Fertility & birth rates in Estonia and United States

Fertility rate in Estonia vs United States chart

According to the latest available data on birth rates, the fertility rate in Estonia was 1.31 children per woman in 2023, compared to 1.62 in the United States in 2023. The replacement level is considered to be 2.1 children per woman.

Check Estonia vs the United States population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.

The chart below showcases historical changes in the birth rates.

Table

Year	Fertility rate
	Estonia	United States
1960	1.98	3.65
1961	1.98	3.62
1962	1.95	3.46
1963	1.89	3.32
1964	1.94	3.19
1965	1.88	2.91
1966	1.87	2.72
1967	1.9	2.56
1968	2.03	2.46
1969	2.13	2.46
1970	2.17	2.48
1971	2.19	2.27
1972	2.13	2.01
1973	2.06	1.88
1974	2.07	1.84
1975	2.04	1.77
1976	2.07	1.74
1977	2.06	1.79
1978	2.02	1.76
1979	2	1.81
1980	2.02	1.84
1981	2.07	1.81
1982	2.07	1.83
1983	2.16	1.8
1984	2.17	1.81
1985	2.13	1.84
1986	2.18	1.84
1987	2.27	1.87
1988	2.27	1.93
1989	2.22	2.01
1990	2.05	2.08
1991	1.8	2.06
1992	1.71	2.05
1993	1.49	2.02
1994	1.42	2
1995	1.38	1.98
1996	1.37	1.98
1997	1.32	1.97
1998	1.28	2
1999	1.3	2.01
2000	1.36	2.06
2001	1.32	2.03
2002	1.36	2.02
2003	1.37	2.05
2004	1.47	2.05
2005	1.52	2.06
2006	1.58	2.11
2007	1.69	2.12
2008	1.72	2.07
2009	1.7	2
2010	1.72	1.93
2011	1.61	1.89
2012	1.56	1.88
2013	1.52	1.86
2014	1.54	1.86
2015	1.58	1.84
2016	1.6	1.82
2017	1.59	1.77
2018	1.67	1.73
2019	1.66	1.71
2020	1.58	1.64
2021	1.61	1.66
2022	1.41	1.66
2023	1.31	1.62
2024	1.32	1.62
2025	1.33	1.62
2026	1.34	1.62
2027	1.35	1.62
2028	1.36	1.62
2029	1.37	1.62
2030	1.38	1.62
2031	1.39	1.62
2032	1.39	1.62
2033	1.4	1.63
2034	1.4	1.62
2035	1.41	1.63
2036	1.41	1.63
2037	1.42	1.63
2038	1.42	1.63
2039	1.42	1.63
2040	1.43	1.63
2041	1.43	1.63
2042	1.44	1.63
2043	1.44	1.63
2044	1.44	1.63
2045	1.45	1.64
2046	1.45	1.64
2047	1.46	1.63
2048	1.46	1.64
2049	1.46	1.63
2050	1.46	1.64

Children 0-14 years as share of population

Table

Year	Share of people 0-14 years old
	Estonia	United States
1960	23.1%	31.3%
1961	23.3%	31.4%
1962	23.3%	31.3%
1963	23.2%	31.1%
1964	23%	30.9%
1965	22.8%	30.7%
1966	22.6%	30.4%
1967	22.3%	30%
1968	22.2%	29.5%
1969	22.1%	29%
1970	22.1%	28.6%
1971	22%	28%
1972	22%	27.4%
1973	21.9%	26.6%
1974	21.8%	25.9%
1975	21.6%	25.2%
1976	21.6%	24.4%
1977	21.5%	23.8%
1978	21.5%	23.2%
1979	21.6%	22.8%
1980	21.7%	22.4%
1981	21.8%	22.1%
1982	21.9%	22%
1983	22%	21.8%
1984	22.1%	21.7%
1985	22.1%	21.5%
1986	22.1%	21.3%
1987	22.2%	21.3%
1988	22.2%	21.3%
1989	22.3%	21.5%
1990	22.3%	21.6%
1991	22.1%	21.7%
1992	21.8%	21.8%
1993	21.4%	21.9%
1994	21.1%	21.9%
1995	20.7%	21.8%
1996	20.3%	21.7%
1997	19.8%	21.5%
1998	19.2%	21.4%
1999	18.4%	21.3%
2000	17.6%	21.2%
2001	17.2%	21%
2002	16.6%	20.9%
2003	16.1%	20.7%
2004	15.6%	20.5%
2005	15.2%	20.3%
2006	15%	20.2%
2007	14.9%	20%
2008	14.9%	19.9%
2009	15%	19.8%
2010	15.2%	19.7%
2011	15.4%	19.6%
2012	15.6%	19.5%
2013	15.7%	19.4%
2014	15.9%	19.3%
2015	16%	19.2%
2016	16.2%	19.1%
2017	16.3%	18.9%
2018	16.4%	18.8%
2019	16.4%	18.6%
2020	16.4%	18.4%
2021	16.4%	18.1%
2022	16.2%	17.9%
2023	16%	17.6%
2024	15.6%	17.3%
2025	15.3%	17.1%
2026	14.9%	16.9%
2027	14.6%	16.7%
2028	14.3%	16.6%
2029	14%	16.4%
2030	13.7%	16.3%
2031	13.4%	16.1%
2032	13.1%	16%
2033	12.8%	16%
2034	12.4%	15.9%
2035	12.2%	15.9%
2036	12%	15.9%
2037	11.8%	15.9%
2038	11.8%	15.9%
2039	11.9%	15.9%
2040	11.9%	15.9%
2041	12%	16%
2042	12.1%	16%
2043	12.2%	16%
2044	12.3%	16%
2045	12.5%	16%
2046	12.6%	16%
2047	12.8%	16%
2048	12.9%	16%
2049	13%	15.9%
2050	13.1%	15.9%

Children aged 0-14 make up 15.6% of the population in Estonia and 17.3% in the United States in 2024, compared to 22.3% and 21.6% respectively in 1990.

