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Economy of Sweden vs Turkmenistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Sweden has a GDP of $604B compared to $51.4B for Turkmenistan, ranking 26/197 and 92/197 by economy size, respectively.

Sweden has $199B in government debt (33% of GDP), compared to $2.11B (4.11% of GDP) in Turkmenistan.

Sweden vs Turkmenistan GDP by year

Sweden
Turkmenistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Sweden Turkmenistan
2024 $603,715,224,266 $51,387,209,872
2023 $578,990,915,246 $45,894,538,666
2022 $575,071,237,641 $42,208,726,138
2021 $631,693,331,301 $40,589,905,812
2020 $544,265,668,452 $41,509,903,182
2019 $530,894,124,494 $40,810,067,975
2018 $549,649,344,043 $40,765,428,571
2017 $535,172,356,785 $37,926,285,714
2016 $513,058,312,951 $36,169,428,571
2015 $501,602,351,912 $35,799,714,286
2014 $577,727,767,304 $43,524,210,526
2013 $584,125,353,119 $39,197,543,860
2012 $549,739,674,655 $35,164,210,526
2011 $570,538,581,144 $29,233,333,333
2010 $492,750,897,239 $22,583,157,895
2009 $434,311,714,442 $20,214,385,965
2008 $514,614,100,833 $19,271,523,179
2007 $490,047,789,548 $12,664,165,103
2006 $422,528,394,459 $10,276,674,365
2005 $391,688,455,929 $8,103,901,996
2004 $384,545,442,175 $6,838,351,088
2003 $334,072,443,516 $5,977,440,583
2002 $267,371,907,447 $4,462,029,109
2001 $242,497,797,485 $3,534,772,732
2000 $262,903,560,280 $2,904,663,311
1999 $274,318,357,862 $2,450,564,100
1998 $270,887,306,759 $2,605,689,134
1997 $268,249,616,891 $2,450,350,625
1996 $291,949,597,375 $2,378,759,975
1995 $267,050,453,507 $2,482,228,440
1994 $228,699,066,874 $2,561,118,608
1993 $212,644,602,616 $3,179,225,949
1992 $283,908,914,454 $3,200,539,816
1991 $273,831,464,572 $3,208,098,919
1990 $261,466,577,009 $3,189,539,641
1989 $217,632,340,195 $3,006,988,217
1988 $206,686,590,776 $3,010,982,414
1987 $182,744,315,974 $2,331,358,820
1986 $150,279,869,729 -
1985 $113,958,084,357 -
1984 $109,043,045,407 -
1983 $104,862,109,663 -
1982 $114,214,731,799 -
1981 $129,498,921,476 -
1980 $141,886,067,004 -
1979 $123,207,527,699 -
1978 $104,290,933,496 -
1977 $94,331,782,622 -
1976 $89,232,517,046 -
1975 $82,765,232,648 -
1974 $65,917,634,590 -
1973 $59,318,842,992 -
1972 $48,883,173,400 -
1971 $41,506,151,115 -
1970 $38,037,226,668 -
1969 $33,967,301,561 -
1968 $31,277,871,669 -
1967 $29,474,881,506 -
1966 $27,154,716,721 -
1965 $24,963,947,415 -
1964 $22,685,490,195 -
1963 $20,342,131,882 -
1962 $18,794,066,990 -
1961 $17,329,620,585 -
1960 $15,930,075,467 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Sweden vs Turkmenistan by year

