Brunei has a GDP of $15.3B compared to $1.44B for Comoros, ranking 142/197 and 183/197 by economy size, respectively.
Brunei has $351M in government debt (2.13% of GDP), compared to $444M (34.9% of GDP) in Comoros.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1965 | $114,039,501 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $132,757,528 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $139,029,537 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $160,818,236 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $161,210,236 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $179,078,929 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $197,525,768 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $270,822,782 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $433,095,527 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $2,319,576,214 | $9,912,272,268 | - | - |
| 1975 | $2,496,420,258 | $9,848,309,210 | - | - |
| 1976 | $3,054,765,590 | $11,904,059,045 | - | - |
| 1977 | $3,681,242,528 | $13,086,612,418 | - | - |
| 1978 | $4,100,423,674 | $14,005,179,314 | - | - |
| 1979 | $6,044,367,628 | $17,413,814,293 | - | - |
| 1980 | $10,795,432,294 | $15,723,288,140 | $243,390,496 | $395,630,757 |
| 1981 | $9,367,218,664 | $12,203,657,763 | $212,958,382 | $417,240,048 |
| 1982 | $8,932,198,186 | $12,484,528,604 | $202,152,462 | $434,171,255 |
| 1983 | $7,927,590,750 | $12,534,388,985 | $196,193,380 | $447,600,447 |
| 1984 | $7,632,788,075 | $12,236,497,489 | $189,102,734 | $466,249,920 |
| 1985 | $6,967,623,884 | $11,880,752,640 | $191,944,892 | $479,207,636 |
| 1986 | $4,190,280,003 | $11,238,334,169 | $258,143,903 | $489,132,194 |
| 1987 | $4,918,010,080 | $11,472,489,832 | $313,292,323 | $499,295,109 |
| 1988 | $4,535,130,305 | $11,296,288,084 | $336,422,522 | $524,113,053 |
| 1989 | $4,983,622,881 | $10,988,327,049 | $328,665,081 | $519,306,622 |
| 1990 | $6,039,881,087 | $11,278,756,616 | $401,561,022 | $557,417,554 |
| 1991 | $6,284,497,294 | $11,607,042,427 | $400,592,663 | $523,041,756 |
| 1992 | $6,327,966,435 | $11,244,830,876 | $436,552,922 | $561,527,248 |
| 1993 | $6,203,339,912 | $11,173,578,043 | $427,750,823 | $575,831,289 |
| 1994 | $6,467,782,518 | $11,284,502,059 | $314,789,556 | $552,875,674 |
| 1995 | $7,700,144,069 | $11,436,537,451 | $392,774,714 | $584,042,819 |
| 1996 | $7,663,377,306 | $11,433,413,508 | $392,488,149 | $581,062,047 |
| 1997 | $7,793,034,376 | $12,158,742,971 | $362,816,806 | $606,689,356 |
| 1998 | $5,550,846,020 | $11,349,316,081 | $363,932,160 | $606,841,276 |
| 1999 | $6,309,070,378 | $11,832,878,907 | $371,921,712 | $623,211,951 |
| 2000 | $6,570,999,088 | $12,244,033,143 | $339,504,306 | $616,936,089 |
| 2001 | $6,096,155,767 | $12,423,538,116 | $372,746,486 | $650,371,556 |
| 2002 | $6,333,082,876 | $12,915,688,988 | $427,360,070 | $680,273,576 |
| 2003 | $7,167,725,262 | $13,378,513,545 | $546,830,041 | $693,432,979 |
| 2004 | $8,619,178,774 | $13,392,499,225 | $622,679,660 | $714,932,259 |
| 2005 | $10,547,202,621 | $13,391,973,527 | $655,375,096 | $755,434,619 |
| 2006 | $12,644,616,419 | $13,940,831,854 | $688,498,642 | $742,180,920 |
