Estonia has an annual birth rate of 8 births per 1,000 people, compared to 5.63 for Ukraine. The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime — the fertility rate, is 1.31 in Estonia and 0.98 in Ukraine — 25.4% difference.
1960 vs 2023, the fertility rate has decreased by 33.8% in Estonia and by 57.2% in Ukraine — in 1960, it was 1.98 and 2.29, respectively.
- Estonia is ranked 176/196 by birth rate compared to 194/196 for Ukraine.
- The mean age for first-time mothers is 28.7 years in Estonia, compared to 26.2 years in Ukraine.
- The mean age at childbearing (for all the births, not just the first) is 31.3 in Estonia — it's 28.5 in Ukraine.
- Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 (adolescent birth rate or teenage mother rate) is 5.03 in Estonia vs 11.4 in Ukraine.
- In Estonia, 21.1% of the population is composed of women of reproductive age (15-49), compared to 23% in Ukraine.
Fertility rate in Estonia vs Ukraine by year
| Year | Fertility rate | |
|---|---|---|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2023 | 1.31 | 0.98 |
| 2022 | 1.41 | 0.9 |
| 2021 | 1.61 | 1.15 |
| 2020 | 1.58 | 1.21 |
| 2019 | 1.66 | 1.22 |
| 2018 | 1.67 | 1.23 |
| 2017 | 1.59 | 1.3 |
| 2016 | 1.6 | 1.39 |
| 2015 | 1.58 | 1.39 |
| 2014 | 1.54 | 1.47 |
| 2013 | 1.52 | 1.52 |
| 2012 | 1.56 | 1.53 |
| 2011 | 1.61 | 1.46 |
| 2010 | 1.72 | 1.44 |
| 2009 | 1.7 | 1.47 |
| 2008 | 1.72 | 1.44 |
| 2007 | 1.69 | 1.34 |
| 2006 | 1.58 | 1.3 |
| 2005 | 1.52 | 1.22 |
| 2004 | 1.47 | 1.22 |
| 2003 | 1.37 | 1.17 |
| 2002 | 1.36 | 1.13 |
| 2001 | 1.32 | 1.09 |
| 2000 | 1.36 | 1.11 |
| 1999 | 1.3 | 1.13 |
| 1998 | 1.28 | 1.21 |
| 1997 | 1.32 | 1.27 |
| 1996 | 1.37 | 1.33 |
| 1995 | 1.38 | 1.4 |
| 1994 | 1.42 | 1.47 |
| 1993 | 1.49 | 1.56 |
| 1992 | 1.71 | 1.67 |
| 1991 | 1.8 | 1.77 |
| 1990 | 2.05 | 1.85 |
| 1989 | 2.22 | 1.93 |
| 1988 | 2.27 | 2.04 |
| 1987 | 2.27 | 2.07 |
| 1986 | 2.18 | 2.12 |
| 1985 | 2.13 | 2.03 |
| 1984 | 2.17 | 2.08 |
| 1983 | 2.16 | 2.1 |
| 1982 | 2.07 | 1.95 |
| 1981 | 2.07 | 1.92 |
| 1980 | 2.02 | 1.95 |
| 1979 | 2 | 1.96 |
| 1978 | 2.02 | 1.97 |
| 1977 | 2.06 | 1.98 |
| 1976 | 2.07 | 2.04 |
| 1975 | 2.04 | 2.05 |
| 1974 | 2.07 | 2.06 |
| 1973 | 2.06 | 2.04 |
| 1972 | 2.13 | 2.13 |
| 1971 | 2.19 | 2.11 |
| 1970 | 2.17 | 2.08 |
| 1969 | 2.13 | 2.01 |
| 1968 | 2.03 | 2.03 |
| 1967 | 1.9 | 2.04 |
| 1966 | 1.87 | 2.04 |
| 1965 | 1.88 | 1.94 |
| 1964 | 1.94 | 2.01 |
| 1963 | 1.89 | 2.11 |
| 1962 | 1.95 | 2.15 |
| 1961 | 1.98 | 2.2 |
| 1960 | 1.98 | 2.29 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY 
According to the latest available data on birth rates, the fertility rate in Estonia was 1.31 children per woman in 2023, compared to 0.98 in Ukraine in 2023. The replacement level is considered to be 2.1 children per woman.