Sweden
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Turkmenistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Sweden Turkmenistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $57,117 $71,845 $6,857 $21,213
2023 $54,950 $69,226 $6,232 $19,829
2022 $54,837 $67,076 $5,838 $18,340
2021 $60,648 $62,732 $5,723 $16,434
2020 $52,569 $57,489 $5,973 $15,091
2019 $51,649 $57,046 $5,998 $15,478
2018 $54,018 $53,122 $6,125 $14,368
2017 $53,210 $51,474 $5,828 $13,278
2016 $51,704 $50,290 $5,687 $12,919
2015 $51,188 $48,772 $5,759 $12,715
2014 $59,583 $46,841 $7,164 $12,477
2013 $60,844 $46,098 $6,600 $11,723
2012 $57,750 $45,207 $6,054 $11,035
2011 $60,379 $44,333 $5,144 $10,283
2010 $52,543 $41,951 $4,059 $8,972
2009 $46,708 $40,094 $3,708 $8,285
2008 $55,817 $41,907 $3,606 $7,916
2007 $53,568 $40,813 $2,415 $6,901
2006 $46,531 $37,672 $1,997 $6,164
2005 $43,378 $34,198 $1,604 $5,489
2004 $42,758 $33,805 $1,379 $4,798
2003 $37,292 $31,788 $1,229 $4,536
2002 $29,958 $30,987 $936 $4,393
2001 $27,259 $29,946 $756 $4,401
2000 $29,633 $29,636 $634 $4,209
1999 $30,969 $27,496 $546 $3,981
1998 $30,605 $25,897 $591 $3,432
1997 $30,324 $24,817 $565 $3,222
1996 $33,022 $23,952 $558 $3,636
1995 $30,254 $23,084 $592 $3,405
1994 $26,046 $21,835 $622 $3,659
1993 $24,390 $20,700 $788 $4,422
1992 $32,753 $20,767 $811 $4,351
1991 $31,777 $20,663 $832 $5,117
1990 $30,549 $20,357 $848 $5,321
1989 $25,625 - $821 -
1988 $24,499 - $846 -
1987 $21,761 - $675 -
1986 $17,955 - - -
1985 $13,647 - - -
1984 $13,080 - - -
1983 $12,590 - - -
1982 $13,719 - - -
1981 $15,564 - - -
1980 $17,073 - - -
1979 $14,856 - - -
1978 $12,602 - - -
1977 $11,432 - - -
1976 $10,853 - - -
1975 $10,103 - - -
1974 $8,078 - - -
1973 $7,291 - - -
1972 $6,018 - - -
1971 $5,125 - - -
1970 $4,729 - - -
1969 $4,263 - - -
1968 $3,953 - - -
1967 $3,746 - - -
1966 $3,478 - - -
1965 $3,228 - - -
1964 $2,961 - - -
1963 $2,675 - - -
1962 $2,485 - - -
1961 $2,304 - - -
1960 $2,128 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

Sweden's GDP per capita is $57,117, ranking 17/197, compared to $6,857 in Turkmenistan, ranking 104/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Sweden ranks 23rd at $71,845, while Turkmenistan ranks 94th at $21,213.

Economic indicators

Sweden Turkmenistan
Gross domestic product
$604B
2024
$51.4B
2024
GDP rank
26/197
2024
92/197
2024
GDP growth
0.82%
2023-2024
6.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$57,117
2024
$6,857
2024
GDP per capita rank
17/197
2024
104/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,845
2024
$21,213
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
23/197
2024
94/197
2024
Government debt
$199B
2024
$2.11B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
33%
2024
4.11%
2024
Government debt per person
$18,842
2024
$282
2024
Government debt per person rank
32/185
2024
179/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$42,066
2026
$7,520
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$290B
2003
n/a
Number of millionaires
490,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
45
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.3%
2023
31.5%
1998
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.4%
1998
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.3%
2024
14.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.84%
2023-2024
4.6%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.31%
2024
4%
2010
Population
10680056
7776557