| 2007 | $13,432,029,484 | $13,416,151,464 | $795,673,153 | $748,145,085 |
| 2008 | $15,926,456,515 | $12,892,826,165 | $915,659,108 | $777,806,128 |
| 2009 | $11,912,904,510 | $12,647,829,763 | $905,341,173 | $803,011,729 |
| 2010 | $13,707,121,038 | $12,994,552,865 | $907,978,731 | $833,348,554 |
| 2011 | $18,524,791,063 | $13,481,121,715 | $1,023,086,274 | $867,878,892 |
| 2012 | $19,048,443,341 | $13,604,222,581 | $1,015,843,491 | $895,376,387 |
| 2013 | $18,094,148,099 | $13,315,162,383 | $1,116,224,107 | $935,365,362 |
| 2014 | $17,097,797,386 | $12,981,233,119 | $1,149,587,661 | $955,070,416 |
| 2015 | $12,930,296,870 | $12,930,296,870 | $966,029,601 | $966,029,601 |
| 2016 | $11,400,266,045 | $12,609,894,753 | $1,012,835,493 | $998,105,647 |
| 2017 | $12,128,168,045 | $12,777,445,780 | $1,077,439,757 | $1,036,190,385 |
| 2018 | $13,566,908,391 | $12,784,137,462 | $1,178,530,633 | $1,073,934,613 |
| 2019 | $13,469,235,365 | $13,278,735,843 | $1,187,915,409 | $1,092,843,397 |
| 2020 | $12,005,799,654 | $13,429,260,054 | $1,218,763,671 | $1,090,706,042 |
| 2021 | $14,006,496,617 | $13,215,632,407 | $1,272,238,391 | $1,112,522,258 |
| 2022 | $16,681,536,467 | $13,000,438,096 | $1,222,485,532 | $1,141,481,328 |
| 2023 | $15,095,084,656 | $13,147,036,779 | $1,326,836,543 | $1,175,671,155 |
| 2024 | $15,340,808,592 | $13,679,822,692 | $1,440,991,455 | $1,214,916,247 |
Economic indicators
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$15.3B
2024 |
$1.44B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
142/197
2024 |
183/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
1.63%
2023-2024 |
8.6%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$33,153
2024 |
$1,663
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
36/197
2024 |
161/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$89,879
2024 |
$3,959
2024 |
| Government debt |
$351M
2024 |
$444M
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
2.13%
2026 |
34.9%
2026 |
| Government debt per person |
$759
2024 |
$513
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
153/185
2024 |
167/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$22,191
2026 |
$1,909
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
33.6%
2014 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
1.6%
2014 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
29.3%
2026 |
18.8%
2026 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.6%
2025-2026 |
1.9%
2025-2026 |
| Unemployment rate |
5.3%
2023 |
4.39%
2021 |
| Population |
469802
|
899184
|
GDP per capita in Brunei vs Comoros
Brunei's GDP per capita is $33,153, ranking 36/197, compared to $1,663 in Comoros, ranking 161/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brunei ranks 9th at $89,879, while Comoros ranks 167th at $3,959.