Check Estonia vs Ukraine population clock for a dynamic visualization of the changing population.
Natural population change by year
| Year | Natural population change | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2023 | -5,070 | -283,185 |
| 2022 | -5,665 | -349,284 |
| 2021 | -5,324 | -449,941 |
| 2020 | -2,659 | -307,533 |
| 2019 | -1,327 | -236,296 |
| 2018 | -1,322 | -227,491 |
| 2017 | -1,713 | -158,390 |
| 2016 | -1,316 | -135,710 |
| 2015 | -1,315 | -147,107 |
| 2014 | -1,972 | -140,216 |
| 2013 | -1,713 | -129,662 |
| 2012 | -1,455 | -130,451 |
| 2011 | -531 | -158,372 |
| 2010 | 0 | -180,388 |
| 2009 | -400 | -197,918 |
| 2008 | -668 | -229,086 |
| 2007 | -1,608 | -282,659 |
| 2006 | -2,559 | -300,787 |
| 2005 | -2,981 | -337,857 |
| 2004 | -3,679 | -344,157 |
| 2003 | -5,072 | -351,299 |
| 2002 | -5,380 | -364,544 |
| 2001 | -5,830 | -374,734 |
| 2000 | -5,309 | -364,143 |
| 1999 | -6,117 | -348,286 |
| 1998 | -7,208 | -318,299 |
| 1997 | -6,018 | -306,549 |
| 1996 | -5,662 | -305,154 |
| 1995 | -7,327 | -281,629 |
| 1994 | -8,044 | -238,820 |
| 1993 | -5,976 | -169,405 |
| 1992 | -1,993 | -95,857 |
| 1991 | -312 | -16,486 |
| 1990 | 2,825 | 48,463 |
| 1989 | 5,803 | 106,431 |
| 1988 | 6,404 | 162,002 |
| 1987 | 6,829 | 198,850 |
| 1986 | 6,160 | 225,751 |
| 1985 | 4,281 | 201,011 |
| 1984 | 5,163 | 222,430 |
| 1983 | 5,884 | 241,741 |
| 1982 | 5,244 | 194,101 |
| 1981 | 4,612 | 182,839 |
| 1980 | 3,989 | 197,223 |
| 1979 | 3,818 | 197,294 |
| 1978 | 4,088 | 206,554 |
| 1977 | 4,931 | 216,932 |
| 1976 | 4,319 | 247,323 |
| 1975 | 4,717 | 256,787 |
| 1974 | 5,956 | 273,486 |
| 1973 | 5,623 | 274,938 |
| 1972 | 6,267 | 309,785 |
| 1971 | 7,160 | 305,849 |
| 1970 | 6,257 | 291,839 |
| 1969 | 5,515 | 274,858 |
| 1968 | 5,592 | 295,162 |
| 1967 | 5,012 | 313,899 |
| 1966 | 4,842 | 337,794 |
| 1965 | 5,437 | 334,365 |
| 1964 | 6,897 | 391,120 |
| 1963 | 6,043 | 449,648 |
| 1962 | 6,457 | 481,887 |
| 1961 | 7,228 | 508,602 |
| 1960 | 7,511 | 538,812 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
The chart above illustrates the comparison of the absolute yearly changes in population resulting from births and deaths.
Excluding migration, the natural population change due to births and deaths from 2022 to 2023 was -0.37% in Estonia and -0.75% in Ukraine.
For the past 10 years, the annual natural population change has been -0.21% in Estonia and -0.56% in Ukraine.
