Comoros has a GDP of $1.55B compared to $2.51B for the Gambia, ranking 183/197 and 173/197 by economy size, respectively.
Comoros has $477M in government debt (32.5% of GDP), compared to $1.83B (67.5% of GDP) in the Gambia.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1966 | - | - | $44,212,081 | $253,504,726 |
| 1967 | - | - | $46,695,007 | $253,504,726 |
| 1968 | - | - | $41,160,066 | $277,780,702 |
| 1969 | - | - | $45,168,072 | $284,546,115 |
| 1970 | - | - | $52,296,084 | $302,056,646 |
| 1971 | - | - | $55,728,663 | $301,857,660 |
| 1972 | - | - | $59,160,569 | $302,587,264 |
| 1973 | - | - | $75,187,749 | $330,577,582 |
| 1974 | - | - | $95,796,022 | $350,011,556 |
| 1975 | - | - | $115,179,719 | $393,389,990 |
| 1976 | - | - | $112,190,829 | $422,308,977 |
| 1977 | - | - | $138,093,099 | $436,834,615 |
| 1978 | - | - | $171,833,086 | $464,427,039 |
| 1979 | - | - | $207,112,628 | $458,258,597 |
| 1980 | $212,218,262 | $339,631,220 | $241,083,090 | $486,991,776 |
| 1981 | $196,349,932 | $352,757,725 | $218,767,743 | $503,169,127 |
| 1982 | $184,009,014 | $375,275,369 | $216,050,552 | $499,321,983 |
| 1983 | $191,621,955 | $393,368,903 | $213,448,585 | $553,664,332 |
| 1984 | $184,697,226 | $409,537,545 | $177,340,880 | $573,237,790 |
| 1985 | $196,726,096 | $418,874,840 | $225,726,359 | $568,581,582 |
| 1986 | $279,197,722 | $426,697,798 | $185,646,987 | $591,842,657 |
| 1987 | $337,525,853 | $433,686,187 | $220,626,484 | $606,368,444 |
| 1988 | $356,500,033 | $445,340,980 | $266,672,212 | $633,514,510 |
| 1989 | $341,476,768 | $431,177,995 | $284,120,329 | $670,864,764 |
| 1990 | $429,622,178 | $453,130,286 | $317,083,695 | $694,740,031 |
| 1991 | $424,108,770 | $428,681,020 | $690,311,081 | $716,325,877 |
| 1992 | $457,388,652 | $465,251,719 | $714,254,256 | $740,528,299 |
| 1993 | $452,881,475 | $479,237,471 | $755,040,974 | $762,833,762 |
| 1994 | $319,189,184 | $453,949,150 | $746,493,952 | $764,011,165 |
| 1995 | $398,461,797 | $470,337,651 | $785,999,865 | $770,748,584 |
| 1996 | $396,053,806 | $464,262,352 | $848,239,446 | $787,886,530 |
| 1997 | $364,445,601 | $482,972,838 | $803,633,342 | $826,492,963 |
| 1998 | $370,106,746 | $489,167,041 | $840,285,265 | $855,420,206 |
| 1999 | $382,454,990 | $498,580,614 | $814,724,032 | $910,167,091 |
| 2000 | $351,136,580 | $552,666,034 | $782,913,872 | $960,226,283 |
| 2001 | $378,512,024 | $565,559,219 | $687,410,645 | $1,015,919,410 |
| 2002 | $425,964,681 | $578,708,159 | $578,235,309 | $982,902,028 |
| 2003 | $546,885,223 | $590,883,436 | $487,038,685 | $1,050,427,393 |
| 2004 | $633,706,111 | $602,226,388 | $961,900,651 | $1,124,482,525 |
| 2005 | $653,845,169 | $619,314,850 | $1,027,701,068 | $1,098,037,739 |
| 2006 | $698,431,794 | $635,707,838 | $1,054,112,488 | $1,091,937,250 |
| 2007 | $795,673,153 | $640,793,770 | $1,279,703,047 | $1,125,167,625 |
| 2008 | $915,659,108 | $666,198,752 | $1,561,766,956 | $1,195,557,049 |
| 2009 | $905,341,173 | $709,414,591 | $1,450,142,509 | $1,275,249,586 |
| 2010 | $907,979,446 | $743,473,998 | $1,543,294,927 | $1,350,595,614 |
| 2011 | $1,023,087,476 | $787,250,882 | $1,409,693,597 | $1,240,786,190 |
