600 $18,688
1989 - - $16,525 -
1988 - - $16,391 -
1987 - - $15,136 -
1986 - - $12,170 -
1985 - - $8,751 -
1984 - - $8,457 -
1983 - - $8,846 -
1982 - - $9,344 -
1981 - - $10,623 -
1980 - - $12,864 -
1979 - - $11,811 -
1978 - - $10,290 -
1977 - - $8,427 -
1976 - - $7,243 -
1975 - - $6,701 -
1974 - - $5,734 -
1973 - - $4,901 -
1972 - - $3,832 -
1971 - - $3,083 -
1970 - - $2,766 -
1969 - - $2,490 -
1968 - - $2,251 -
1967 - - $2,114 -
1966 - - $1,983 -
1965 - - $1,860 -
1964 - - $1,724 -
1963 - - $1,555 -
1962 - - $1,457 -
1961 - - $1,368 -
1960 - - $1,290 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

Armenia's GDP per capita is $9,474, ranking 92/197, compared to $60,750 in Belgium, ranking 17/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Armenia ranks 86th at $22,823, while Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514.

Economic indicators

Armenia Belgium
Gross domestic product
$29.2B
2025
$725B
2025
GDP rank
115/197
2025
23/197
2025
GDP growth
7.2%
2024-2025
0.98%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$9,474
2025
$60,750
2025
GDP per capita rank
92/197
2025
17/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,823
2024
$73,514
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
86/197
2024
21/197
2024
Government debt
$14.3B
2025
$771B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
49%
2025
106.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,639
2025
$64,598
2025
Government debt per person rank
89/185
2025
4/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,675
2026
$35,730
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$4.85B
2024
$321B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
556,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
11
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.3%
2024
22.2%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2024
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.2%
2025
55%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.3%
2024-2025
2.47%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.3%
2023
6.2%
2025
Population
3064036
11967185

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Armenia
Spending

Debt
Belgium
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Armenia Belgium
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.2% 49% 55% 106.3%
2024 29% 50% 54.1% 103.9%
2023 26.9% 50.5% 52.8% 102.2%
2022 26.4% 49.2% 52.5% 103.1%
2021 28.7% 63.4% 54.9% 108.5%
2020 30.7% 67.4% 58.5% 111.2%
2019 24.9% 53.7% 51.8% 97.6%
2018 24.1% 55.7% 52.5% 100.1%
2017 25.9% 58.9% 52.3% 102.5%
2016 27% 56.7% 53.4% 105.5%
2015 26.3% 48.7% 53.9% 105.6%
2014 24% 43.7% 55.4% 106.6%
2013 23.8% 40.9% 55.9% 105%
2012 22.4% 41.4% 56.2% 104.3%
2011 25% 42.2% 55% 102.7%
2010 26.2% 40% 53.9% 100.2%
2009 28.6% 40.6% 54.5% 99.9%
2008 22.2% 16.4% 50.8% 93.2%
2007 22.4% 16.1% 48.6% 87.3%
2006 20% 18.7% 48.8% 91.5%
2005 19.9% 24.4% 51.9% 95.1%
2004 - 26.4% 49.3% 97.2%
2003 - 33% 51% 101.7%
2002 - 38.2% 49.9% 105.4%
2001 - 38.1% 49.4% 108.2%
2000 - 39.6% 49.4% 109.6%
1999 - 39.2% 50.5% 115.4%
1998 - 45.2% 51% 119.2%
1997 - 46.5% 51.6% 124.3%
1996 - 40.8% 53.1% 129%
1995 - - 52.6% 131.3%
1994 - - 54.7% 137.1%
1993 - - 57.1% 138.9%
1992 - - 55.9% 134.7%
1991 - - 55.6% 131.8%
1990 - - 54.4% 130.3%
1989 - - 52.3% 126.4%
1988 - - 53.9% 129.7%
1987 - - 55.8% 129.2%
1986 - - 57.6% 124.7%
1985 - - 58.4% 119.4%
1984 - - 59.1% 114.6%
1983 - - 62.2% 110.3%
1982 - - 59.6% 99.6%
1981 - - 61.5% 89.7%
1980 - - 54.9% 76.8%
1979 - - 54.8% 69.2%
1978 - - 52.8% 65.2%
1977 - - 52.2% 61.6%
1976 - - 50.4% 61.4%
1975 - - 50.2% 59.5%
1974 - - 44.5% 61.7%
1973 - - 45% 63.7%
1972 - - 45% 64.9%
1971 - - 43.9% 63.5%
1970 - - 42.7% 66.6%
1969 - - 26.5% 51.6%
1968 - - 26.7% 54.5%
1967 - - 25.5% 54.1%
1966 - - 25.1% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 57.6%
1964 - - 22.5% 59.4%
1963 - - 23.1% 64.1%
1962 - - 22.5% 65.3%
1961 - - 22.1% 67.8%
1960 - - 23.7% 69.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government spending was $8.55B, accounting for 29.2% of its GDP, while Belgium spent $399B, or 55% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 49% in Armenia and 106.3% in Belgium, ranking 107/185 and 17/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Armenia