Birth rate in Estonia vs Ukraine by year
Annual births per 1,000 people
| Year | Annual births per 1,000 people | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2023 | 8 | 5.63 |
| 2022 | 8.6 | 5.68 |
| 2021 | 10 | 6.98 |
| 2020 | 9.9 | 7.56 |
| 2019 | 10.6 | 7.82 |
| 2018 | 10.9 | 8.13 |
| 2017 | 10.5 | 8.78 |
| 2016 | 10.7 | 9.61 |
| 2015 | 10.6 | 9.8 |
| 2014 | 10.3 | 10.6 |
| 2013 | 10.3 | 11.2 |
| 2012 | 10.6 | 11.4 |
| 2011 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| 2010 | 11.9 | 10.9 |
| 2009 | 11.8 | 11.2 |
| 2008 | 12 | 11 |
| 2007 | 11.8 | 10.2 |
| 2006 | 11 | 9.79 |
| 2005 | 10.6 | 9.12 |
| 2004 | 10.3 | 8.96 |
| 2003 | 9.5 | 8.55 |
| 2002 | 9.4 | 8.11 |
| 2001 | 9.1 | 7.78 |
| 2000 | 9.4 | 7.82 |
| 1999 | 9 | 7.89 |
| 1998 | 8.8 | 8.4 |
| 1997 | 9 | 8.82 |
| 1996 | 9.4 | 9.25 |
| 1995 | 9.4 | 9.7 |
| 1994 | 9.7 | 10.2 |
| 1993 | 10.2 | 10.9 |
| 1992 | 11.8 | 11.7 |
| 1991 | 12.4 | 12.5 |
| 1990 | 14.2 | 13.1 |
| 1989 | 15.5 | 13.8 |
| 1988 | 16 | 14.6 |
| 1987 | 16.2 | 15.1 |
| 1986 | 15.7 | 15.8 |
| 1985 | 15.5 | 15.4 |
| 1984 | 16 | 15.9 |
| 1983 | 16 | 16.1 |
| 1982 | 15.4 | 15 |
| 1981 | 15.4 | 14.8 |
| 1980 | 15 | 15 |
| 1979 | 14.9 | 14.9 |
| 1978 | 15 | 14.9 |
| 1977 | 15.2 | 14.8 |
| 1976 | 15.1 | 15.2 |
| 1975 | 14.9 | 15.1 |
| 1974 | 15.1 | 15.2 |
| 1973 | 15.1 | 15 |
| 1972 | 15.6 | 15.5 |
| 1971 | 16.1 | 15.4 |
| 1970 | 15.8 | 15 |
| 1969 | 15.4 | 14.5 |
| 1968 | 14.9 | 14.8 |
| 1967 | 14.2 | 15 |
| 1966 | 14.2 | 15.4 |
| 1965 | 14.6 | 15.3 |
| 1964 | 15.4 | 16.6 |
| 1963 | 15.3 | 18 |
| 1962 | 16.1 | 18.9 |
| 1961 | 16.5 | 19.7 |
| 1960 | 16.7 | 20.8 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
The latest reported birth rate per 1,000 people in 2023 was 8 in Estonia and 5.63 in Ukraine, compared with 16.7 and 20.8, respectively, in 1960.
