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Economy of Cambodia vs Sweden compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Cambodia has a GDP of $51.3B compared to $669B for Sweden, ranking 94/197 and 26/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cambodia has $13.6B in government debt (26.5% of GDP), compared to $234B (34.9% of GDP) in Sweden.

Cambodia vs Sweden GDP by year

Cambodia
Sweden
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cambodia Sweden
2025 $51,267,065,843 $668,998,664,082
2024 $46,352,647,037 $604,827,393,489
2023 $42,335,646,896 $578,990,915,246
2022 $39,994,532,960 $575,071,237,641
2021 $36,790,163,687 $631,693,331,301
2020 $34,818,073,901 $544,265,668,452
2019 $36,685,356,408 $530,894,124,494
2018 $33,145,892,169 $549,649,344,043
2017 $29,355,665,910 $535,172,356,785
2016 $26,556,545,153 $513,058,312,951
2015 $24,174,170,369 $501,602,351,912
2014 $22,041,463,968 $577,727,767,304
2013 $19,807,135,253 $584,125,353,119
2012 $17,826,536,700 $549,739,674,655
2011 $16,032,622,024 $570,538,581,144
2010 $13,808,673,288 $492,750,897,239
2009 $12,502,901,170 $434,311,714,442
2008 $12,174,303,999 $514,614,100,833
2007 $10,127,916,460 $490,047,789,548
2006 $8,350,531,017 $422,528,394,459
2005 $7,066,296,463 $391,688,455,929
2004 $5,883,297,160 $384,545,442,175
2003 $5,046,693,484 $334,072,443,516
2002 $4,501,227,627 $267,371,907,447
2001 $4,145,665,970 $242,497,797,485
2000 $3,694,168,979 $262,903,560,280
1999 $3,517,242,477 $274,318,357,862
1998 $3,120,425,503 $270,887,306,759
1997 $3,443,413,389 $268,249,616,891
1996 $3,506,695,720 $291,949,597,375
1995 $3,441,205,693 $267,050,453,507
1994 $2,791,435,272 $228,699,066,874
1993 $2,533,727,592 $212,644,602,616
1992 $2,491,486,594 $283,908,914,454
1991 $2,054,974,089 $273,831,464,572
1990 $1,402,541,177 $261,466,577,009
1989 $1,353,137,648 $217,632,340,195
1988 $1,662,877,859 $206,686,590,776
1987 $1,036,974,910 $182,744,315,974
1986 $1,167,630,318 $150,279,869,729
1985 $1,102,669,184 $113,958,084,357
1984 $1,021,176,059 $109,043,045,407
1983 $939,291,262 $104,862,109,663
1982 $865,516,040 $114,214,731,799
1981 $815,153,652 $129,498,921,476
1980 $744,384,130 $141,886,067,004
1979 $723,738,503 $123,207,527,699
1978 $766,642,356 $104,290,933,496
1977 $716,261,764 $94,331,782,622
1976 $790,357,255 $89,232,517,046
1975 $749,129,748 $82,765,232,648
1974 - $65,917,634,590
1973 - $59,318,842,992
1972 - $48,883,173,400
1971 - $41,506,151,115
1970 - $38,037,226,668
1969 - $33,967,301,561
1968 - $31,277,871,669
1967 - $29,474,881,506
1966 - $27,154,716,721
1965 - $24,963,947,415
1964 - $22,685,490,195
1963 - $20,342,131,882
1962 - $18,794,066,990
1961 - $17,329,620,585
1960 - $15,930,075,467