Belgium
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Armenia Belgium
2025 -3.74% -5.26%
2024 -3.67% -4.36%
2023 -2.02% -4.01%
2022 -2.12% -3.6%
2021 -4.6% -5.4%
2020 -5.4% -9.03%
2019 -0.98% -2.05%
2018 -1.76% -1.05%
2017 -4.7% -0.76%
2016 -5.57% -2.43%
2015 -4.83% -2.48%
2014 -1.94% -3.18%
2013 -1.59% -3.16%
2012 -1.49% -4.35%
2011 -2.87% -4.44%
2010 -4.98% -4.13%
2009 -7.69% -5.45%
2008 -1.76% -1.1%
2007 -2.33% 0.07%
2006 -1.95% 0.24%
2005 -1.98% -2.72%
2004 - -0.24%
2003 - -1.86%
2002 - -0.04%
2001 - 0.23%
2000 - -0.08%
1999 - -0.65%
1998 - -1.03%
1997 - -2.15%
1996 - -4%
1995 - -4.51%
1994 - -5.29%
1993 - -7.71%
1992 - -8.42%
1991 - -7.67%
1990 - -6.99%
1989 - -7.58%
1988 - -7.28%
1987 - -7.89%
1986 - -9.96%
1985 - -10.1%
1984 - -10.8%
1983 - -14.5%
1982 - -12.3%
1981 - -15.5%
1980 - -9.43%
1979 - -8.33%
1978 - -6.51%
1977 - -6.51%
1976 - -6.61%
1975 - -6.45%
1974 - -3.87%
1973 - -5.02%
1972 - -6.07%
1971 - -4.45%
1970 - -3.51%
1969 - -3.34%
1968 - -3.69%
1967 - -2.76%
1966 - -3.08%
1965 - -2.9%
1964 - -2.27%
1963 - -2.8%
1962 - -2.12%
1961 - -2.34%
1960 - -4.89%
1959 - -5.21%
1958 - -4.33%
1957 - -1.27%
1956 - 1.85%
1955 - -1.05%
1954 - 2.34%
1953 - 0.14%
1952 - -0.26%
1951 - 0.59%
1950 - -2.01%
1949 - -2.05%
1948 - -2.29%
1947 - -14.5%
1946 - 1.87%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -5.81%
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -6.86%
1938 - -5.17%
1937 - -4.71%
1936 - -4.92%
1935 - -5.94%
1934 - -2.78%
1933 - -1.69%
1932 - -
1931 - -
1930 - -2.48%
1929 - -
1928 - -
1927 - 3.06%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -5.53%
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -1.4%
1912 - -1.39%
1911 - -0.92%
1910 - -0.18%
1909 - 0.13%
1908 - -0.95%
1907 - -0.81%
1906 - -1.35%
1905 - 1.23%
1904 - 0.004%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - 0.22%
1901 - 0.55%
1900 - -0.54%
1899 - -1.64%
1898 - -0.28%
1897 - -0.25%
1896 - 0.94%
1895 - -0.33%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - 0.07%
1892 - 0.17%
1891 - -0.005%
1890 - -0.83%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - -0.21%
1887 - -0.12%
1886 - 0.54%
1885 - -0.43%
1884 - -0.26%
1883 - -0.54%
1882 - -0.3%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - 0.12%
1879 - -1.51%
1878 - -1.78%
1877 - -2.52%
1876 - -0.77%
1875 - -0.88%
1874 - -1.02%
1873 - -2.08%
1872 - -0.7%
1871 - -0.64%
1870 - -0.58%
1869 - -0.35%
1868 - -0.39%
1867 - -0.49%
1866 - -0.87%
1865 - -0.55%
1864 - -0.62%
1863 - -0.72%
1862 - -0.49%
1861 - -0.22%
1860 - -0.13%
1859 - 0.1%
1858 - 0.35%
1857 - 0%
1856 - -0.26%
1855 - -0.28%
1854 - -0.4%
1853 - -0.3%
1852 - -0.44%
1851 - -0.05%
1850 - -0.11%
1849 - 0.11%
1848 - -1.41%
1847 - -0.69%
1846 - -0.52%
1845 - -1.17%
1844 - -4.92%
1843 - -0.86%
1842 - -0.89%
1841 - -0.75%
1840 - 0.16%
1839 - -0.43%
1838 - 0.23%
1837 - -0.11%
1836 - 0.18%
1835 - 0.27%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

In 2025, Armenia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.09B, equivalent to 3.74% of GDP. This compares to Belgium's deficit of $38.1B, or 5.26% of GDP.