Birth rate data compared
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Fertility rate | 1.31 | 0.98 |
| Fertility rate rank | 175/196 | 193/196 |
| Birth rate | 8 | 5.63 |
| Birth rate rank | 176/196 | 194/196 |
| Population change due to births and deaths | -5,070 | -283,185 |
| Natural population change rank | 167/196 | 192/196 |
| Natural population change rate | -0.37% | -0.75% |
| Population growth | +0.15% | +0.34% |
| Population growth rank | 158/197 | 147/197 |
| Age at first childbirth | 28.7 years | 26.2 years |
| Average age at childbearing | 31.3 years | 28.5 years |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 15-19 | 4.23 | 10.7 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 20-29 | 55.1 | 57.6 |
| Annual births per 1,000 women ages 30+ | 13.1 | 6.89 |
| Female of reproductive age (15-49), share of population | 21.1% | 23% |
| Any modern method of contraceptive prevalence among married women ages 15-49 | 60.9% | 47.6% |
| Share of births attended by skilled health staff | 99.6% | 99.9% |
| Maternal mortality per live birth | 0.005% | 0.02% |
| Neonatal mortality rate (before reaching 28 days of age) | 0.1% | 0.47% |
| Infant mortality rate (before reaching 1 year of age) | 0.16% | 0.78% |
| Mortality rate before reaching 5 years of age | 0.21% | 0.81% |
| Life expectancy | 79.6 years | 75 years |
Children 0-14 years as share of population
| Year | Young | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2100 | 11.7% | 8.49% |
| 2099 | 11.7% | 8.5% |
| 2098 | 11.8% | 8.51% |
| 2097 | 11.9% | 8.54% |
| 2096 | 11.9% | 8.57% |
| 2095 | 12% | 8.61% |
| 2094 | 12.1% | 8.66% |
| 2093 | 12.2% | 8.71% |
| 2092 | 12.3% | 8.77% |
| 2091 | 12.4% | 8.82% |
| 2090 | 12.4% | 8.87% |
| 2089 | 12.5% | 8.92% |
| 2088 | 12.5% | 8.95% |
| 2087 | 12.6% | 8.98% |
| 2086 | 12.6% | 9% |
| 2085 | 12.6% | 9% |
| 2084 | 12.5% | 9% |
| 2083 | 12.5% | 8.98% |
| 2082 | 12.4% | 8.95% |
| 2081 | 12.3% | 8.9% |
| 2080 | 12.3% | 8.85% |
| 2079 | 12.2% | 8.79% |
| 2078 | 12.1% | 8.73% |
| 2077 | 12% | 8.66% |
| 2076 | 11.9% | 8.59% |
| 2075 | 11.8% | 8.53% |
| 2074 | 11.7% | 8.47% |
| 2073 | 11.7% | 8.41% |
| 2072 | 11.6% | 8.37% |
| 2071 | 11.6% | 8.34% |
| 2070 | 11.6% | 8.34% |
| 2069 | 11.6% | 8.34% |
| 2068 | 11.7% | 8.37% |
| 2067 | 11.7% | 8.42% |
| 2066 | 11.8% | 8.5% |
| 2065 | 11.9% | 8.59% |
| 2064 | 12.1% | 8.7% |
| 2063 | 12.2% | 8.83% |
| 2062 | 12.4% | 8.96% |
| 2061 | 12.5% | 9.11% |
| 2060 | 12.7% | 9.27% |
| 2059 | 12.8% | 9.42% |
| 2058 | 12.9% | 9.57% |
| 2057 | 13% | 9.71% |
| 2056 | 13.1% | 9.83% |