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cambodia vs Sweden by year

Cambodia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sweden
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cambodia Sweden
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,872 - $63,133 -
2024 $2,628 $7,967 $57,223 $71,845
2023 $2,430 $7,431 $54,950 $69,226
2022 $2,325 $6,919 $54,837 $67,076
2021 $2,167 $6,226 $60,648 $62,732
2020 $2,082 $5,942 $52,569 $57,489
2019 $2,226 $6,154 $51,649 $57,046
2018 $2,037 $5,617 $54,018 $53,122
2017 $1,826 $5,050 $53,210 $51,474
2016 $1,675 $4,748 $51,704 $50,290
2015 $1,547 $4,434 $51,188 $48,772
2014 $1,432 $4,118 $59,583 $46,841
2013 $1,306 $3,891 $60,844 $46,098
2012 $1,193 $3,583 $57,750 $45,207
2011 $1,089 $3,223 $60,379 $44,333
2010 $952 $2,989 $52,543 $41,951
2009 $876 $2,854 $46,708 $40,094
2008 $866 $2,769 $55,817 $41,907
2007 $732 $2,566 $53,568 $40,813
2006 $612 $2,297 $46,531 $37,672
2005 $526 $2,038 $43,378 $34,198
2004 $444 $1,770 $42,758 $33,805
2003 $387 $1,598 $37,292 $31,788
2002 $350 $1,442 $29,958 $30,987
2001 $328 $1,357 $27,259 $29,946
2000 $296.4 $1,256 $29,633 $29,636
1999 $286.8 $1,134 $30,969 $27,496
1998 $258.8 $1,009 $30,605 $25,897
1997 $297.6 $994 $30,324 $24,817
1996 $325 $1,006 $33,022 $23,952
1995 $343 $1,006 $30,254 $23,084
1994 $302 $972 $26,046 $21,835
1993 $294.1 $1,565 $24,390 $20,700
1992 $307 $1,560 $32,753 $20,767
1991 $267.3 $1,504 $31,777 $20,663
1990 $190.2 $1,410 $30,549 $20,357
1989 $191.3 - $25,625 -
1988 $244.1 - $24,499 -
1987 $158.1 - $21,761 -
1986 $185.8 - $17,955 -
1985 $182.4 - $13,647 -
1984 $174.7 - $13,080 -
1983 $166.7 - $12,590 -
1982 $159.2 - $13,719 -
1981 $154.3 - $15,564 -
1980 $143.2 - $17,073 -
1979 $142.2 - $14,856 -
1978 $147.1 - $12,602 -
1977 $126.4 - $11,432 -
1976 $128.8 - $10,853 -
1975 $113.8 - $10,103 -
1974 - - $8,078 -
1973 - - $7,291 -
1972 - - $6,018 -
1971 - - $5,125 -
1970 - - $4,729 -
1969 - - $4,263 -
1968 - - $3,953 -
1967 - - $3,746 -
1966 - - $3,478 -
1965 - - $3,228 -
1964 - - $2,961 -
1963 - - $2,675 -
1962 - - $2,485 -
1961 - - $2,304 -
1960 - - $2,128 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

Cambodia's GDP per capita is $2,872, ranking 148/197, compared to $63,133 in Sweden, ranking 15/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cambodia ranks 142nd at $7,967, while Sweden ranks 23rd at $71,845.

Economic indicators

Cambodia Sweden
Gross domestic product
$51.3B
2025
$669B
2025
GDP rank
94/197
2025
26/197
2025
GDP growth
5.35%
2024-2025
1.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,872
2025
$63,133
2025
GDP per capita rank
148/197
2025
15/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,967
2024
$71,845
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
142/197
2024
23/197
2024
Government debt
$13.6B
2025
$234B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
26.5%
2025
34.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$760
2025
$22,057
2025
Government debt per person rank
153/185
2025
31/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,268
2026
$40,083
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$290B
2003
Number of millionaires n/a
507,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
50
2026
Income share by richest 10% n/a
22.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.3%
2025
49.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.5%
2024-2025
0.68%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
0.26%
2023
8.8%
2025
Population
18159213
10665077

