Fertility & birth rates in Estonia and United States

Fertility rate in Estonia vs United States by year

Chart Table

Estonia

United States

1x

Year	Fertility rate
	Estonia	United States
2023	1.31	1.62
2022	1.41	1.66
2021	1.61	1.66
2020	1.58	1.64
2019	1.66	1.71
2018	1.67	1.73
2017	1.59	1.77
2016	1.6	1.82
2015	1.58	1.84
2014	1.54	1.86
2013	1.52	1.86
2012	1.56	1.88
2011	1.61	1.89
2010	1.72	1.93
2009	1.7	2
2008	1.72	2.07
2007	1.69	2.12
2006	1.58	2.11
2005	1.52	2.06
2004	1.47	2.05
2003	1.37	2.05
2002	1.36	2.02
2001	1.32	2.03
2000	1.36	2.06
1999	1.3	2.01
1998	1.28	2
1997	1.32	1.97
1996	1.37	1.98
1995	1.38	1.98
1994	1.42	2
1993	1.49	2.02
1992	1.71	2.05
1991	1.8	2.06
1990	2.05	2.08
1989	2.22	2.01
1988	2.27	1.93
1987	2.27	1.87
1986	2.18	1.84
1985	2.13	1.84
1984	2.17	1.81
1983	2.16	1.8
1982	2.07	1.83
1981	2.07	1.81
1980	2.02	1.84
1979	2	1.81
1978	2.02	1.76
1977	2.06	1.79
1976	2.07	1.74
1975	2.04	1.77
1974	2.07	1.84
1973	2.06	1.88
1972	2.13	2.01
1971	2.19	2.27
1970	2.17	2.48
1969	2.13	2.46
1968	2.03	2.46
1967	1.9	2.56
1966	1.87	2.72
1965	1.88	2.91
1964	1.94	3.19
1963	1.89	3.32
1962	1.95	3.46
1961	1.98	3.62
1960	1.98	3.65

According to the latest available data on birth rates, the fertility rate in Estonia was 1.31 children per woman in 2023, compared to 1.62 in the United States in 2023. The replacement level is considered to be 2.1 children per woman.

Check Estonia vs the United States population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.

Natural population change by year

Chart Table

Estonia

United States

1x

Year	Natural population change
	Estonia	United States
2023	-5,070	502,372
2022	-5,665	399,926
2021	-5,324	199,137
2020	-2,659	208,862
2019	-1,327	887,476
2018	-1,322	955,022
2017	-1,713	1,028,037
2016	-1,316	1,197,627
2015	-1,315	1,270,126
2014	-1,972	1,357,281
2013	-1,713	1,322,711
2012	-1,455	1,411,822
2011	-531	1,441,697
2010	0	1,548,182
2009	-400	1,717,920
2008	-668	1,794,154
2007	-1,608	1,897,757
2006	-2,559	1,849,955
2005	-2,981	1,684,445
2004	-3,679	1,698,271
2003	-5,072	1,653,615
2002	-5,380	1,581,938
2001	-5,830	1,595,826
2000	-5,309	1,664,758
1999	-6,117	1,564,050
1998	-7,208	1,573,857
1997	-6,018	1,501,014
1996	-5,662	1,510,137
1995	-7,327	1,546,031
1994	-8,044	1,633,302
1993	-5,976	1,717,685
1992	-1,993	1,875,328
1991	-312	1,926,543
1990	2,825	2,026,068
1989	5,803	1,875,826
1988	6,404	1,735,943
1987	6,829	1,720,252
1986	6,160	1,656,917
1985	4,281	1,689,258
1984	5,163	1,627,192
1983	5,884	1,636,544
1982	5,244	1,714,317
1981	4,612	1,652,153
1980	3,989	1,608,450
1979	3,818	1,597,894
1978	4,088	1,402,283
1977	4,931	1,431,556
1976	4,319	1,264,604
1975	4,717	1,252,644
1974	5,956	1,218,968
1973	5,623	1,165,499
1972	6,267	1,301,355
1971	7,160	1,640,519
1970	6,257	1,824,965
1969	5,515	1,702,487
1968	5,592	1,565,507
1967	5,012	1,669,181
1966	4,842	1,749,387
1965	5,437	1,943,030
1964	6,897	2,245,099
1963	6,043	2,289,826
1962	6,457	2,406,337
1961	7,228	2,571,681
1960	7,511	2,565,530

The chart above illustrates the comparison of the absolute yearly changes in population resulting from births and deaths.

Excluding migration, the natural population change due to births and deaths from 2022 to 2023 was -0.37% in Estonia and +0.15% in the United States.

For the past 10 years, the annual natural population change has been -0.21% in Estonia and +0.25% in the United States.