| 2055 | 13.2% | 9.94% |
| 2054 | 13.2% | 10% |
| 2053 | 13.2% | 10.1% |
| 2052 | 13.2% | 10.2% |
| 2051 | 13.1% | 10.2% |
| 2050 | 13% | 10.2% |
| 2049 | 12.9% | 10.2% |
| 2048 | 12.8% | 10.2% |
| 2047 | 12.7% | 10.2% |
| 2046 | 12.5% | 10.1% |
| 2045 | 12.4% | 10.1% |
| 2044 | 12.3% | 10% |
| 2043 | 12.1% | 9.99% |
| 2042 | 12% | 9.94% |
| 2041 | 11.9% | 9.89% |
| 2040 | 11.9% | 9.9% |
| 2039 | 11.8% | 9.94% |
| 2038 | 11.8% | 9.97% |
| 2037 | 11.9% | 9.93% |
| 2036 | 12.1% | 10.1% |
| 2035 | 12.3% | 10.3% |
| 2034 | 12.6% | 10.5% |
| 2033 | 12.9% | 10.7% |
| 2032 | 13.2% | 11% |
| 2031 | 13.6% | 11.4% |
| 2030 | 13.9% | 11.7% |
| 2029 | 14.2% | 12.2% |
| 2028 | 14.4% | 12.7% |
| 2027 | 14.7% | 13.2% |
| 2026 | 15% | 13.6% |
| 2025 | 15.5% | 13.8% |
| 2024 | 15.6% | 13.9% |
| 2023 | 16% | 14.3% |
| 2022 | 16.2% | 14.8% |
| 2021 | 16.4% | 15.1% |
| 2020 | 16.4% | 15.3% |
| 2019 | 16.4% | 15.4% |
| 2018 | 16.4% | 15.4% |
| 2017 | 16.3% | 15.4% |
| 2016 | 16.2% | 15.3% |
| 2015 | 16% | 15.1% |
| 2014 | 15.9% | 14.9% |
| 2013 | 15.7% | 14.6% |
| 2012 | 15.6% | 14.4% |
| 2011 | 15.4% | 14.2% |
| 2010 | 15.2% | 14.1% |
| 2009 | 15% | 14% |
| 2008 | 14.9% | 14% |
| 2007 | 14.9% | 14.1% |
| 2006 | 15% | 14.3% |
| 2005 | 15.2% | 14.7% |
| 2004 | 15.6% | 15.1% |
| 2003 | 16.1% | 15.7% |
| 2002 | 16.6% | 16.3% |
| 2001 | 17.2% | 17.1% |
| 2000 | 17.6% | 17.9% |
| 1999 | 18.4% | 18.5% |
| 1998 | 19.2% | 19.2% |
| 1997 | 19.8% | 19.7% |
| 1996 | 20.3% | 20.2% |
| 1995 | 20.7% | 20.6% |
| 1994 | 21.1% | 21% |
| 1993 | 21.4% | 21.2% |
| 1992 | 21.8% | 21.4% |
| 1991 | 22.1% | 21.5% |
| 1990 | 22.3% | 21.6% |
| 1989 | 22.3% | 21.7% |
| 1988 | 22.2% | 21.7% |
| 1987 | 22.2% | 21.7% |
| 1986 | 22.1% | 21.7% |
| 1985 | 22.1% | 21.7% |
| 1984 | 22.1% | 21.6% |
| 1983 | 22% | 21.5% |
| 1982 | 21.9% | 21.4% |
| 1981 | 21.8% | 21.4% |
| 1980 | 21.7% | 21.4% |
| 1979 | 21.6% | 21.5% |
| 1978 | 21.5% | 21.7% |
| 1977 | 21.5% | 22.1% |
| 1976 | 21.6% | 22.4% |
| 1975 | 21.6% | 22.8% |
| 1974 | 21.8% | 23.2% |
| 1973 | 21.9% | 23.6% |
| 1972 | 22% | 24% |
| 1971 | 22% | 24.4% |
| 1970 | 22.1% | 24.8% |
| 1969 | 22.1% | 25.1% |
| 1968 | 22.2% | 25.5% |
| 1967 | 22.3% | 25.8% |
| 1966 | 22.6% | 26.1% |
| 1965 | 22.8% | 26.4% |
| 1964 | 23% | 26.8% |
| 1963 | 23.2% | 27.1% |
| 1962 | 23.3% | 27.1% |
| 1961 | 23.3% | 27% |
| 1960 | 23.1% | 26.7% |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
Children aged 0-14 make up 15.6% of the population in Estonia and 13.9% in Ukraine in 2024, compared to 22.3% and 21.6% respectively in 1990.