| 2012 | $1,015,842,907 | $836,931,449 | $1,415,004,738 | $1,305,822,858 |
| 2013 | $1,116,223,107 | $911,646,575 | $1,375,609,453 | $1,343,336,129 |
| 2014 | $1,149,587,624 | $947,161,529 | $1,229,461,721 | $1,324,430,252 |
| 2015 | $966,029,600 | $966,029,600 | $1,378,176,609 | $1,378,176,609 |
| 2016 | $1,012,835,493 | $992,887,430 | $1,484,578,886 | $1,404,959,537 |
| 2017 | $1,077,439,756 | $1,048,451,293 | $1,504,909,463 | $1,472,715,274 |
| 2018 | $1,188,797,450 | $1,091,014,284 | $1,670,671,328 | $1,579,264,609 |
| 2019 | $1,195,019,531 | $1,130,604,685 | $1,813,609,692 | $1,677,527,292 |
| 2020 | $1,225,039,196 | $1,175,888,998 | $1,812,170,891 | $1,687,449,653 |
| 2021 | $1,299,039,312 | $1,207,941,362 | $2,014,158,842 | $1,776,141,480 |
| 2022 | $1,279,542,248 | $1,241,985,921 | $2,204,734,527 | $1,873,704,901 |
| 2023 | $1,430,523,436 | $1,280,048,597 | $2,396,111,021 | $1,963,596,061 |
| 2024 | $1,546,164,420 | $1,323,426,672 | $2,507,519,958 | $2,076,438,382 |
Economic indicators
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$1.55B
2024 |
$2.51B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
183/197
2024 |
173/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
8.08%
2023-2024 |
4.65%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$1,784
2024 |
$909
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
158/197
2024 |
182/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$4,055
2024 |
$3,445
2024 |
| Government debt |
$477M
2024 |
$1.83B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
32.5%
2025 |
67.5%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$550
2024 |
$663
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
165/185
2024 |
157/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,909
2025 |
$753
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
33.6%
2014 |
30.5%
2020 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
1.6%
2014 |
2.6%
2020 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
21.6%
2025 |
24%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.3%
2024-2025 |
11.6%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
17%
2023 |
| Unemployment rate |
4.39%
2021 |
6.48%
2023 |
| Population |
895828
|
2871879
|
GDP per capita in Comoros vs Gambia
Comoros' GDP per capita is $1,784, ranking 158/197, compared to $909 in the Gambia, ranking 182/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Comoros ranks 166th at $4,055, while the Gambia ranks 172nd at $3,445.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1966 | - | - | $94.4 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $97 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $83.1 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $88.7 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $99.8 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $103.3 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $106.5 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $131.4 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $162.6 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $189.8 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $179.3 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $213.8 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $257.6 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $300 | - |
