Bahrain has a GDP of $49B compared to $110B for Oman, ranking 98/197 and 70/197 by economy size, respectively.
Bahrain has $72.3B in government debt (147.6% of GDP), compared to $39.2B (35.8% of GDP) in Oman.
Bahrain vs Oman GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
| 2025 | $48,965,725,532 | $109,604,780,696 |
| 2024 | $47,210,732,713 | $107,137,198,700 |
| 2023 | $46,192,260,638 | $106,174,707,932 |
| 2022 | $46,458,191,489 | $109,852,795,839 |
| 2021 | $40,840,212,766 | $87,323,797,139 |
| 2020 | $35,837,632,979 | $75,909,492,848 |
| 2019 | $40,446,808,511 | $88,060,858,257 |
| 2018 | $39,567,978,723 | $91,505,851,756 |
| 2017 | $37,204,813,830 | $80,856,697,009 |
| 2016 | $33,884,680,851 | $75,128,738,622 |
| 2015 | $32,523,297,872 | $78,710,793,238 |
| 2014 | $34,772,526,596 | $92,699,089,727 |
| 2013 | $33,823,324,468 | $89,936,020,806 |
| 2012 | $31,963,404,255 | $87,408,842,653 |
| 2011 | $29,914,680,851 | $77,497,529,259 |
| 2010 | $26,805,984,043 | $64,993,498,049 |
| 2009 | $22,938,218,085 | $55,454,096,229 |
| 2008 | $25,710,904,255 | $69,804,681,404 |
| 2007 | $21,730,000,000 | $48,300,390,117 |
| 2006 | $18,504,760,638 | $42,577,633,290 |
| 2005 | $15,968,723,404 | $35,506,892,068 |
| 2004 | $13,150,159,574 | $28,378,933,680 |
| 2003 | $11,074,813,830 | $24,733,680,104 |
| 2002 | $9,593,510,638 | $23,065,539,662 |
| 2001 | $8,976,196,809 | $22,205,721,717 |
| 2000 | $9,062,898,936 | $22,259,557,867 |
| 1999 | $7,528,469,149 | $17,832,769,831 |
| 1998 | $7,031,309,043 | $16,044,213,264 |
| 1997 | $7,219,407,713 | $18,039,791,938 |
| 1996 | $6,938,166,755 | $17,402,080,624 |
| 1995 | $6,651,180,851 | $15,722,236,671 |
| 1994 | $6,330,627,926 | $14,715,214,564 |
| 1993 | $5,913,001,064 | $14,230,429,129 |
| 1992 | $5,402,232,447 | $14,183,615,085 |
| 1991 | $5,248,911,170 | $12,918,335,501 |
| 1990 | $4,809,511,005 | $13,310,273,082 |
| 1989 | $4,393,093,963 | $9,372,171,651 |
| 1988 | $4,209,834,173 | $8,386,215,865 |
| 1987 | $3,856,922,694 | $7,811,183,095 |
| 1986 | $3,470,746,843 | $7,324,167,369 |
| 1985 | $4,152,376,484 | $10,005,645,420 |
| 1984 | $4,440,874,566 | $8,821,443,151 |
| 1983 | $4,247,030,468 | $7,932,541,691 |
| 1982 | $4,145,421,080 | $7,554,719,456 |
| 1981 | $3,943,109,532 | $7,259,120,151 |
| 1980 | $3,493,834,468 | $5,981,760,278 |
| 1979 | $2,710,160,739 | $3,733,352,635 |
| 1978 | $2,272,042,965 | $2,740,301,390 |
| 1977 | $1,989,060,283 | $2,741,169,948 |
| 1976 | $1,581,709,519 | $2,560,220,035 |
| 1975 | $1,099,107,601 | $2,096,699,189 |
| 1974 | $1,042,176,884 | $1,645,917,776 |
| 1973 | $761,132,545 | $483,066,991 |
| 1972 | $534,081,184 | $366,883,548 |
| 1971 | $422,181,562 | $301,010,587 |
| 1970 | $391,577,364 | $256,319,795 |
| 1969 | - | $239,999,808 |
| 1968 | - | $188,879,849 |
| 1967 | - | $107,151,832 |
| 1966 | - | $67,759,973 |
| 1965 | - | $63,279,975 |
| 1964 | - | $61,872,526 |
| 1963 | - | $59,912,763 |
| 1962 | - | $56,273,202 |
| 1961 | - | $45,634,487 |
| 1960 | - | $44,234,656 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Bahrain vs Oman by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $30,597 | - | $19,947 | - |
| 2024 | $29,717 | $66,941 | $20,285 | $41,740 |