Demographics of Estonia and the United States compared.

Natural population change in Estonia vs United States by year

For the past 10 years, the annual natural population change (excluding migration) has been -0.21% in Estonia and +0.25% in the United States. The chart below illustrates the comparison of the absolute yearly changes resulting from births and deaths.

Table

Year	Population change due to births and deaths
	Estonia	United States
1960	7,511	2,565,530
1961	7,228	2,571,681
1962	6,457	2,406,337
1963	6,043	2,289,826
1964	6,897	2,245,099
1965	5,437	1,943,030
1966	4,842	1,749,387
1967	5,012	1,669,181
1968	5,592	1,565,507
1969	5,515	1,702,487
1970	6,257	1,824,965
1971	7,160	1,640,519
1972	6,267	1,301,355
1973	5,623	1,165,499
1974	5,956	1,218,968
1975	4,717	1,252,644
1976	4,319	1,264,604
1977	4,931	1,431,556
1978	4,088	1,402,283
1979	3,818	1,597,894
1980	3,989	1,608,450
1981	4,612	1,652,153
1982	5,244	1,714,317
1983	5,884	1,636,544
1984	5,163	1,627,192
1985	4,281	1,689,258
1986	6,160	1,656,917
1987	6,829	1,720,252
1988	6,404	1,735,943
1989	5,803	1,875,826
1990	2,825	2,026,068
1991	-312	1,926,543
1992	-1,993	1,875,328
1993	-5,976	1,717,685
1994	-8,044	1,633,302
1995	-7,327	1,546,031
1996	-5,662	1,510,137
1997	-6,018	1,501,014
1998	-7,208	1,573,857
1999	-6,117	1,564,050
2000	-5,309	1,664,758
2001	-5,830	1,595,826
2002	-5,380	1,581,938
2003	-5,072	1,653,615
2004	-3,679	1,698,271
2005	-2,981	1,684,445
2006	-2,559	1,849,955
2007	-1,608	1,897,757
2008	-668	1,794,154
2009	-400	1,717,920
2010	0	1,548,182
2011	-531	1,441,697
2012	-1,455	1,411,822
2013	-1,713	1,322,711
2014	-1,972	1,357,281
2015	-1,315	1,270,126
2016	-1,316	1,197,627
2017	-1,713	1,028,037
2018	-1,322	955,022
2019	-1,327	887,476
2020	-2,659	208,862
2021	-5,324	199,137
2022	-5,665	399,926
2023	-5,070	502,372

Maternal mortality chart: Estonia vs United States

The maternal mortality rate, which is the probability of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, is 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in Estonia, compared to 17 deaths in the United States.

Table

Year	Maternal mortality per 100K births
	Estonia	United States
1985	56	11
1986	46	11
1987	42	11
1988	43	12
1989	48	12
1990	44	12
1991	42	12
1992	40	11
1993	46	12
1994	60	11
1995	45	12
1996	36	11
1997	31	11
1998	32	11
1999	28	12
2000	27	12
2001	25	13
2002	22	13
2003	18	13
2004	15	13
2005	15	13
2006	13	13
2007	13	13
2008	11	14
2009	10	15
2010	8	15
2011	9	15
2012	8	16
2013	6	16
2014	7	17
2015	6	17
2016	7	18
2017	5	18
2018	5	18
2019	6	18
2020	6	22
2021	8	31
2022	7	20
2023	5	17

Under-five mortality rates

The chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five is 0.21% in Estonia and 0.65% in the United States. Below is the historical data on under-five mortality rates.

Table

Year	Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age, per 1,000 live births
	Estonia	United States
1960	-	3.01%
1961	-	2.95%
1962	-	2.89%
1963	-	2.83%
1964	-	2.77%
1965	-	2.71%
1966	-	2.64%
1967	-	2.57%
1968	-	2.49%
1969	-	2.41%
1970	-	2.32%
1971	-	2.24%
1972	-	2.15%
1973	-	2.06%
1974	-	1.97%
1975	-	1.88%
1976	-	1.79%
1977	-	1.71%
1978	-	1.63%
1979	-	1.56%
1980	2.24%	1.5%
1981	2.16%	1.44%
1982	2.09%	1.39%
1983	2.02%	1.34%
1984	1.96%	1.3%
1985	1.91%	1.27%
1986	1.86%	1.24%
1987	1.83%	1.21%
1988	1.81%	1.19%
1989	1.79%	1.16%
1990	1.77%	1.12%
1991	1.75%	1.09%
1992	1.73%	1.05%
1993	1.69%	1.01%
1994	1.64%	0.98%
1995	1.57%	0.95%
1996	1.48%	0.92%
1997	1.39%	0.89%
1998	1.29%	0.87%
1999	1.2%	0.86%
2000	1.1%	0.84%
2001	1.01%	0.83%
2002	0.93%	0.82%
2003	0.85%	0.81%
2004	0.78%	0.81%
2005	0.71%	0.8%
2006	0.65%	0.79%
2007	0.59%	0.77%
2008	0.54%	0.76%
2009	0.5%	0.75%
2010	0.46%	0.73%
2011	0.42%	0.72%
2012	0.39%	0.7%
2013	0.36%	0.69%
2014	0.34%	0.68%
2015	0.32%	0.68%
2016	0.3%	0.67%
2017	0.28%	0.66%
2018	0.27%	0.65%
2019	0.25%	0.65%
2020	0.24%	0.65%
2021	0.23%	0.65%
2022	0.22%	0.65%
2023	0.21%	0.65%