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Economy of Japan vs Oman compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Japan has a GDP of $4.03T compared to $107B for Oman, ranking 4/197 and 70/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.51T in government debt (236.1% of GDP), compared to $38B (35.5% of GDP) in Oman.

Japan vs Oman GDP by year

Japan
Oman
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Oman
2024 $4,027,597,523,551 $107,137,198,769
2023 $4,213,167,237,906 $106,174,708,037
2022 $4,262,463,317,797 $109,852,795,839
2021 $5,039,148,168,861 $87,323,797,139
2020 $5,054,068,005,376 $75,909,492,848
2019 $5,117,993,853,017 $88,060,858,257
2018 $5,040,880,939,325 $91,505,851,756
2017 $4,930,837,369,151 $80,856,697,009
2016 $5,003,677,627,544 $75,128,738,622
2015 $4,444,930,651,964 $78,710,793,238
2014 $4,896,994,405,353 $92,699,089,727
2013 $5,212,328,181,166 $89,936,020,806
2012 $6,272,362,996,105 $87,408,842,653
2011 $6,233,147,172,341 $77,497,529,259
2010 $5,759,071,769,013 $64,993,498,049
2009 $5,289,493,117,994 $55,454,096,229
2008 $5,106,679,115,127 $69,804,681,404
2007 $4,579,750,920,355 $48,300,390,117
2006 $4,601,663,122,650 $42,577,633,290
2005 $4,831,467,035,390 $35,506,892,068
2004 $4,893,116,005,657 $28,378,933,680
2003 $4,519,561,645,254 $24,733,680,104
2002 $4,182,846,045,874 $23,065,539,662
2001 $4,374,711,694,091 $22,205,721,717
2000 $4,968,359,075,957 $22,259,557,867
1999 $4,635,982,224,064 $17,832,769,831
1998 $4,098,362,709,531 $16,044,213,264
1997 $4,492,448,605,639 $18,039,791,938
1996 $4,923,391,533,852 $17,402,080,624
1995 $5,545,563,663,890 $15,722,236,671
1994 $4,998,797,547,741 $14,715,214,564
1993 $4,536,940,479,038 $14,230,429,129
1992 $3,980,702,922,118 $14,183,615,085
1991 $3,648,065,760,649 $12,918,335,501
1990 $3,185,904,656,664 $13,310,273,082
1989 $3,109,455,047,824 $9,372,171,651
1988 $3,125,724,434,401 $8,386,215,865
1987 $2,580,748,422,781 $7,811,183,095
1986 $2,120,083,812,110 $7,324,167,369
1985 $1,427,019,759,717 $10,005,645,420
1984 $1,345,824,500,837 $8,821,443,151
1983 $1,270,859,919,743 $7,932,541,691
1982 $1,158,731,426,906 $7,554,719,456
1981 $1,245,221,410,764 $7,259,120,151
1980 $1,129,377,244,854 $5,981,760,278
1979 $1,077,910,077,676 $3,733,352,635
1978 $1,035,611,588,217 $2,740,301,390
1977 $737,069,290,928 $2,741,169,948
1976 $598,883,902,156 $2,560,220,035
1975 $532,861,438,885 $2,096,699,189
1974 $490,035,789,970 $1,645,917,776
1973 $441,460,582,536 $483,066,991
1972 $324,933,841,269 $366,883,548
1971 $245,364,056,622 $301,010,587
1970 $217,223,652,719 $256,319,795
1969 $184,298,841,305 $239,999,808
1968 $156,897,496,759 $188,879,849
1967 $132,475,614,227 $107,151,832
1966 $113,046,784,179 $67,759,973
1965 $97,338,107,606 $63,279,975
1964 $87,490,590,818 $61,872,526
1963 $74,379,284,603 $59,912,763
1962 $64,987,857,542 $56,273,202
1961 $57,266,758,180 $45,634,487
1960 $47,419,238,274 $44,234,656