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1965 | $1,029 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $1,146 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $1,149 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $1,274 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $1,226 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $1,325 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $1,432 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $1,905 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $2,939 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $15,195 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $15,793 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $18,671 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $21,747 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $23,447 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $33,501 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $58,005 | - | $721 | - |
| 1981 | $48,793 | - | $613 | - |
| 1982 | $45,075 | - | $566 | - |
| 1983 | $38,720 | - | $534 | - |
| 1984 | $36,061 | - | $501 | - |
| 1985 | $31,827 | - | $494 | - |
| 1986 | $18,501 | - | $646 | - |
| 1987 | $21,030 | - | $763 | - |
| 1988 | $18,825 | - | $798 | - |
| 1989 | $20,090 | - | $759 | - |
| 1990 | $23,659 | $70,201 | $903 | $1,546 |
| 1991 | $23,932 | $72,610 | $879 | $1,464 |
| 1992 | $23,451 | $70,016 | $939 | $1,575 |
| 1993 | $22,397 | $69,387 | $903 | $1,623 |
| 1994 | $22,767 | $69,779 | $653 | $1,564 |
| 1995 | $26,443 | $70,440 | $801 | $1,657 |
| 1996 | $25,692 | $70,008 | $786 | $1,651 |
| 1997 | $25,522 | $73,980 | $715 | $1,723 |
| 1998 | $17,769 | $68,257 | $704 | $1,713 |
| 1999 | $19,752 | $70,585 | $707 | $1,753 |
| 2000 | $20,130 | $73,087 | $633 | $1,741 |
| 2001 | $18,288 | $74,254 | $681 | $1,838 |
| 2002 | $18,621 | $76,838 | $765 | $1,912 |
| 2003 | $20,678 | $79,632 | $960 | $1,949 |
| 2004 | $24,423 | $80,404 | $1,072 | $2,025 |
| 2005 | $29,386 | $81,534 | $1,106 | $2,162 |
| 2006 | $34,675 | $86,114 | $1,138 | $2,146 |
| 2007 | $36,217 | $83,693 | $1,290 | $2,178 |
| 2008 | $42,157 | $80,477 | $1,455 | $2,262 |
| 2009 | $30,946 | $77,957 | $1,410 | $2,304 |
| 2010 | $34,938 | $79,543 | $1,387 | $2,372 |
| 2011 | $46,383 | $82,735 | $1,531 | $2,472 |
| 2012 | $46,969 | $87,256 | $1,490 | $2,679 |
| 2013 | $44,003 | $83,237 | $1,603 | $2,833 |
| 2014 | $41,027 | $81,226 | $1,616 | $2,938 |
| 2015 | $30,625 | $62,708 | $1,329 | $2,949 |
| 2016 | $26,663 | $56,680 | $1,365 | $3,139 |
| 2017 | $28,024 | $61,658 | $1,424 | $3,347 |
| 2018 | $30,988 | $65,149 | $1,527 | $3,276 |
| 2019 | $30,427 | $69,354 | $1,510 | $3,293 |
| 2020 | $26,834 | $69,788 | $1,519 | $3,245 |
| 2021 | $31,007 | $78,249 | $1,555 | $3,378 |
| 2022 | $36,633 | $81,802 | $1,465 | $3,642 |
| 2023 | $32,891 | $85,033 | $1,560 | $3,812 |
| 2024 | $33,153 | $89,879 | $1,663 | $3,959 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Brunei's government spending was $4.56B, accounting for 29.3% of its GDP, while Comoros' spent $287M, or 18.8% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 2.13% in Brunei and 34.9% in Comoros, ranking 185/185 and 147/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1984 | - | - | 23.3% | 150.3% |
| 1985 | - | - | 24.8% | 142.9% |
| 1986 | - | - | 25.6% | 136.8% |
| 1987 | - | - | 22.4% | 128.9% |
| 1988 | - | - | 20.2% | 120% |
| 1989 | - | - | 19.7% | 113.8% |
| 1990 | 28.2% | 0% | 20.3% | 108.1% |
| 1991 | 27.1% | 0% | 19.9% | 103.9% |
| 1992 | 30.1% | 0% | 20.4% | 101% |