Birth rate in Estonia vs United States by year

Chart Table

Estonia

United States

Annual births per 1,000 people

1x

Year	Annual births per 1,000 people
	Estonia	United States
2023	8	10.7
2022	8.6	11
2021	10	11
2020	9.9	10.9
2019	10.6	11.4
2018	10.9	11.6
2017	10.5	11.8
2016	10.7	12.2
2015	10.6	12.4
2014	10.3	12.5
2013	10.3	12.4
2012	10.6	12.6
2011	11.1	12.7
2010	11.9	13
2009	11.8	13.5
2008	12	14
2007	11.8	14.3
2006	11	14.3
2005	10.6	14
2004	10.3	14
2003	9.5	14.1
2002	9.4	14
2001	9.1	14.1
2000	9.4	14.4
1999	9	14.2
1998	8.8	14.3
1997	9	14.2
1996	9.4	14.4
1995	9.4	14.6
1994	9.7	15
1993	10.2	15.4
1992	11.8	15.8
1991	12.4	16.2
1990	14.2	16.7
1989	15.5	16.4
1988	16	16
1987	16.2	15.7
1986	15.7	15.6
1985	15.5	15.8
1984	16	15.6
1983	16	15.6
1982	15.4	15.9
1981	15.4	15.8
1980	15	15.9
1979	14.9	15.6
1978	15	15
1977	15.2	15.1
1976	15.1	14.6
1975	14.9	14.6
1974	15.1	14.8
1973	15.1	14.8
1972	15.6	15.6
1971	16.1	17.2
1970	15.8	18.4
1969	15.4	17.9
1968	14.9	17.6
1967	14.2	17.8
1966	14.2	18.4
1965	14.6	19.4
1964	15.4	21.1
1963	15.3	21.7
1962	16.1	22.4
1961	16.5	23.3
1960	16.7	23.7

The latest reported birth rate per 1,000 people in 2023 was 8 in Estonia and 10.7 in the United States, compared with 16.7 and 23.7, respectively, in 1960.

Children 0-14 years as share of population

Chart Table

Estonia

Factual

UN forecast

United States

Factual

UN forecast

1x

Year	Young
	Estonia	United States
2100	11.7%	14.4%
2099	11.7%	14.4%
2098	11.8%	14.4%
2097	11.9%	14.4%
2096	11.9%	14.4%
2095	12%	14.5%
2094	12.1%	14.5%
2093	12.2%	14.5%
2092	12.3%	14.5%
2091	12.4%	14.6%
2090	12.4%	14.6%
2089	12.5%	14.7%
2088	12.5%	14.7%
2087	12.6%	14.7%
2086	12.6%	14.8%
2085	12.6%	14.8%
2084	12.5%	14.8%
2083	12.5%	14.9%
2082	12.4%	14.9%
2081	12.3%	14.9%
2080	12.3%	14.9%
2079	12.2%	14.9%
2078	12.1%	14.9%
2077	12%	14.9%
2076	11.9%	14.9%
2075	11.8%	14.9%
2074	11.7%	14.9%
2073	11.7%	14.9%
2072	11.6%	14.9%
2071	11.6%	14.9%
2070	11.6%	14.9%
2069	11.6%	14.9%
2068	11.7%	14.9%
2067	11.7%	14.9%
2066	11.8%	14.9%
2065	11.9%	15%
2064	12.1%	15%
2063	12.2%	15%
2062	12.4%	15.1%
2061	12.5%	15.1%
2060	12.7%	15.2%
2059	12.8%	15.3%
2058	12.9%	15.4%
2057	13%	15.5%
2056	13.1%	15.5%
2055	13.2%	15.6%
2054	13.2%	15.7%
2053	13.2%	15.8%
2052	13.2%	15.8%
2051	13.1%	15.9%
2050	13%	15.9%
2049	12.9%	16%
2048	12.8%	16%
2047	12.7%	16%
2046	12.5%	16%
2045	12.4%	16%
2044	12.3%	16%
2043	12.1%	16%
2042	12%	16%
2041	11.9%	15.9%
2040	11.9%	15.9%
2039	11.8%	15.9%
2038	11.8%	15.9%
2037	11.9%	15.9%
2036	12.1%	15.9%
2035	12.3%	15.9%
2034	12.6%	15.9%
2033	12.9%	16%
2032	13.2%	16.1%
2031	13.6%	16.2%
2030	13.9%	16.3%
2029	14.2%	16.5%
2028	14.4%	16.6%
2027	14.7%	16.8%
2026	15%	17%
2025	15.5%	17.2%
2024	15.6%	17.3%
2023	16%	17.6%
2022	16.2%	17.9%
2021	16.4%	18.1%
2020	16.4%	18.4%
2019	16.4%	18.6%
2018	16.4%	18.8%
2017	16.3%	18.9%
2016	16.2%	19.1%
2015	16%	19.2%
2014	15.9%	19.3%
2013	15.7%	19.4%
2012	15.6%	19.5%
2011	15.4%	19.6%
2010	15.2%	19.7%
2009	15%	19.8%
2008	14.9%	19.9%
2007	14.9%	20%
2006	15%	20.2%
2005	15.2%	20.3%
2004	15.6%	20.5%
2003	16.1%	20.7%
2002	16.6%	20.9%
2001	17.2%	21%
2000	17.6%	21.2%
1999	18.4%	21.3%
1998	19.2%	21.4%
1997	19.8%	21.5%
1996	20.3%	21.7%
1995	20.7%	21.8%
1994	21.1%	21.9%
1993	21.4%	21.9%
1992	21.8%	21.8%
1991	22.1%	21.7%
1990	22.3%	21.6%
1989	22.3%	21.5%
1988	22.2%	21.3%
1987	22.2%	21.3%
1986	22.1%	21.3%
1985	22.1%	21.5%
1984	22.1%	21.7%
1983	22%	21.8%
1982	21.9%	22%
1981	21.8%	22.1%
1980	21.7%	22.4%
1979	21.6%	22.8%
1978	21.5%	23.2%
1977	21.5%	23.8%
1976	21.6%	24.4%
1975	21.6%	25.2%
1974	21.8%	25.9%
1973	21.9%	26.6%
1972	22%	27.4%
1971	22%	28%
1970	22.1%	28.6%
1969	22.1%	29%
1968	22.2%	29.5%
1967	22.3%	30%
1966	22.6%	30.4%
1965	22.8%	30.7%
1964	23%	30.9%
1963	23.2%	31.1%
1962	23.3%	31.3%
1961	23.3%	31.4%
1960	23.1%	31.3%