| 1980 | $628 | - | $338 | - |
| 1981 | $565 | - | $296 | - |
| 1982 | $515 | - | $282.1 | - |
| 1983 | $522 | - | $268.6 | - |
| 1984 | $489 | - | $214.8 | - |
| 1985 | $507 | - | $262.8 | - |
| 1986 | $699 | - | $207.7 | - |
| 1987 | $822 | - | $237 | - |
| 1988 | $845 | - | $274.9 | - |
| 1989 | $788 | - | $280.9 | - |
| 1990 | $966 | $1,386 | $301 | $1,409 |
| 1991 | $931 | $1,323 | $628 | $1,440 |
| 1992 | $983 | $1,438 | $623 | $1,462 |
| 1993 | $956 | $1,489 | $635 | $1,487 |
| 1994 | $662 | $1,415 | $608 | $1,473 |
| 1995 | $812 | $1,471 | $622 | $1,472 |
| 1996 | $794 | $1,454 | $652 | $1,489 |
| 1997 | $718 | $1,512 | $600 | $1,544 |
| 1998 | $716 | $1,522 | $610 | $1,572 |
| 1999 | $727 | $1,546 | $575 | $1,649 |
| 2000 | $655 | $1,719 | $538 | $1,731 |
| 2001 | $692 | $1,762 | $460 | $1,823 |
| 2002 | $762 | $1,793 | $377 | $1,744 |
| 2003 | $960 | $1,831 | $309 | $1,850 |
| 2004 | $1,091 | $1,880 | $593 | $1,979 |
| 2005 | $1,103 | $1,954 | $616 | $1,938 |
| 2006 | $1,155 | $2,026 | $615 | $1,931 |
| 2007 | $1,290 | $2,056 | $725 | $1,985 |
| 2008 | $1,455 | $2,136 | $859 | $2,088 |
| 2009 | $1,410 | $2,244 | $775 | $2,177 |
| 2010 | $1,387 | $2,333 | $801 | $2,267 |
| 2011 | $1,531 | $2,472 | $711 | $2,064 |
| 2012 | $1,490 | $2,679 | $693 | $2,065 |
| 2013 | $1,603 | $2,833 | $654 | $2,007 |
| 2014 | $1,616 | $2,938 | $568 | $1,934 |
| 2015 | $1,329 | $2,949 | $620 | $1,990 |
| 2016 | $1,365 | $3,139 | $650 | $2,013 |
| 2017 | $1,424 | $3,347 | $643 | $2,039 |
| 2018 | $1,541 | $3,305 | $696 | $2,277 |
| 2019 | $1,519 | $3,313 | $738 | $2,422 |
| 2020 | $1,527 | $3,262 | $720 | $2,531 |
| 2021 | $1,588 | $3,449 | $782 | $2,778 |
| 2022 | $1,534 | $3,726 | $836 | $3,067 |
| 2023 | $1,682 | $3,903 | $888 | $3,254 |
| 2024 | $1,784 | $4,055 | $909 | $3,445 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Comoros' government spending was $308M, accounting for 21.6% of its GDP, while the Gambia's spent $612M, or 24% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.5% in Comoros and 67.5% in the Gambia, ranking 157/185 and 62/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1984 | 23.3% | 150.3% | - | - |
| 1985 | 24.8% | 142.9% | - | - |
| 1986 | 25.6% | 136.8% | - | - |
| 1987 | 22.4% | 128.9% | - | - |
| 1988 | 20.2% | 120% | - | - |
| 1989 | 19.7% | 113.8% | - | - |
| 1990 | 20.3% | 108.1% | - | - |
| 1991 | 19.9% | 103.9% | - | - |
| 1992 | 20.4% | 101% | - | - |
| 1993 | 16.3% | 95.7% | - | - |
| 1994 | 21.8% | 87.8% | - | - |
| 1995 | 18.4% | 77.7% | - | - |
| 1996 | 15.5% | 75.4% | - | - |
| 1997 | 14.5% | 70.9% | - | - |
| 1998 | 13.1% | 69.4% | - | - |
| 1999 | 11.5% | 64.5% | - | - |
| 2000 | 9.74% | 60.7% | 9.54% | 73.3% |
| 2001 | 13% | 53% | 9.68% | 75.2% |
| 2002 | 14.3% | 48.2% | 8.59% | 93.9% |
| 2003 | 12.8% | 44.4% | 9.3% | 91.7% |
| 2004 | 11.7% | 42.4% | 12.4% | 81.3% |
| 2005 | 12.8% | 39.9% | 12.9% | 82.6% |
| 2006 | 12.5% | 38.5% | 14% | 87.3% |
| 2007 | 13.1% | 35.6% | 11.2% | 38% |