| 2023 | $29,290 | $64,171 | $21,028 | $41,945 |
| 2022 | $30,471 | $61,678 | $23,224 | $42,616 |
| 2021 | $27,148 | $54,955 | $19,403 | $38,719 |
| 2020 | $24,343 | $53,436 | $16,785 | $35,163 |
| 2019 | $27,260 | $56,600 | $19,180 | $37,251 |
| 2018 | $26,324 | $51,993 | $19,902 | $37,780 |
| 2017 | $24,785 | $50,185 | $17,820 | $33,619 |
| 2016 | $23,800 | $47,429 | $17,110 | $33,334 |
| 2015 | $23,734 | $48,034 | $18,808 | $36,058 |
| 2014 | $26,452 | $54,299 | $23,161 | $44,236 |
| 2013 | $26,990 | $56,310 | $23,458 | $47,013 |
| 2012 | $26,439 | $56,713 | $24,642 | $49,989 |
| 2011 | $25,033 | $52,677 | $25,188 | $52,393 |
| 2010 | $21,819 | $49,255 | $23,570 | $55,667 |
| 2009 | $19,465 | $48,626 | $20,656 | $55,127 |
| 2008 | $23,299 | $50,330 | $26,577 | $52,841 |
| 2007 | $20,908 | $49,347 | $18,793 | $48,627 |
| 2006 | $19,267 | $48,009 | $16,931 | $46,091 |
| 2005 | $17,966 | $47,268 | $14,435 | $43,673 |
| 2004 | $15,964 | $46,317 | $11,801 | $42,142 |
| 2003 | $14,486 | $45,427 | $10,464 | $40,935 |
| 2002 | $13,501 | $45,091 | $9,869 | $41,511 |
| 2001 | $13,573 | $46,162 | $9,612 | $41,679 |
| 2000 | $14,214 | $45,688 | $9,754 | $39,443 |
| 1999 | $12,123 | $43,561 | $7,915 | $36,792 |
| 1998 | $11,625 | $42,281 | $7,219 | $36,666 |
| 1997 | $12,255 | $40,965 | $8,235 | $36,809 |
| 1996 | $12,092 | $40,106 | $8,068 | $34,661 |
| 1995 | $11,901 | $38,839 | $7,414 | $33,598 |
| 1994 | $11,629 | $37,579 | $7,068 | $31,925 |
| 1993 | $11,152 | $37,870 | $7,039 | $30,987 |
| 1992 | $10,460 | $33,648 | $7,318 | $29,773 |
| 1991 | $10,434 | $31,657 | $6,977 | $28,109 |
| 1990 | $9,343 | $26,902 | $7,546 | $26,904 |
| 1989 | $8,833 | - | $5,591 | - |
| 1988 | $8,772 | - | $5,279 | - |
| 1987 | $8,333 | - | $5,204 | - |
| 1986 | $7,777 | - | $5,182 | - |
| 1985 | $9,649 | - | $7,549 | - |
| 1984 | $10,697 | - | $7,070 | - |
| 1983 | $10,599 | - | $6,714 | - |
| 1982 | $10,712 | - | $6,759 | - |
| 1981 | $10,557 | - | $6,866 | - |
| 1980 | $9,733 | - | $5,974 | - |
| 1979 | $7,891 | - | $3,934 | - |
| 1978 | $6,926 | - | $3,044 | - |
| 1977 | $6,358 | - | $3,205 | - |
| 1976 | $5,310 | - | $3,143 | - |
| 1975 | $3,880 | - | $2,692 | - |
| 1974 | $3,874 | - | $2,203 | - |
| 1973 | $2,981 | - | $670 | - |
| 1972 | $2,206 | - | $524 | - |
| 1971 | $1,830 | - | $442 | - |
| 1970 | $1,742 | - | $387 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $372 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $300 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $174.7 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $113.2 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $108.1 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $108.1 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $106.8 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $102.3 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $84.5 | - |
| 1960 | - | - | $83.4 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY
Bahrain's GDP per capita is $30,597, ranking 44/197, compared to $19,947 in Oman, ranking 60/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bahrain ranks 26th at $66,941, while Oman ranks 55th at $41,740.