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Sweden
Spending

Debt
Turkmenistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Sweden Turkmenistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.3% 33% 14.5% 4.11%
2023 48.9% 31.8% 13.7% 5.46%
2022 48.3% 33.9% 13% 7.14%
2021 49.3% 37% 13.4% 12.3%
2020 52% 40.2% 13.5% 15.4%
2019 48.8% 35.8% 13.6% 17.7%
2018 49.8% 39.9% 13.7% 22.5%
2017 49.2% 41.6% 17.8% 24.7%
2016 49.5% 42.9% 14.1% 21.1%
2015 49.4% 44.5% 17.3% 19%
2014 50.7% 45.7% 17% 16%
2013 51.4% 40.8% 16.9% 20.4%
2012 50.2% 38% 14.7% 17.9%
2011 49.1% 37.7% 15.4% 14.8%
2010 49.7% 38.6% 14.6% 7.04%
2009 51.7% 41.2% 14.4% 3.09%
2008 49.4% 38% 11.7% 3.56%
2007 48.5% 39.2% 14.4% 3.06%
2006 50.1% 43.8% 16% 4.23%
2005 51.2% 48.9% 21.1% 6.82%
2004 51.7% 48.7% 20.3% 11.4%
2003 53% 49.4% 20.8% 16.9%
2002 52.7% 49.8% 19.4% 24.2%
2001 51.7% 52% 22.6% 34.1%
2000 52.2% 50.4% 25.9% 55.1%
1999 55.2% 60.3% 20.8% 66.7%
1998 55.6% 65.4% 26.1% 81.6%
1997 57.9% 67.7% 26.9% 64.2%
1996 60% 68.9% - -
1995 62.1% 68.7% - -
1994 65.3% 68.6% - -
1993 67.9% 66.1% - -
1992 66.5% 45.7% - -
1991 61.2% 40.2% - -
1990 57.5% 40.3% - -
1989 35.8% 44.8% - -
1988 37.9% 50.3% - -
1987 40.9% 56% - -
1986 42.1% 59.5% - -
1985 47.6% 61.2% - -
1984 46.7% 57.5% - -
1983 48.6% 54.5% - -
1982 46.4% 47.9% - -
1981 46.1% 41.5% - -
1980 41% 34.4% - -
1979 39.9% 28.3% - -
1978 39.1% 24% - -
1977 35.7% 21% - -
1976 32.3% 19% - -
1975 30.6% 19.9% - -
1974 30.1% 19.4% - -
1973 31.1% 18% - -
1972 31.9% 17.2% - -
1971 29.8% 16.9% - -
1970 29.5% 16.9% - -
1969 28.7% 17.6% - -
1968 28.3% 17.6% - -
1967 27.7% 16.1% - -
1966 26.5% 15.3% - -
1965 24.6% 17% - -
1964 23.4% 18.7% - -
1963 24.4% 20.7% - -
1962 23.4% 23% - -
1961 23.7% 26% - -
1960 24.4% 28.6% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

In 2024, Sweden's government spending was $298B, accounting for 49.3% of its GDP, while Turkmenistan spent $7.46B, or 14.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 33% in Sweden and 4.11% in Turkmenistan, ranking 148/185 and 183/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Sweden

Turkmenistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Sweden Turkmenistan
2024 -1.72% -0.08%
2023 -0.63% 0.11%
2022 1% 3.38%
2021 -0.15% 0.57%
2020 -3.18% -0.16%
2019 0.44% -0.4%
2018 0.67% -0.22%
2017 1.29% -2.84%
2016 0.86% -2.38%
2015 -0.27% -0.7%
2014 -1.84% 0.89%
2013 -1.63% 1.53%
2012 -1.19% 7.53%
2011 -0.41% 3.84%
2010 -0.14% 2.13%
2009 -0.89% 7.53%
2008 1.87% 10.7%
2007 3.37% 4.19%
2006 2.2% 5.64%
2005 2.08% 0.86%
2004 0.17% 1.47%
2003 -1.25% 3.99%
2002 -1.46% 0.19%
2001 1.37% 0.77%
2000 3.11% -0.55%
1999 0.6% 2.48%
1998 0.82% 1.15%
1997 -1.57% -0.2%
1996 -3.11% -
1995 -7.01% -
1994 -8.77% -
1993 -10.9% -
1992 -8.51% -
1991 0.28% -
1990 3.7% -
1989 1.5% -
1988 -0.64% -
1987 -2% -
1986 -6.21% -
1985 -9.91% -
1984 -12.1% -
1983 -15.1% -
1982 -13.4% -
1981 -12.8% -
1980 -11.5% -
1979 -9.95% -
1978 -7.32% -
1977 -3.32% -
1976 -1.27% -
1975 -4.05% -
1974 -4.12% -
1973 -3.28% -
1972 -2.17% -
1971 -1.67% -
1970 -2.64% -
1969 -2.03% -
1968 -2.37% -
1967 -1.41% -
1966 -0.33% -
1965 -0.17% -
1964 -0.1% -
1963 0.41% -
1962 0.7% -
1961 0.56% -
1960 -2.67% -
1959 -2.53% -
1958 -2.31% -
1957 -2.1% -
1956 -1.21% -
1955 -1.72% -
1954 -1.52% -
1953 -2.47% -
1952 -0.16% -
1951 -0.9% -
1950 -1.64% -
1949 -0.74% -
1948 0.29% -
1947 -1.08% -
1946 -0.61% -
1945 -8.04% -
1944 -8.66% -
1943 -10.7% -
1942 -11.8% -
1941 -13.1% -
1940 -8.16% -
1939 -1.13% -
1938 -0.07% -
1937 0.46% -
1936 -0.64% -
1935 -2.19% -
1934 -1.88% -
1933 -4.1% -
1932 -1.56% -
1931 -0.05% -
1930 0.09% -
1929 -0.39% -
1928 -0.06% -
1927 -1.14% -
1926 -1.11% -
1925 -1.44% -
1924 -0.99% -
1923 -1.65% -
1922 -3.17% -
1921 -3.55% -
1920 -0.6% -
1919 0.17% -
1918 -8.59% -
1917 -0.26% -
1916 -0.23% -
1915 -0.94% -
1914 -0.55% -
1913 -0.17% -
1912 -0.51% -
1911 -0.87% -
1910 -0.81% -
1909 -2.08% -
1908 -2.27% -
1907 -0.68% -
1906 -0.66% -
1905 -0.34% -
1904 -0.56% -
1903 0.08% -
1902 -1.57% -
1901 -1.34% -
1900 -0.32% -
1899 0.57% -
1898 0.91% -
1897 1.09% -
1896 -0.59% -
1895 1% -
1894 0.47% -
1893 -0.49% -
1892 -0.68% -
1891 -0.6% -
1890 0.33% -
1889 0.19% -
1888 -0.05% -
1887 -1.5% -
1886 -0.98% -
1885 -0.08% -
1884 0.24% -
1883 0.16% -
1882 0.36% -
1881 -0.17% -
1880 -0.47% -
1879 -1.89% -
1878 -2.04% -
1877 -1.21% -
1876 -1.07% -
1875 -1.26% -
1874 -1.05% -
1873 0.06% -
1872 -0.15% -
1871 0.22% -
1870 -0.42% -
1869 -1.52% -
1868 -1.67% -
1867 -1.17% -
1866 -3.01% -
1865 -2.02% -
1864 -2.3% -
1863 -1.58% -
1862 -1.35% -
1861 -1.11% -
1860 -2.03% -
1859 -2.17% -
1858 -2.36% -
1857 -0.62% -
1856 -0.08% -
1855 -0.09% -
1854 -0.19% -
1853 0.17% -
1852 -0.31% -
1851 -0.07% -
1850 0.004% -
1849 0.09% -
1848 0.12% -
1847 0.08% -
1846 0.13% -
1845 0.04% -
1844 0.009% -
1843 0.05% -
1842 -0.12% -
1841 0.06% -
1840 -0.01% -
1839 -0.006% -
1838 0.09% -
1837 -0.38% -
1836 -0.08% -
1835 0.08% -
1834 -0.12% -
1833 0.09% -
1832 0.01% -
1831 -0.1% -
1830 -0.45% -
1829 2.7% -
1828 0.03% -
1827 -0.16% -
1826 0.37% -
1825 0.18% -
1824 -0.23% -
1823 0.37% -
1822 -0.03% -
1821 -0.49% -
1820 0.26% -
1819 0.09% -
1818 0.35% -
1817 0.35% -
1816 0.16% -
1815 2.34% -
1814 -0.45% -
1813 -0.37% -
1812 3.47% -
1811 -0.48% -
1810 -3.05% -
1809 -7.65% -
1808 -5.04% -
1807 0.1% -
1806 0.55% -
1805 0.52% -
1804 -0.25% -
1803 11.6% -
1802 2.17% -
1801 0.01% -
1800 -0.44% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