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Oman by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Oman
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Oman
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $32,487 $52,039 $20,285 $41,740
2023 $33,836 $50,662 $21,028 $41,945
2022 $34,066 $47,192 $23,224 $42,616
2021 $40,095 $44,355 $19,403 $38,719
2020 $40,029 $42,426 $16,785 $35,163
2019 $40,416 $42,678 $19,180 $37,251
2018 $39,751 $42,142 $19,902 $37,780
2017 $38,834 $41,444 $17,820 $33,619
2016 $39,375 $40,597 $17,110 $33,334
2015 $34,961 $40,899 $18,808 $36,058
2014 $38,475 $39,555 $23,161 $44,236
2013 $40,899 $39,402 $23,458 $47,013
2012 $49,145 $37,606 $24,642 $49,989
2011 $48,760 $36,214 $25,188 $52,393
2010 $44,968 $35,336 $23,570 $55,667
2009 $41,309 $33,543 $20,656 $55,127
2008 $39,876 $35,274 $26,577 $52,841
2007 $35,779 $35,015 $18,793 $48,627
2006 $35,992 $33,632 $16,931 $46,091
2005 $37,813 $32,170 $14,435 $43,673
2004 $38,299 $30,832 $11,801 $42,142
2003 $35,387 $29,392 $10,464 $40,935
2002 $32,821 $28,624 $9,869 $41,511
2001 $34,406 $27,943 $9,612 $41,679
2000 $39,169 $27,288 $9,754 $39,443
1999 $36,610 $25,736 $7,915 $36,792
1998 $32,424 $25,508 $7,219 $36,666
1997 $35,638 $25,619 $8,235 $36,809
1996 $39,150 $24,999 $8,068 $34,661
1995 $44,198 $23,858 $7,414 $33,598
1994 $39,934 $22,823 $7,068 $31,925
1993 $36,345 $22,168 $7,039 $30,987
1992 $31,993 $21,825 $7,318 $29,773
1991 $29,428 $21,227 $6,977 $28,109
1990 $25,801 $19,912 $7,546 $26,904
1989 $25,266 - $5,591 -
1988 $25,500 - $5,279 -
1987 $21,142 - $5,204 -
1986 $17,452 - $5,182 -
1985 $11,809 - $7,549 -
1984 $11,207 - $7,070 -
1983 $10,652 - $6,714 -
1982 $9,780 - $6,759 -
1981 $10,583 - $6,866 -
1980 $9,669 - $5,974 -
1979 $9,301 - $3,934 -
1978 $9,012 - $3,044 -
1977 $6,473 - $3,205 -
1976 $5,310 - $3,143 -
1975 $4,776 - $2,692 -
1974 $4,448 - $2,203 -
1973 $4,061 - $670 -
1972 $3,031 - $524 -
1971 $2,321 - $442 -
1970 $2,101 - $387 -
1969 $1,803 - $372 -
1968 $1,553 - $300 -
1967 $1,326 - $174.7 -
1966 $1,144 - $113.2 -
1965 $994 - $108.1 -
1964 $903 - $108.1 -
1963 $776 - $106.8 -
1962 $685 - $102.3 -
1961 $609 - $84.5 -
1960 $509 - $83.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $32,487, ranking 38/197, compared to $20,285 in Oman, ranking 57/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while Oman ranks 55th at $41,740.

Economic indicators

Japan Oman
Gross domestic product
$4.03T
2024
$107B
2024
GDP rank
4/197
2024
70/197
2024
GDP growth
0.1%
2023-2024
1.63%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$32,487
2024
$20,285
2024
GDP per capita rank
38/197
2024
57/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$41,740
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
55/197
2024
Government debt
$9.51T
2024
$38B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
236.1%
2024
35.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$76,704
2024
$7,204
2024
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2024
67/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,653
2026
$20,894
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$6.31T
2024
$22.3B
2022
Number of millionaires
2,732,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
2
2025
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2020
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.4%
2020
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.1%
2024
28.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
0.6%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
4.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2024
3.3%
2024
Population
122677250
5761708