Fertility rates around the globe
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
Maternal mortality chart: Estonia vs Ukraine
| Year | Maternal mortality per 100K births | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2023 | 5 | 15 |
| 2022 | 7 | 16 |
| 2021 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 | 6 | 18 |
| 2019 | 6 | 16 |
| 2018 | 5 | 16 |
| 2017 | 5 | 16 |
| 2016 | 7 | 17 |
| 2015 | 6 | 17 |
| 2014 | 7 | 19 |
| 2013 | 6 | 20 |
| 2012 | 8 | 20 |
| 2011 | 9 | 20 |
| 2010 | 8 | 21 |
| 2009 | 10 | 24 |
| 2008 | 11 | 26 |
| 2007 | 13 | 27 |
| 2006 | 13 | 27 |
| 2005 | 15 | 27 |
| 2004 | 15 | 27 |
| 2003 | 18 | 28 |
| 2002 | 22 | 28 |
| 2001 | 25 | 30 |
| 2000 | 27 | 32 |
| 1999 | 28 | 34 |
| 1998 | 32 | 37 |
| 1997 | 31 | 41 |
| 1996 | 36 | 45 |
| 1995 | 45 | 46 |
| 1994 | 60 | 45 |
| 1993 | 46 | 42 |
| 1992 | 40 | 40 |
| 1991 | 42 | 40 |
| 1990 | 44 | 40 |
| 1989 | 48 | 42 |
| 1988 | 43 | 44 |
| 1987 | 42 | 46 |
| 1986 | 46 | 50 |
| 1985 | 56 | 53 |
Data sources: World Bank | Gender (1985–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
The maternal mortality rate, which is the probability of dying during childbirth or within 42 days of pregnancy termination, is 5 deaths per 100,000 live births in Estonia, compared to 15 deaths in Ukraine.
Under-five mortality rates
Probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five
| Year | Under 5 mortality rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 2023 | 0.21% | 0.81% |
| 2022 | 0.22% | 0.85% |
| 2021 | 0.23% | 0.82% |
| 2020 | 0.24% | 0.84% |
| 2019 | 0.25% | 0.85% |
| 2018 | 0.27% | 0.87% |
| 2017 | 0.28% | 0.89% |
| 2016 | 0.3% | 0.91% |
| 2015 | 0.32% | 0.94% |
| 2014 | 0.34% | 0.98% |
| 2013 | 0.36% | 1.02% |
| 2012 | 0.39% | 1.07% |
| 2011 | 0.42% | 1.12% |
| 2010 | 0.46% | 1.17% |
| 2009 | 0.5% | 1.23% |
| 2008 | 0.54% | 1.29% |
| 2007 | 0.59% | 1.34% |
| 2006 | 0.65% | 1.4% |
| 2005 | 0.71% | 1.45% |
| 2004 | 0.78% | 1.51% |
| 2003 | 0.85% | 1.58% |
| 2002 | 0.93% | 1.66% |
| 2001 | 1.01% | 1.75% |
| 2000 | 1.1% | 1.83% |
| 1999 | 1.2% | 1.9% |
| 1998 | 1.29% | 1.97% |
| 1997 | 1.39% | 2.01% |
| 1996 | 1.48% | 2.03% |
| 1995 | 1.57% | 2.02% |
| 1994 | 1.64% | 2% |
| 1993 | 1.69% | 1.97% |
| 1992 | 1.73% | 1.94% |
| 1991 | 1.75% | 1.92% |
| 1990 | 1.77% | 1.92% |
| 1989 | 1.79% | 1.95% |
| 1988 | 1.81% | 1.99% |
| 1987 | 1.83% | 2.05% |
| 1986 | 1.86% | 2.13% |
| 1985 | 1.91% | 2.21% |
| 1984 | 1.96% | 2.29% |
| 1983 | 2.02% | 2.39% |
| 1982 | 2.09% | 2.47% |
| 1981 | 2.16% | 2.55% |
| 1980 | 2.24% | 2.62% |
| 1979 | - | 2.69% |
| 1978 | - | 2.74% |
| 1977 | - | 2.78% |
| 1976 | - | 2.84% |
| 1975 | - | 2.89% |
| 1974 | - | 2.96% |
| 1973 | - | 3.04% |
| 1972 | - | 3.13% |
| 1971 | - | 3.23% |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1971–2023, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/birth-rate/estonia/ukraine | CC BY
The chance that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five is 0.21% in Estonia and 0.81% in Ukraine. Above is a chart with historical data on under-five mortality rates.
Compare countries by 7 more topics
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2019–2023, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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