| 2008 | 15.1% | 33.2% | 11.6% | 39.5% |
| 2009 | 13.7% | 31.7% | 14.4% | 38.9% |
| 2010 | 13.3% | 30.5% | 14.6% | 42.9% |
| 2011 | 13.2% | 27.7% | 16.5% | 49.2% |
| 2012 | 14.9% | 25.1% | 19.1% | 49.5% |
| 2013 | 14.8% | 10.3% | 17.2% | 58.2% |
| 2014 | 14.5% | 11.8% | 19% | 71.1% |
| 2015 | 19.1% | 14.3% | 19.6% | 69.4% |
| 2016 | 18.9% | 16.2% | 19.4% | 79.3% |
| 2017 | 18.8% | 18.9% | 23.6% | 87% |
| 2018 | 19.2% | 17% | 19% | 83.6% |
| 2019 | 20.1% | 21.2% | 23.9% | 83% |
| 2020 | 18.8% | 24.3% | 25.3% | 85.9% |
| 2021 | 20% | 26.3% | 21.5% | 83.1% |
| 2022 | 18.4% | 28.2% | 22.6% | 83.9% |
| 2023 | 17.9% | 28.7% | 23.8% | 75.7% |
| 2024 | 19.9% | 30.8% | 24.4% | 72.9% |
| 2025 | 21.6% | 32.5% | 24% | 67.5% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Comoros' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$54.2M, equivalent to -3.5% of GDP. This compares to the Gambia's deficit of -$97.6M, or -3.89% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Comoros recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while the Gambia ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Comoros posted an annual deficit equal to -0.7% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.98% of GDP for the Gambia.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
| 1984 | -5.7% | - |
| 1985 | -5.02% | - |
| 1986 | -4.83% | - |
| 1987 | -3.11% | - |
| 1988 | -2.69% | - |
| 1989 | -1.31% | - |
| 1990 | -1.03% | - |
| 1991 | -2.26% | - |
| 1992 | -1.99% | - |
| 1993 | 1.27% | - |
| 1994 | -3.7% | - |
| 1995 | -4.13% | - |
| 1996 | -3.43% | - |
| 1997 | -1.3% | - |
| 1998 | -2% | - |
| 1999 | -0.46% | - |
| 2000 | -1.14% | -0.09% |
| 2001 | -2.13% | -2.52% |
| 2002 | -2.15% | 0.06% |
| 2003 | -2.05% | -1.73% |
| 2004 | -0.98% | -1.77% |
| 2005 | -1.41% | -3.33% |
| 2006 | -1.51% | -3.19% |
| 2007 | -1.18% | 0.27% |
| 2008 | -1.46% | -0.45% |
| 2009 | 0.36% | -1.65% |
| 2010 | 4.2% | -2.93% |
| 2011 | 0.86% | -3.03% |
| 2012 | 1.96% | -2.85% |
| 2013 | 10.5% | -5.11% |
| 2014 | -0.33% | -3.94% |
| 2015 | 2.6% | -5.38% |
| 2016 | -5.52% | -6.22% |
| 2017 | -0.1% | -4.35% |
| 2018 | -1.35% | -3.92% |
| 2019 | -4.3% | -2.75% |
| 2020 | -0.52% | -2.37% |
| 2021 | -2.81% | -4.77% |
| 2022 | -4.17% | -5.01% |
| 2023 | -1.34% | -3.52% |
| 2024 | -3.5% | -3.89% |
| 2025 | -2.4% | -1.35% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Comoros has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.32%, compared with 6.55% in the Gambia. In 2024, inflation was 3.3% in Comoros and 11.6% in the Gambia.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
| 1996 | 2.4% | 1.1% | |
| 1997 | 1.5% | 2.78% | |
| 1998 | 1.2% | 1.11% | |
| 1999 | 1.1% | 3.81% | |
| 2000 | 5.9% | 0.84% | |
| 2001 | 5.6% | 4.49% | |
| 2002 | 3.6% | 8.61% | |
| 2003 | 3.7% | 17% | |
| 2004 | 4.5% | 14.2% | |
| 2005 | 3% | 4.84% | |
| 2006 | 3.4% | 2.06% | |
| 2007 | 4.5% | 5.37% | |
| 2008 | 4.8% | 4.44% | |
| 2009 | 4.8% | 4.56% | |
| 2010 | 3.9% | 5.05% | |
| 2011 | 2.2% | 4.8% | |
| 2012 | 5.9% | 4.25% | |
| 2013 | 0.4% | 5.7% | |
| 2014 | 0% | 5.95% | |
| 2015 | 0.9% | 6.81% | |
| 2016 | 0.8% | 7.23% | |
| 2017 | 0.1% | 8.03% | |
| 2018 | 1.7% | 6.52% | |