| 1993 | 33.5% | 0% | 16.3% | 95.7% |
| 1994 | 41.6% | 0% | 21.8% | 87.8% |
| 1995 | 38.8% | 0% | 18.4% | 77.7% |
| 1996 | 32.6% | 0% | 15.5% | 75.4% |
| 1997 | 34.4% | 0% | 14.5% | 70.9% |
| 1998 | 40.1% | 0% | 13.1% | 69.4% |
| 1999 | 39% | 0% | 11.5% | 64.5% |
| 2000 | 37.5% | 0% | 9.74% | 60.7% |
| 2001 | 35.5% | 0% | 13% | 53% |
| 2002 | 41.4% | 0% | 14.3% | 48.2% |
| 2003 | 30.9% | 0% | 12.8% | 44.4% |
| 2004 | 33.2% | 0% | 11.7% | 42.4% |
| 2005 | 29.1% | 0% | 12.8% | 39.9% |
| 2006 | 28% | 0.59% | 12.5% | 38.5% |
| 2007 | 29.3% | 0.68% | 13.1% | 35.6% |
| 2008 | 27.2% | 0.94% | 15.1% | 33.2% |
| 2009 | 34.8% | 1.11% | 13.7% | 31.7% |
| 2010 | 36.2% | 1.11% | 13.3% | 30.5% |
| 2011 | 29.7% | 2.13% | 13.2% | 27.7% |
| 2012 | 31% | 2.1% | 14.9% | 25.1% |
| 2013 | 33.6% | 2.21% | 14.8% | 10.3% |
| 2014 | 34.1% | 3.23% | 14.5% | 11.8% |
| 2015 | 38.7% | 2.95% | 19.1% | 14.3% |
| 2016 | 39.4% | 3% | 18.9% | 16.2% |
| 2017 | 36.6% | 2.83% | 18.8% | 18.9% |
| 2018 | 32.2% | 2.59% | 19.2% | 17% |
| 2019 | 32.4% | 2.58% | 20.1% | 21.2% |
| 2020 | 33.2% | 2.86% | 18.8% | 24.3% |
| 2021 | 29.3% | 2.51% | 20% | 26.3% |
| 2022 | 26.4% | 2.06% | 18.4% | 28.2% |
| 2023 | 29.4% | 2.33% | 17.9% | 28.7% |
| 2024 | 29.8% | 2.29% | 19.9% | 30.8% |
| 2025 | 30% | 2.21% | 21.6% | 32.5% |
| 2026 | 29.3% | 2.13% | 18.8% | 34.9% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Brunei's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.56B, equivalent to -10.2% of GDP. This compares to Comoros' deficit of -$50.5M, or -3.5% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, Brunei recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Comoros ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Brunei posted an annual deficit equal to -1.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.04% of GDP for Comoros.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
| 1984 | - | -5.7% |
| 1985 | - | -5.02% |
| 1986 | - | -4.83% |
| 1987 | - | -3.11% |
| 1988 | - | -2.69% |
| 1989 | - | -1.31% |
| 1990 | -1.44% | -1.03% |
| 1991 | -0.94% | -2.26% |
| 1992 | -7.31% | -1.99% |
| 1993 | -11.3% | 1.27% |
| 1994 | -19.9% | -3.7% |
| 1995 | -17.5% | -4.13% |
| 1996 | -7.69% | -3.43% |
| 1997 | -10.4% | -1.3% |
| 1998 | -21.2% | -2% |
| 1999 | -16.1% | -0.46% |
| 2000 | 6.86% | -1.14% |
| 2001 | 2.59% | -2.13% |
| 2002 | -4.61% | -2.15% |
| 2003 | 8.06% | -2.05% |
| 2004 | 8.57% | -0.98% |
| 2005 | 16% | -1.41% |
| 2006 | 19.8% | -1.51% |
| 2007 | 3.12% | -1.18% |
| 2008 | 36.1% | -1.46% |
| 2009 | 3.61% | 0.36% |
| 2010 | 7.61% | 4.2% |
| 2011 | 25.6% | 0.86% |
| 2012 | 15.8% | 1.96% |
| 2013 | 13% | 10.5% |
| 2014 | 3.58% | -0.33% |
| 2015 | -14.5% | 2.6% |
| 2016 | -21.7% | -5.52% |
| 2017 | -10.4% | -0.1% |
| 2018 | -3.59% | -1.35% |
| 2019 | -3.69% | -4.3% |
| 2020 | -15.8% | -0.52% |
| 2021 | -8.16% | -2.81% |
| 2022 | 2.53% | -4.17% |
| 2023 | -10.9% | -1.34% |
| 2024 | -10.2% | -3.5% |
| 2025 | -10.3% | -2.4% |
| 2026 | -11.1% | -2.89% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, Brunei has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.5%, compared with 3.3% in Comoros. In 2026, inflation was 0.6% in Brunei and 1.9% in Comoros.