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cambodia
Spending

Debt
Sweden
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cambodia Sweden
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 16.3% 26.5% 49.4% 34.9%
2024 16.6% 26.1% 49.3% 33.9%
2023 19.1% 26.3% 48.9% 32.1%
2022 18.5% 25.3% 48.3% 34.2%
2021 21.4% 26.4% 49.3% 37.3%
2020 20.5% 25.5% 52% 40.4%
2019 17.9% 21.2% 48.8% 35.8%
2018 16.2% 21.3% 49.8% 39.9%
2017 16.3% 22.9% 49.2% 41.6%
2016 15.3% 22% 49.5% 42.9%
2015 14.5% 23.4% 49.4% 44.5%
2014 16.4% 24% 50.7% 45.7%
2013 16.5% 24.6% 51.4% 40.8%
2012 17.2% 25% 50.2% 38%
2011 16.4% 23.7% 49.1% 37.7%
2010 17.1% 23.5% 49.7% 38.6%
2009 16.6% 23.1% 51.7% 41.2%
2008 12.9% 22.7% 49.4% 37.9%
2007 12.4% 25.3% 48.5% 39.2%
2006 11.2% 26.6% 50.1% 43.8%
2005 10.8% 31.3% 51.2% 48.9%
2004 12.4% 38.1% 51.7% 48.7%
2003 14.5% 39.6% 53% 49.5%
2002 16% 37.8% 52.7% 49.9%
2001 14.6% 33.6% 51.7% 52%
2000 14.6% 34.1% 52.2% 50.4%
1999 13.8% 34.7% 55.2% 60.3%
1998 13.4% 37.2% 55.6% 65.4%
1997 12.4% 31.6% 57.9% 67.7%
1996 15.7% 30.2% 60% 68.9%
1995 - - 62.1% 68.7%
1994 - - 65.3% 68.6%
1993 - - 67.9% 66.1%
1992 - - 66.5% 45.7%
1991 - - 61.2% 40.2%
1990 - - 57.5% 40.3%
1989 - - 35.8% 44.8%
1988 - - 37.9% 50.3%
1987 - - 40.9% 56%
1986 - - 42.1% 59.5%
1985 - - 47.6% 61.2%
1984 - - 46.7% 57.5%
1983 - - 48.6% 54.5%
1982 - - 46.4% 47.9%
1981 - - 46.1% 41.5%
1980 - - 41% 34.4%
1979 - - 39.9% 28.3%
1978 - - 39.1% 24%
1977 - - 35.7% 21%
1976 - - 32.3% 19%
1975 - - 30.6% 19.9%
1974 - - 30.1% 19.4%
1973 - - 31.1% 18%
1972 - - 31.9% 17.2%
1971 - - 29.8% 16.9%
1970 - - 29.5% 16.9%
1969 - - 28.7% 17.6%
1968 - - 28.3% 17.6%
1967 - - 27.7% 16.1%
1966 - - 26.5% 15.3%
1965 - - 24.6% 17%
1964 - - 23.4% 18.7%
1963 - - 24.4% 20.7%
1962 - - 23.4% 23%
1961 - - 23.7% 26%
1960 - - 24.4% 28.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

In 2025, Cambodia's government spending was $8.36B, accounting for 16.3% of its GDP, while Sweden spent $331B, or 49.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 26.5% in Cambodia and 34.9% in Sweden, ranking 166/185 and 144/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cambodia