Economic indicators
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$49B
2025 |
$110B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
98/197
2025 |
70/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
3.48%
2024-2025 |
2.4%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$30,597
2025 |
$19,947
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
44/197
2025 |
60/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$66,941
2024 |
$41,740
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
26/197
2024 |
55/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$72.3B
2025 |
$39.2B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
147.6%
2025 |
35.8%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$45,165
2025 |
$7,132
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
13/185
2025 |
70/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$23,191
2026 |
$19,851
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$21.3B
2025 |
$41.3B
2025 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
2
2026 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
29.4%
2025 |
28.9%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
-0.14%
2024-2025 |
1%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.25%
2025 |
4.5%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
0.89%
2015 |
3.3%
2024 |
| Population |
1649267
|
5775345
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 29.4% | 147.6% | 28.9% | 35.8% |
| 2024 | 28.9% | 133.7% | 28.7% | 35.5% |
| 2023 | 29% | 123% | 27.5% | 37.4% |
| 2022 | 28.4% | 111.6% | 31.1% | 41.7% |
| 2021 | 30.6% | 122.3% | 36.5% | 61.9% |
| 2020 | 34.6% | 125.7% | 44.5% | 67.9% |
| 2019 | 31.2% | 97.1% | 38.8% | 52.5% |
| 2018 | 32.1% | 90.4% | 38.3% | 44.7% |
| 2017 | 30.7% | 84% | 39.4% | 40.1% |
| 2016 | 33.3% | 77.4% | 44.6% | 29.3% |
| 2015 | 34.8% | 63.2% | 44.5% | 13.9% |
| 2014 | 27.3% | 42.6% | 41.4% | 4.04% |
| 2013 | 32% | 42.3% | 39.3% | 4.66% |
| 2012 | 31.1% | 34.8% | 38.6% | 4.59% |
| 2011 | 30.2% | 31.6% | 34.5% | 4.44% |
| 2010 | 31.1% | 28.8% | 30.6% | 5.46% |
| 2009 | 24.6% | 20.5% | 33.4% | 5.8% |
| 2008 | 22.7% | 12.1% | 25.6% | 3.2% |
| 2007 | 22.4% | 15.7% | 30.7% | 4.44% |
| 2006 | 23.1% | 19.4% | 30.1% | 7.56% |
| 2005 | 23.9% | 23.2% | 30.6% | 8.39% |
| 2004 | 25% | 28.2% | 34.1% | 14.5% |
| 2003 | 28.1% | 31.1% | 34% | 13% |
| 2002 | 30.6% | 27.2% | 34.1% | 15.9% |
| 2001 | 26.5% | 25% | 33.3% | 22.5% |
| 2000 | 22.2% | 24.7% | 31.2% | 21.7% |
| 1999 | 27.1% | 24.7% | 34.2% | 28.9% |
| 1998 | 25.7% | 20% | 36.1% | 30.9% |
| 1997 | 31% | 14.8% | 32.1% | 20.8% |
| 1996 | 22.7% | 13.1% | 33.5% | 21.2% |
| 1995 | 25.1% | 13.6% | 38.2% | 21.9% |
| 1994 | 26.1% | 5.62% | 39.7% | 23.6% |
| 1993 | 26.7% | 5.95% | 40.1% | 22.2% |
| 1992 | 29.4% | 6.45% | 40.1% | 23.1% |