| Year | Inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
| 1997 | 1.7% | 1.5% |
| 1998 | -0.4% | 1.2% |
| 1999 | -0.4% | 1.1% |
| 2000 | 1.6% | 5.9% |
| 2001 | 0.6% | 5.6% |
| 2002 | -2.3% | 3.6% |
| 2003 | 0.3% | 3.7% |
| 2004 | 0.8% | 4.5% |
| 2005 | 1.2% | 3% |
| 2006 | 0.2% | 3.4% |
| 2007 | 1% | 4.5% |
| 2008 | 2.1% | 4.8% |
| 2009 | 1% | 4.8% |
| 2010 | 0.4% | 3.9% |
| 2011 | 0.1% | 2.2% |
| 2012 | 0.1% | 5.9% |
| 2013 | 0.4% | 0.4% |
| 2014 | -0.2% | 0% |
| 2015 | -0.5% | 0.9% |
| 2016 | -0.3% | 0.8% |
| 2017 | -1.3% | 0.1% |
| 2018 | 1% | 1.7% |
| 2019 | -0.4% | 3.7% |
| 2020 | 1.9% | 0.8% |
| 2021 | 1.7% | 0% |
| 2022 | 3.7% | 12.4% |
| 2023 | 0.4% | 8.5% |
| 2024 | -0.4% | 5% |
| 2025 | 0.4% | 3.3% |
| 2026 | 0.6% | 1.9% |
Balance of trade
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
$2.23B
2024 |
-$24.6M
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
45/190
2024 |
80/190
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+14.5%
2024 |
-1.86%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$7.36B
2024 |
$299M
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$11.1B
2024 |
$32.1M
2023 |
| Service imports |
$1.75B
2024 |
$205M
2023 |
| Service exports |
$410M
2024 |
$116M
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
58.3%
2024 |
34.5%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
74.3%
2024 |
9.91%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 67 | 51.4 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 52/197 | 153/197 |
| Property rights | 69.7 | 22.9 |
| Government integrity | 34.2 | 16 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 52.8 | 20.9 |
| Tax burden | 95 | 65.3 |
| Government spending | 75.9 | 89.5 |
| Fiscal health | 51.7 | 86.1 |
| Business freedom | 77.1 | 49.9 |
| Labor freedom | 75.1 | 55.1 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.8 | 71.3 |
| Trade freedom | 84.8 | 64.2 |
| Investment freedom | 65 | 45 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 30 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Brunei is 67, ranking 52/197, compared to 51.4 for Comoros, ranking 153/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
| 2009 | - | 43.3 |
| 2010 | - | 44.9 |
| 2011 | - | 43.8 |
| 2012 | - | 45.7 |
| 2013 | - | 47.5 |
| 2014 | 69 | 51.4 |
| 2015 | 68.9 | 52.1 |
| 2016 | 67.3 | 52.4 |
| 2017 | 69.8 | 55.8 |
| 2018 | 64.2 | 56.2 |
| 2019 | 65.1 | 55.4 |
| 2020 | 66.6 | 53.7 |
| 2021 | 66.6 | 55.7 |
| 2022 | 64.8 | 50.4 |
| 2023 | 65.7 | 53.5 |
| 2024 | 65.9 | 52 |
| 2025 | 67 | 51.4 |
More economic indicators
|
Brunei
|
Comoros
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
39%
2024 |
50.1%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
61.7%
2024 |
9.56%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
1.17%
2024 |
36.6%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$16.7B
2024 |
$1.38B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$92,750
2024 |
$3,980
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$4.41B
2024 |
$324M
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
105/177
2024 |
166/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$29.1M
2024 |
-$5.35M
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$29.1M
2024 |
$7.1M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
$0
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
1.7%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines | n/a |
44.8%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
27.9%
2024 |
11.7%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.