Sweden
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cambodia Sweden
2025 -1% -1.41%
2024 -1.45% -1.5%
2023 -2.83% -0.63%
2022 -0.29% 1%
2021 -5.27% -0.15%
2020 -2.56% -3.18%
2019 2.23% 0.44%
2018 0.28% 0.67%
2017 -0.77% 1.29%
2016 -0.29% 0.86%
2015 -0.65% -0.27%
2014 -1.24% -1.84%
2013 -2.02% -1.63%
2012 -3.58% -1.19%
2011 -3.75% -0.41%
2010 -3.11% -0.14%
2009 -3.88% -0.89%
2008 0.42% 1.87%
2007 0.63% 3.37%
2006 -0.15% 2.2%
2005 -0.34% 2.08%
2004 -3.18% 0.17%
2003 -5.67% -1.25%
2002 -6.06% -1.46%
2001 -4.96% 1.37%
2000 -4.66% 3.11%
1999 -3.8% 0.6%
1998 -5.36% 0.82%
1997 -3.72% -1.57%
1996 -7.54% -3.11%
1995 - -7.01%
1994 - -8.77%
1993 - -10.9%
1992 - -8.51%
1991 - 0.28%
1990 - 3.7%
1989 - 1.5%
1988 - -0.64%
1987 - -2%
1986 - -6.21%
1985 - -9.91%
1984 - -12.1%
1983 - -15.1%
1982 - -13.4%
1981 - -12.8%
1980 - -11.5%
1979 - -9.95%
1978 - -7.32%
1977 - -3.32%
1976 - -1.27%
1975 - -4.05%
1974 - -4.12%
1973 - -3.28%
1972 - -2.17%
1971 - -1.67%
1970 - -2.64%
1969 - -2.03%
1968 - -2.37%
1967 - -1.41%
1966 - -0.33%
1965 - -0.17%
1964 - -0.1%
1963 - 0.41%
1962 - 0.7%
1961 - 0.56%
1960 - -2.67%
1959 - -2.53%
1958 - -2.31%
1957 - -2.1%
1956 - -1.21%
1955 - -1.72%
1954 - -1.52%
1953 - -2.47%
1952 - -0.16%
1951 - -0.9%
1950 - -1.64%
1949 - -0.74%
1948 - 0.29%
1947 - -1.08%
1946 - -0.61%
1945 - -8.04%
1944 - -8.66%
1943 - -10.7%
1942 - -11.8%
1941 - -13.1%
1940 - -8.16%
1939 - -1.13%
1938 - -0.07%
1937 - 0.46%
1936 - -0.64%
1935 - -2.19%
1934 - -1.88%
1933 - -4.1%
1932 - -1.56%
1931 - -0.05%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.39%
1928 - -0.06%
1927 - -1.14%
1926 - -1.11%
1925 - -1.44%
1924 - -0.99%
1923 - -1.65%
1922 - -3.17%
1921 - -3.55%
1920 - -0.6%
1919 - 0.17%
1918 - -8.59%
1917 - -0.26%
1916 - -0.23%
1915 - -0.94%
1914 - -0.55%
1913 - -0.17%
1912 - -0.51%
1911 - -0.87%
1910 - -0.81%
1909 - -2.08%
1908 - -2.27%
1907 - -0.68%
1906 - -0.66%
1905 - -0.34%
1904 - -0.56%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - -1.57%
1901 - -1.34%
1900 - -0.32%
1899 - 0.57%
1898 - 0.91%
1897 - 1.09%
1896 - -0.59%
1895 - 1%
1894 - 0.47%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.68%
1891 - -0.6%
1890 - 0.33%
1889 - 0.19%
1888 - -0.05%
1887 - -1.5%
1886 - -0.98%
1885 - -0.08%
1884 - 0.24%
1883 - 0.16%
1882 - 0.36%
1881 - -0.17%
1880 - -0.47%
1879 - -1.89%
1878 - -2.04%
1877 - -1.21%
1876 - -1.07%
1875 - -1.26%
1874 - -1.05%
1873 - 0.06%
1872 - -0.15%
1871 - 0.22%
1870 - -0.42%
1869 - -1.52%
1868 - -1.67%
1867 - -1.17%
1866 - -3.01%
1865 - -2.02%
1864 - -2.3%
1863 - -1.58%
1862 - -1.35%
1861 - -1.11%
1860 - -2.03%
1859 - -2.17%
1858 - -2.36%
1857 - -0.62%
1856 - -0.08%
1855 - -0.09%
1854 - -0.19%
1853 - 0.17%
1852 - -0.31%
1851 - -0.07%
1850 - 0.004%
1849 - 0.09%
1848 - 0.12%
1847 - 0.08%
1846 - 0.13%
1845 - 0.04%
1844 - 0.009%
1843 - 0.05%
1842 - -0.12%
1841 - 0.06%
1840 - -0.01%
1839 - -0.006%
1838 - 0.09%
1837 - -0.38%
1836 - -0.08%
1835 - 0.08%
1834 - -0.12%
1833 - 0.09%
1832 - 0.01%
1831 - -0.1%
1830 - -0.45%
1829 - 2.7%
1828 - 0.03%
1827 - -0.16%
1826 - 0.37%
1825 - 0.18%
1824 - -0.23%
1823 - 0.37%
1822 - -0.03%
1821 - -0.49%
1820 - 0.26%
1819 - 0.09%
1818 - 0.35%
1817 - 0.35%
1816 - 0.16%
1815 - 2.34%
1814 - -0.45%
1813 - -0.37%
1812 - 3.47%
1811 - -0.48%
1810 - -3.05%
1809 - -7.65%
1808 - -5.04%
1807 - 0.1%
1806 - 0.55%
1805 - 0.52%
1804 - -0.25%
1803 - 11.6%
1802 - 2.17%
1801 - 0.01%
1800 - -0.44%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