Over the past 21 years, Armenia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Belgium ran a deficit in 19 years. On average, Armenia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.24% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.27% of GDP for Belgium.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Armenia

Belgium
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Armenia Belgium
2025 3.3% 2.47%
2024 0.3% 3.14%
2023 2% 4.05%
2022 8.6% 9.6%
2021 7.2% 2.44%
2020 1.2% 0.74%
2019 1.4% 1.44%
2018 2.5% 2.05%
2017 1% 2.13%
2016 -1.4% 1.97%
2015 3.7% 0.56%
2014 3% 0.34%
2013 5.7% 1.11%
2012 2.5% 2.84%
2011 7.5% 3.53%
2010 8.2% 2.19%
2009 3.5% -0.05%
2008 9.1% 4.49%
2007 4.4% 1.82%
2006 2.9% 1.79%
2005 0.6% 2.78%
2004 6.9% 2.1%
2003 4.7% 1.59%
2002 1% 1.65%
2001 3.2% 2.47%
2000 -0.8% 2.54%
1999 0.7% 1.12%
1998 8.7% 0.95%
1997 14% 1.63%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Armenia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.99%, compared with 2.26% in Belgium. In 2025, inflation was 3.3% in Armenia and 2.47% in Belgium.

Top exports between countries

Armenia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $102M
Precious metals & jewellery $13.8M
Metals $2.71M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.68M
Machinery & equipment $306K
Raw agricultural goods $105K
Textiles & consumer goods $32K
Chemicals & pharma $30K
Animal & marine products $10K
Miscellaneous $1K
Belgium
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $30.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $27M
Textiles & consumer goods $25M
Weapons & explosives $11.3M
Precious metals & jewellery $9.86M
Chemicals & pharma $8.86M
Raw materials & minerals $8.04M
Raw agricultural goods $3.64M
Animal & marine products $1.8M
Metals $1.34M

Balance of trade

Armenia Belgium
Current account balance
-$2.11B
2025
-$14B
2025
Current account balance ranking
142/190
2025
179/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.22%
2025
-1.93%
2025
Goods imports
$11.6B
2025
$386B
2025
Goods exports
$8.53B
2025
$387B
2025
Service imports
$4.65B
2025
$175B
2025
Service exports
$6.12B
2025
$160B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.6%
2025
77.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.1%
2025
75.5%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Armenia Belgium
Economic freedom 67.1 69.2
Economic freedom ranking 58/197 42/197
Property rights 48.6 91.1
Government integrity 51.8 78.2
Judicial effectiveness 31.4 91.6
Tax burden 87.2 50.6
Government spending 77.5 14.6
Fiscal health 84.1 53.4
Business freedom 72.9 82.5
Labor freedom 59.2 57.5
Monetary freedom 77.2 76.8
Trade freedom 75 79.4
Investment freedom 70 85
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Armenia
Belgium
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Armenia Belgium
2026 67.1 69.2
2025 65.4 69
2024 64.9 65.6
2023 65.1 67.1
2022 65.3 69.6
2021 71.9 70.1
2020 70.6 68.9
2019 67.7 67.3
2018 68.7 67.5
2017 70.3 67.8
2016 67 68.4
2015 67.1 68.8
2014 68.9 69.9
2013 69.4 69.2
2012 68.8 69
2011 69.7 70.2
2010 69.2 70.1
2009 69.9 72.1
2008 69.9 71.7
2007 68.6 72.5
2006 70.6 71.8
2005 69.8 69
2004 70.3 68.7
2003 67.3 68.1
2002 68 67.6
2001 66.4 63.8
2000 63 63.5
1999 56.4 62.9
1998 49.6 64.7
1997 46.7 64.6
1996 42.2 66

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/armenia/belgium | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Armenia is 67.1, ranking 58/197, compared to 69.2 for Belgium, ranking 42/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Armenia Belgium
Services, % of GDP
61.3%
2025
71.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2025
18.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
7.93%
2025
0.73%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$27.8B
2025
$711B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$24,020
2025
$75,620
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.09B
2025
$56.4B
2025
Total reserves ranking
104/177
2025
44/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$353M
2025
$9.47B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$132M
2024
-$41.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$56.8M
2024
$4.71B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.26%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.7%
2024
12.3%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.2%
2025
25.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.