In 2024, Sweden's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.4B, equivalent to 1.72% of GDP. This compares to Turkmenistan's deficit of $42.9M, or 0.08% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Sweden recorded a fiscal deficit in 14 of those years, while Turkmenistan ran a deficit in 9 years. On average, Sweden posted an annual surplus equal to 0.13% of GDP, compared to surplus of 1.84% of GDP for Turkmenistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Sweden

Turkmenistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Sweden Turkmenistan
2024 2.84% 4.6%
2023 8.55% -1.6%
2022 8.37% 11.2%
2021 2.16% 19.5%
2020 0.5% 6.1%
2019 1.78% 5.1%
2018 1.95% 13.3%
2017 1.79% 8%
2016 0.98% 3.6%
2015 -0.05% 7.4%
2014 -0.18% 6%
2013 -0.04% 6.8%
2012 0.89% 5.3%
2011 2.96% 5.3%
2010 1.16% 4.4%
2009 -0.49% -2.7%
2008 3.44% 14.5%
2007 2.21% 6.3%
2006 1.36% 8.2%
2005 0.45% 10.7%
2004 0.37% 5.9%
2003 1.93% 5.6%
2002 2.16% 8.8%
2001 2.41% 11.6%
2000 0.9% 8%
1999 0.46% 23.5%
1998 -0.27% 16.8%
1997 0.66% 83.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Sweden has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.76%, compared with 10.9% in Turkmenistan. In 2024, inflation was 2.84% in Sweden and 4.6% in Turkmenistan.

Top exports between countries

Sweden
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $983K
Chemicals & pharma $419K
Miscellaneous $85K
Wood & paper products $67K
Metals $56K
Textiles & consumer goods $35K
Weapons & explosives $15K
Raw materials & minerals $13K
Precious metals & jewellery $5K
Turkmenistan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $2K

Balance of trade

Sweden Turkmenistan
Current account balance
$35.8B
2024
n/a
Current account balance ranking
17/190
2024
n/a
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.92%
2024
n/a
Goods imports
$188B
2024
n/a
Goods exports
$218B
2024
n/a
Service imports
$126B
2024
n/a
Service exports
$116B
2024
n/a
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
51.6%
2024
11.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.3%
2024
17.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Sweden Turkmenistan
Economic freedom 77.8 47
Economic freedom ranking 14/197 177/197
Property rights 96.2 17.4
Government integrity 91.6 8.4
Judicial effectiveness 95.6 12.3
Tax burden 51.6 94.2
Government spending 28.4 94.3
Fiscal health 97.5 99.9
Business freedom 84.8 37.5
Labor freedom 65.8 29.3
Monetary freedom 78.1 76.7
Trade freedom 79.4 74.2
Investment freedom 85 10
Financial freedom 80 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Sweden
Turkmenistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Sweden Turkmenistan
2026 77.8 47
2025 77.9 47.1
2024 77.5 46.3
2023 77.5 46.5
2022 77.9 46.2
2021 74.7 47.4
2020 74.9 46.5
2019 75.2 48.4
2018 76.3 47.1
2017 74.9 47.4
2016 72 41.9
2015 72.7 41.4
2014 73.1 42.2
2013 72.9 42.6
2012 71.7 43.8
2011 71.9 43.6
2010 72.4 42.5
2009 70.5 44.2
2008 70.8 43.4
2007 69.3 43
2006 70.9 43.8
2005 69.8 47.6
2004 70.1 50.7
2003 70 51.3
2002 70.8 43.2
2001 66.6 41.8
2000 65.1 37.6
1999 64.2 36.1
1998 64 35
1997 63.3 -
1996 61.8 -
1995 61.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/sweden/turkmenistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Sweden is 77.8, ranking 14/197, compared to 47 for Turkmenistan, ranking 177/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Sweden Turkmenistan
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2024
50.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.7%
2024
37.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.42%
2024
12.2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$615B
2024
$48.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$75,000
2024
$21,020
2024
Total reserves including gold
$62.6B
2024
$1.51B
1999
Total reserves ranking
37/177
2024
135/177
1999
Net foreign direct investment
$2.08B
2024
n/a
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27B
2024
$1.64B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$29.6B
2024
$0
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.91%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2022
0.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25.4%
2024
47.2%
2012

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1800–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.