In 2025, Cambodia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $513M, equivalent to 1% of GDP. This compares to Sweden's deficit of $9.43B, or 1.41% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Cambodia recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Sweden ran a deficit in 16 years. On average, Cambodia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.49% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.03% of GDP for Sweden.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cambodia

Sweden
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cambodia Sweden
2025 2.5% 0.68%
2024 0.8% 2.84%
2023 2.1% 8.55%
2022 5.3% 8.37%
2021 2.9% 2.16%
2020 2.9% 0.5%
2019 1.9% 1.78%
2018 2.5% 1.95%
2017 2.9% 1.79%
2016 3% 0.98%
2015 1.2% -0.05%
2014 3.9% -0.18%
2013 2.9% -0.04%
2012 2.9% 0.89%
2011 5.5% 2.96%
2010 4% 1.16%
2009 -0.7% -0.49%
2008 25% 3.44%
2007 7.7% 2.21%
2006 6.1% 1.36%
2005 6.3% 0.45%
2004 3.9% 0.37%
2003 1% 1.93%
2002 0% 2.16%
2001 -0.1% 2.41%
2000 -0.8% 0.9%
1999 2% 0.46%
1998 12.9% -0.27%
1997 10.5% 0.66%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Cambodia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.17%, compared with 1.72% in Sweden. In 2025, inflation was 2.5% in Cambodia and 0.68% in Sweden.

Top exports between countries

Cambodia
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $45.1M
Raw agricultural goods $16.6M
Wood & paper products $4.92M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.53M
Machinery & equipment $2.89M
Raw materials & minerals $2.52M
Chemicals & pharma $4K
Metals $2K
Miscellaneous $1K
Sweden
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $13.8M
Wood & paper products $2.2M
Chemicals & pharma $2.13M
Textiles & consumer goods $566K
Raw materials & minerals $332K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $102K
Precious metals & jewellery $72K
Metals $65K
Miscellaneous $11K
Animal & marine products $9K

Balance of trade

Cambodia Sweden
Current account balance
-$1.87B
2025
$40.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
139/190
2025
15/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.64%
2025
+6.06%
2025
Goods imports
$36.9B
2025
$201B
2025
Goods exports
$31.4B
2025
$233B
2025
Service imports
$3.22B
2025
$144B
2025
Service exports
$5.35B
2025
$132B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
51.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
68.6%
2025
53.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cambodia Sweden
Economic freedom 58.7 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 108/197 14/197
Property rights 38.1 96.2
Government integrity 18.9 91.6
Judicial effectiveness 21.2 95.6
Tax burden 90.3 51.6
Government spending 89.9 28.4
Fiscal health 92.7 97.5
Business freedom 60.8 84.8
Labor freedom 48.3 65.8
Monetary freedom 77 78.1
Trade freedom 67.8 79.4
Investment freedom 50 85
Financial freedom 50 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cambodia
Sweden
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cambodia Sweden
2026 58.7 77.8
2025 58.2 77.9
2024 55.6 77.5
2023 56.5 77.5
2022 57.1 77.9
2021 57.3 74.7
2020 57.3 74.9
2019 57.8 75.2
2018 58.7 76.3
2017 59.5 74.9
2016 57.9 72
2015 57.5 72.7
2014 57.4 73.1
2013 58.5 72.9
2012 57.6 71.7
2011 57.9 71.9
2010 56.6 72.4
2009 56.6 70.5
2008 55.9 70.8
2007 55.9 69.3
2006 56.7 70.9
2005 60 69.8
2004 61.1 70.1
2003 63.7 70
2002 60.7 70.8
2001 59.6 66.6
2000 59.3 65.1
1999 59.9 64.2
1998 59.8 64
1997 52.8 63.3
1996 - 61.8
1995 - 61.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cambodia is 58.7, ranking 108/197, compared to 77.8 for Sweden, ranking 14/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cambodia Sweden
Services, % of GDP
35%
2025
67%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
43.1%
2025
21%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.1%
2025
1.5%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$49.1B
2025
$668B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$8,390
2025
$76,090
2025
Total reserves including gold
$27.5B
2025
$74.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
60/177
2025
36/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.96B
2025
-$11.1B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.39B
2024
$30.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$172M
2024
$29.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.7%
2012
16.1%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.5%
2025
25.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/sweden | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.