| 1991 | 28.5% | 6.71% | 37.4% | 22.6% |
| 1990 | 32.4% | 7.24% | 36.5% | 17.8% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY
In 2025, Bahrain's government spending was $14.4B, accounting for 29.4% of its GDP, while Oman spent $31.7B, or 28.9% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 147.6% in Bahrain and 35.8% in Oman, ranking 6/185 and 142/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
| 2025 | -13% | 1.04% |
| 2024 | -11% | 3.22% |
| 2023 | -9.66% | 6.72% |
| 2022 | -6.03% | 10.3% |
| 2021 | -10.6% | -3.17% |
| 2020 | -17.3% | -15.7% |
| 2019 | -8.57% | -4.83% |
| 2018 | -11.3% | -6.72% |
| 2017 | -13.4% | -10.5% |
| 2016 | -16.6% | -19.6% |
| 2015 | -17.5% | -13.5% |
| 2014 | -3.32% | -1.58% |
| 2013 | -8.55% | 2.78% |
| 2012 | -5.77% | 4.07% |
| 2011 | -4.9% | 8.24% |
| 2010 | -9.29% | 4.95% |
| 2009 | -5.36% | -0.27% |
| 2008 | 4.08% | 14.7% |
| 2007 | 1.52% | 10.5% |
| 2006 | 2.24% | 12.2% |
| 2005 | 2.8% | 11.2% |
| 2004 | 0.24% | 5.43% |
| 2003 | -1.7% | 5.92% |
| 2002 | -3.27% | 5.31% |
| 2001 | 0.7% | 7.55% |
| 2000 | 7.33% | 12.2% |
| 1999 | -4.85% | 0.3% |
| 1998 | -5.49% | -4.37% |
| 1997 | -6.39% | 4.77% |
| 1996 | 0.24% | 2.22% |
| 1995 | -3.99% | -3.9% |
| 1994 | -5.18% | -7.47% |
| 1993 | -2.77% | -6.84% |
| 1992 | -5.41% | -4.85% |
| 1991 | -3.47% | 0.12% |
| 1990 | -6.79% | 4.78% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY
In 2025, Bahrain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.35B, equivalent to 13% of GDP. This compares to Oman's surplus of $1.14B, or 1.04% of GDP.
Over the past 36 years, Bahrain recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Oman ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Bahrain posted an annual deficit equal to 5.61% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.98% of GDP for Oman.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
| 2025 | -0.14% | 1% |
| 2024 | 0.92% | 0.6% |
| 2023 | 0.07% | 1% |
| 2022 | 3.63% | 2.5% |
| 2021 | -0.61% | 1.7% |
| 2020 | -2.32% | -0.4% |
| 2019 | 1.01% | 0.5% |
| 2018 | 2.09% | 0.7% |
| 2017 | 1.39% | 1.5% |
| 2016 | 2.79% | 0.9% |
| 2015 | 1.85% | 0.1% |
| 2014 | 2.65% | 1.2% |
| 2013 | 3.3% | 1.3% |
| 2012 | 2.76% | 2.9% |
| 2011 | -0.4% | 4.1% |
| 2010 | 1.96% | 3.3% |
| 2009 | 2.8% | 3.5% |
| 2008 | 3.53% | 12.6% |
| 2007 | 3.26% | 5.9% |
| 2006 | 2.01% | 3.2% |
| 2005 | 2.59% | 1.9% |
| 2004 | 2.35% | 0.8% |
| 2003 | 1.59% | 0.2% |
| 2002 | -0.5% | -0.3% |
| 2001 | -1.21% | -0.8% |
| 2000 | -0.7% | -1.2% |
| 1999 | -1.29% | 0.5% |
| 1998 | -0.37% | 0.4% |
| 1997 | 2.43% | -0.4% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, Bahrain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.29%, compared with 1.7% in Oman. In 2025, inflation was -0.14% in Bahrain and 1% in Oman.