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Oman
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Oman
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.1% 236.1% 28.7% 35.5%
2023 39.2% 240.5% 27.5% 37.5%
2022 41.8% 248.2% 30.9% 41.7%
2021 42.5% 253.7% 36.5% 61.9%
2020 44.5% 258.4% 44.5% 67.9%
2019 37.3% 236.4% 38.8% 52.5%
2018 36.7% 232.4% 38.3% 44.7%
2017 36.7% 231.3% 39.4% 40.1%
2016 37.2% 232.4% 44.6% 29.3%
2015 37.3% 228.3% 44.5% 13.9%
2014 38.4% 233.3% 41.4% 4.04%
2013 38.8% 229.5% 39.3% 4.66%
2012 38.6% 226.1% 38.6% 4.59%
2011 38.6% 219.2% 34.5% 4.44%
2010 37.7% 205.9% 30.6% 5.46%
2009 38.7% 198.8% 33.4% 5.8%
2008 34.1% 180.9% 25.6% 3.2%
2007 33.1% 173% 30.7% 4.44%
2006 33.1% 174.1% 30.1% 7.56%
2005 33.5% 174.6% 30.6% 8.39%
2004 33.7% 169.5% 34.1% 14.5%
2003 35% 160% 34% 13%
2002 35.4% 154.1% 34.1% 15.9%
2001 35.2% 145.1% 33.3% 22.5%
2000 36% 135.6% 31.2% 21.7%
1999 35.6% 129.5% 34.2% 28.9%
1998 38.6% 116% 36.1% 30.9%
1997 33.1% 105% 32.1% 20.8%
1996 33.8% 98.1% 33.5% 21.2%
1995 33.4% 92.5% 38.2% 21.9%
1994 32.8% 84.4% 39.7% 23.6%
1993 32.1% 72.8% 40.1% 22.2%
1992 30.3% 66.8% 40.1% 23.1%
1991 29.3% 62.4% 37.4% 22.6%
1990 29.5% 63.2% 36.5% 17.8%
1989 29.2% 65.7% - -
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government spending was $1.57T, accounting for 39.1% of its GDP, while Oman spent $30.7B, or 28.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 236.1% in Japan and 35.5% in Oman, ranking 3/185 and 145/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Oman
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Oman
2024 -1.53% 3.31%
2023 -2.26% 6.87%
2022 -4.21% 10.5%
2021 -6.13% -3.17%
2020 -9.08% -15.7%
2019 -3.04% -4.83%
2018 -2.47% -6.72%
2017 -3.1% -10.5%
2016 -3.6% -19.6%
2015 -3.68% -13.5%
2014 -5.62% -1.58%
2013 -7.61% 2.78%
2012 -8.2% 4.07%
2011 -8.99% 8.24%
2010 -9.08% 4.95%
2009 -9.69% -0.27%
2008 -4.11% 14.7%
2007 -2.9% 10.5%
2006 -3.03% 12.2%
2005 -4.44% 11.2%
2004 -5.31% 5.43%
2003 -7.43% 5.92%
2002 -7.34% 5.31%
2001 -6.2% 7.55%
2000 -7.28% 12.2%
1999 -6.75% 0.3%
1998 -10% -4.37%
1997 -3.53% 4.77%
1996 -4.87% 2.22%
1995 -4.3% -3.9%
1994 -3.76% -7.47%
1993 -2.39% -6.84%
1992 0.57% -4.85%
1991 1.67% 0.12%
1990 1.96% 4.78%
1989 1.23% -
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $61.6B, equivalent to 1.53% of GDP. This compares to Oman's surplus of $3.54B, or 3.31% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Oman ran a deficit in 14 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.79% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.99% of GDP for Oman.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Oman
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Oman
2024 2.74% 0.6%
2023 3.27% 1%
2022 2.5% 2.5%
2021 -0.23% 1.7%
2020 -0.02% -0.4%
2019 0.47% 0.5%
2018 0.99% 0.7%
2017 0.48% 1.5%
2016 -0.13% 0.9%
2015 0.8% 0.1%
2014 2.76% 1.2%
2013 0.34% 1.3%
2012 -0.04% 2.9%
2011 -0.27% 4.1%
2010 -0.73% 3.3%
2009 -1.35% 3.5%
2008 1.38% 12.6%
2007 0.06% 5.9%
2006 0.25% 3.2%
2005 -0.28% 1.9%
2004 -0.009% 0.8%
2003 -0.26% 0.2%
2002 -0.92% -0.3%
2001 -0.74% -0.8%
2000 -0.68% -1.2%
1999 -0.34% 0.5%
1998 0.66% 0.4%
1997 1.75% -0.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.44%, compared with 1.72% in Oman. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Japan and 0.6% in Oman.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.11B
Metals $170M
Raw materials & minerals $36.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $13.1M
Miscellaneous $10.3M
Chemicals & pharma $5.95M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.88M
Precious metals & jewellery $851K
Raw agricultural goods $600K
Wood & paper products $190K
Oman
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $32.5M
Metals $28.3M
Raw materials & minerals $25.9M
Raw agricultural goods $3.63M
Animal & marine products $2.54M
Chemicals & pharma $1.46M
Machinery & equipment $1.21M
Textiles & consumer goods $63K
Miscellaneous $52K
Wood & paper products $20K

Balance of trade

Japan Oman
Current account balance
$194B
2024
$3.07B
2024
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2024
39/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.82%
2024
+2.86%
2024
Goods imports
$719B
2024
$39.5B
2024
Goods exports
$694B
2024
$65.2B
2024
Service imports
$246B
2024
$12.8B
2024
Service exports
$228B
2024
$5.64B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
48.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
66.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Oman
Economic freedom 70.3 68.5
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 45/197
Property rights 94.2 71.8
Government integrity 81.1 49.4
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 28
Tax burden 63 97.6
Government spending 52 74.7
Fiscal health 41.7 97.5
Business freedom 77.8 67.8
Labor freedom 65.9 47.7
Monetary freedom 74.3 79.2
Trade freedom 76.2 78.4
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Oman
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Oman
2026 70.3 68.5
2025 70.2 65.4
2024 67.5 62.9
2023 69.3 58.5
2022 69.9 56.6
2021 74.1 64.6
2020 73.3 63.6
2019 72.1 61
2018 72.3 61
2017 69.6 62.1
2016 73.1 67.1
2015 73.3 66.7
2014 72.4 67.4
2013 71.8 68.1
2012 71.6 67.9
2011 72.8 69.8
2010 72.9 67.7
2009 72.8 67
2008 73 67.3
2007 72.7 65.8
2006 73.3 63.7
2005 67.3 66.5
2004 64.3 66.9
2003 67.6 64.6
2002 66.7 64
2001 70.9 67.7
2000 70.7 64.1
1999 69.1 64.9
1998 70.2 64.9
1997 70.3 64.5
1996 72.6 65.4
1995 75 70.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/oman | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 68.5 for Oman, ranking 45/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Oman
Services, % of GDP
69.8%
2023
46%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.6%
2023
54.2%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.94%
2023
2.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.46T
2024
$103B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$55,490
2024
$39,340
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.23T
2024
$18.3B
2024
Total reserves ranking
2/177
2024
64/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$191B
2024
-$12.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$16.2B
2024
$12.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$203B
2024
-$143M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.2%
2024
24.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.