Children aged 0-14 make up 15.6% of the population in Estonia and 17.3% in the United States in 2024, compared to 22.3% and 21.6% respectively in 1990.

Demographics of Estonia and the United States compared.

Maternal mortality chart: Estonia vs United States

Chart Table

Estonia

United States

1x

Year	Maternal mortality per 100K births
	Estonia	United States
2023	5	17
2022	7	20
2021	8	31
2020	6	22
2019	6	18
2018	5	18
2017	5	18
2016	7	18
2015	6	17
2014	7	17
2013	6	16
2012	8	16
2011	9	15
2010	8	15
2009	10	15
2008	11	14
2007	13	13
2006	13	13
2005	15	13
2004	15	13
2003	18	13
2002	22	13
2001	25	13
2000	27	12
1999	28	12
1998	32	11
1997	31	11
1996	36	11
1995	45	12
1994	60	11
1993	46	12
1992	40	11
1991	42	12
1990	44	12
1989	48	12
1988	43	12
1987	42	11
1986	46	11
1985	56	11

The maternal mortality rate, which is the probability of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, is 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in Estonia, compared to 17 deaths in the United States.

U.S. figures are less comparable to other countries, because reporting changes between 2003 and 2018 doubled the number of maternal deaths captured in official records without an actual doubling in mortality, and coding was revised again in 2018.

Under-five mortality rates

Chart Table

Estonia

United States

Probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five

1x

Year	Under 5 mortality rate
	Estonia	United States
2023	0.21%	0.65%
2022	0.22%	0.65%
2021	0.23%	0.65%
2020	0.24%	0.65%
2019	0.25%	0.65%
2018	0.27%	0.65%
2017	0.28%	0.66%
2016	0.3%	0.67%
2015	0.32%	0.68%
2014	0.34%	0.68%
2013	0.36%	0.69%
2012	0.39%	0.7%
2011	0.42%	0.72%
2010	0.46%	0.73%
2009	0.5%	0.75%
2008	0.54%	0.76%
2007	0.59%	0.77%
2006	0.65%	0.79%
2005	0.71%	0.8%
2004	0.78%	0.81%
2003	0.85%	0.81%
2002	0.93%	0.82%
2001	1.01%	0.83%
2000	1.1%	0.84%
1999	1.2%	0.86%
1998	1.29%	0.87%
1997	1.39%	0.89%
1996	1.48%	0.92%
1995	1.57%	0.95%
1994	1.64%	0.98%
1993	1.69%	1.01%
1992	1.73%	1.05%
1991	1.75%	1.09%
1990	1.77%	1.12%
1989	1.79%	1.16%
1988	1.81%	1.19%
1987	1.83%	1.21%
1986	1.86%	1.24%
1985	1.91%	1.27%
1984	1.96%	1.3%
1983	2.02%	1.34%
1982	2.09%	1.39%
1981	2.16%	1.44%
1980	2.24%	1.5%
1979	-	1.56%
1978	-	1.63%
1977	-	1.71%
1976	-	1.79%
1975	-	1.88%
1974	-	1.97%
1973	-	2.06%
1972	-	2.15%
1971	-	2.24%
1970	-	2.32%
1969	-	2.41%
1968	-	2.49%
1967	-	2.57%
1966	-	2.64%
1965	-	2.71%
1964	-	2.77%
1963	-	2.83%
1962	-	2.89%
1961	-	2.95%
1960	-	3.01%

The chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five is 0.21% in Estonia and 0.65% in the United States. Above is a chart with historical data on under-five mortality rates.