Top exports between countries
|
Bahrain
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $81.9M |
| Animal & marine products | $44.7M |
| Machinery & equipment | $32.9M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $24.2M |
| Metals | $21.5M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $15.4M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $6.33M |
| Wood & paper products | $3.34M |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $2.95M |
| Miscellaneous | $2.17M |
|
Oman
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Metals | $30.9M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $22.5M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $18.2M |
| Animal & marine products | $17.7M |
| Machinery & equipment | $14M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $6.52M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $6.4M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $6.37M |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $1.84M |
| Wood & paper products | $917K |
Balance of trade
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$2.28B
2024 |
$3.07B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
43/190
2024 |
37/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+4.83%
2024 |
+2.86%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$20.7B
2024 |
$39.5B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$24.3B
2024 |
$65.2B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$12.4B
2024 |
$12.8B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$17B
2024 |
$5.64B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
70%
2024 |
48.8%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
87.5%
2024 |
66.1%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 65.7 | 68.5 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 63/197 | 45/197 |
| Property rights | 60.9 | 71.8 |
| Government integrity | 45.9 | 49.4 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 30 | 28 |
| Tax burden | 99.9 | 97.6 |
| Government spending | 75 | 74.7 |
| Fiscal health | 0 | 97.5 |
| Business freedom | 75.9 | 67.8 |
| Labor freedom | 55.5 | 47.7 |
| Monetary freedom | 88.8 | 79.2 |
| Trade freedom | 86.8 | 78.4 |
| Investment freedom | 90 | 70 |
| Financial freedom | 80 | 60 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
| 2026 | 65.7 | 68.5 |
| 2025 | 65.6 | 65.4 |
| 2024 | 63.4 | 62.9 |
| 2023 | 62.5 | 58.5 |
| 2022 | 62 | 56.6 |
| 2021 | 69.9 | 64.6 |
| 2020 | 66.3 | 63.6 |
| 2019 | 66.4 | 61 |
| 2018 | 67.7 | 61 |
| 2017 | 68.5 | 62.1 |
| 2016 | 74.3 | 67.1 |
| 2015 | 73.4 | 66.7 |
| 2014 | 75.1 | 67.4 |
| 2013 | 75.5 | 68.1 |
| 2012 | 75.2 | 67.9 |
| 2011 | 77.7 | 69.8 |
| 2010 | 76.3 | 67.7 |
| 2009 | 74.8 | 67 |
| 2008 | 72.2 | 67.3 |
| 2007 | 71.2 | 65.8 |
| 2006 | 71.6 | 63.7 |
| 2005 | 71.2 | 66.5 |
| 2004 | 75.1 | 66.9 |
| 2003 | 76.3 | 64.6 |
| 2002 | 75.6 | 64 |
| 2001 | 75.9 | 67.7 |
| 2000 | 75.7 | 64.1 |
| 1999 | 75.2 | 64.9 |
| 1998 | 75.6 | 64.9 |
| 1997 | 76.1 | 64.5 |
| 1996 | 76.4 | 65.4 |
| 1995 | 76.2 | 70.2 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/oman | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Bahrain is 65.7, ranking 63/197, compared to 68.5 for Oman, ranking 45/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Bahrain
|
Oman
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
54.3%
2025 |
47.2%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
41.2%
2025 |
52.7%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.24%
2025 |
2.81%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$46.1B
2025 |
$103B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$65,500
2025 |
$39,390
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$5.27B
2025 |
$18.3B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
101/177
2025 |
68/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.43B
2024 |
-$12.6B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$2.7B
2024 |
$12.5B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$275M
2024 |
-$143M
2024 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
28.4%
2024 |
24.8%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.