| 2019 | 3.7% | 7.12% | |
| 2020 | 0.8% | 5.93% | |
| 2021 | 0% | 7.37% | |
| 2022 | 12.4% | 11.5% | |
| 2023 | 8.5% | 17% | |
| 2024 | 5% | 11.6% | |
| 2025 | 3.3% | - | |
Balance of trade
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$24.6M
2023 |
-$74.4M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
77/189
2023 |
84/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-1.72%
2023 |
-2.97%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$299M
2023 |
$1.39B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$32.1M
2023 |
$363M
2024 |
| Service imports |
$205M
2023 |
$161M
2024 |
| Service exports |
$116M
2023 |
$475M
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
34.5%
2024 |
37.2%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
9.91%
2024 |
6.55%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 51.4 | 56.8 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 153/197 | 116/197 |
| Property rights | 22.9 | 55 |
| Government integrity | 16 | 39.5 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 20.9 | 45.2 |
| Tax burden | 65.3 | 79.3 |
| Government spending | 89.5 | 84.8 |
| Fiscal health | 86.1 | 56.9 |
| Business freedom | 49.9 | 50.6 |
| Labor freedom | 55.1 | 48 |
| Monetary freedom | 71.3 | 55.7 |
| Trade freedom | 64.2 | 66.8 |
| Investment freedom | 45 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Comoros is 51.4, ranking 153/197, compared to 56.8 for the Gambia, ranking 116/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
| 1997 | - | 52.9 |
| 1998 | - | 53.4 |
| 1999 | - | 52.1 |
| 2000 | - | 52.7 |
| 2001 | - | 56.6 |
| 2002 | - | 57.7 |
| 2003 | - | 56.3 |
| 2004 | - | 55.3 |
| 2005 | - | 56.5 |
| 2006 | - | 57.3 |
| 2007 | - | 57.7 |
| 2008 | - | 56.9 |
| 2009 | 43.3 | 55.8 |
| 2010 | 44.9 | 55.1 |
| 2011 | 43.8 | 57.4 |
| 2012 | 45.7 | 58.8 |
| 2013 | 47.5 | 58.8 |
| 2014 | 51.4 | 59.5 |
| 2015 | 52.1 | 57.5 |
| 2016 | 52.4 | 57.1 |
| 2017 | 55.8 | 53.4 |
| 2018 | 56.2 | 52.3 |
| 2019 | 55.4 | 52.4 |
| 2020 | 53.7 | 56.3 |
| 2021 | 55.7 | 58.8 |
| 2022 | 50.4 | 58 |
| 2023 | 53.5 | 57.9 |
| 2024 | 52 | 58.2 |
| 2025 | 51.4 | 56.8 |
More economic indicators
|
Comoros
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
50.1%
2024 |
53.9%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
9.56%
2024 |
14.7%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
36.6%
2024 |
24.1%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.47B
2024 |
$2.46B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$4,080
2024 |
$3,400
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$324M
2024 |
$629M
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
166/177
2024 |
151/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$5.35M
2023 |
-$232M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$7.1M
2024 |
$232M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.1M
1990 |
-$665K
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.31%
2023 |
2.33%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
44.8%
2020 |
53.4%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
11.7%
2024 |
39%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.