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Economy of Angola vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Angola has a GDP of $80.4B compared to $4.66T for Germany, ranking 81/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $50.2B in government debt (64.5% of GDP), compared to $2.98T (65.4% of GDP) in Germany.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Angola
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Germany
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Angola Germany
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $84,619,845,881 $917,491,579,543
1961 - - $96,558,204,043 $956,929,400,596
1962 - - $105,895,435,234 $1,001,172,753,513
1963 - - $112,232,503,744 $1,028,557,795,839
1964 - - $123,330,404,665 $1,096,848,581,197
1965 - - $134,774,688,191 $1,154,369,120,213
1966 - - $143,304,275,684 $1,186,832,072,459
1967 - - $145,100,667,773 $1,182,912,482,568
1968 - - $156,527,292,653 $1,249,969,106,699
1969 - - $177,733,486,326 $1,342,693,099,411
1970 - - $216,629,229,947 $1,411,212,669,066
1971 - - $250,900,942,397 $1,455,421,725,513
1972 - - $300,899,944,795 $1,518,009,827,084
1973 - - $399,833,571,167 $1,590,532,547,530
1974 - - $446,934,971,657 $1,604,689,380,040
1975 - - $492,434,094,920 $1,590,780,912,797
1976 - - $521,658,712,133 $1,669,512,771,062
1977 - - $602,698,323,086 $1,725,395,004,279
1978 - - $743,182,891,918 $1,777,303,390,150
1979 - - $884,574,218,333 $1,851,067,937,956
1980 $5,930,503,401 $23,063,262,074 $953,772,499,462 $1,877,146,313,526
1981 $5,550,483,036 $22,048,478,262 $803,404,797,058 $1,887,080,933,422
1982 $5,550,483,036 $22,048,478,262 $779,421,633,755 $1,879,629,968,245
1983 $5,784,341,596 $22,974,514,664 $773,507,930,295 $1,909,185,460,625
1984 $6,131,475,065 $24,352,986,041 $727,767,760,979 $1,963,080,770,679
1985 $7,554,065,410 $25,205,340,428 $735,218,723,093 $2,008,780,018,732
1986 $7,072,536,109 $25,936,295,740 $1,050,092,624,516 $2,054,727,633,074
1987 $8,084,412,414 $26,995,209,500 $1,302,932,318,825 $2,083,538,029,651
1988 $8,769,836,769 $28,649,716,325 $1,406,367,016,372 $2,160,779,694,267
1989 $10,201,780,977 $28,661,640,755 $1,404,092,925,205 $2,244,975,592,505
1990 $11,229,515,599 $27,672,785,865 $1,778,162,195,860 $2,362,949,196,758
1991 $10,603,784,541 $27,947,122,601 $1,875,792,575,133 $2,483,654,820,997
1992 $8,307,810,974 $26,315,491,127 $2,141,377,582,968 $2,533,680,204,796
1993 $5,768,720,422 $20,004,137,038 $2,078,954,217,438 $2,509,019,802,318
1994 $4,438,321,017 $20,272,065,135 $2,215,282,632,277 $2,574,193,723,153
1995 $5,538,749,260 $23,312,874,912 $2,593,053,091,306 $2,612,945,784,189
1996 $7,526,421,519 $26,470,456,890 $2,506,576,553,158 $2,640,072,233,043
1997 $7,648,380,196 $28,395,991,341 $2,218,790,886,533 $2,689,040,748,577
1998 $6,506,221,616 $29,728,088,881 $2,247,760,364,566 $2,745,407,382,812
1999 $6,152,923,310 $30,376,604,084 $2,213,873,468,587 $2,803,887,763,789
2000 $9,129,594,970 $31,304,495,194 $1,966,980,701,145 $2,884,562,511,081
2001 $8,936,079,118 $32,621,161,810 $1,966,381,496,642 $2,931,769,559,083
2002 $15,285,592,370 $37,079,068,253 $2,102,350,798,306 $2,925,076,029,438
2003 $17,812,704,586 $38,187,732,393 $2,534,715,518,349 $2,909,575,202,981
2004 $23,552,057,679 $42,369,289,093 $2,852,317,768,062 $2,943,395,181,479
2005 $36,970,900,884 $48,737,393,240 $2,893,393,187,362 $2,969,464,751,856
2006 $52,381,025,141 $54,366,562,158 $3,046,308,753,671 $3,083,959,477,646
2007 $65,266,415,494 $61,983,317,521 $3,484,056,680,855 $3,173,089,211,904
2008 $88,538,665,085 $68,906,854,084 $3,808,786,022,313 $3,201,977,118,077
2009 $70,307,196,182 $69,499,453,031 $3,479,800,820,863 $3,024,422,218,193
2010 $83,799,474,070 $72,556,300,250 $3,468,154,343,000 $3,149,837,977,324
2011 $111,789,747,671 $75,075,493,557 $3,824,828,563,521 $3,268,207,907,176
2012 $128,052,915,766 $81,488,522,604 $3,597,896,500,945 $3,283,708,733,633
2013 $132,339,109,040 $85,525,963,564 $3,808,086,291,482 $3,296,391,224,293
2014 $135,966,802,587 $89,650,503,848 $3,965,800,686,310 $3,367,906,395,565
2015 $90,496,420,507 $90,496,420,507 $3,423,568,450,957 $3,423,568,450,957
2016 $52,761,617,226 $88,161,567,931 $3,537,784,107,981 $3,502,129,441,295
2017 $73,690,154,991 $88,031,782,694 $3,763,092,263,753 $3,597,248,136,567
2018 $79,450,688,259 $86,872,966,033 $4,052,008,447,224 $3,637,409,365,503
2019 $70,897,962,732 $86,262,880,685 $3,957,208,055,216 $3,673,343,090,743
2020 $48,501,561,204 $81,399,194,251 $3,940,142,541,354 $3,522,914,639,712
2021 $66,505,129,988 $82,375,341,953 $4,348,297,440,388 $3,652,205,602,904
2022 $104,399,746,853 $84,883,445,838 $4,163,596,357,879 $3,702,230,996,916
2023 $84,875,162,197 $85,798,573,860 $4,525,703,903,628 $3,692,366,831,840
2024 $80,396,942,242 $89,594,220,855 $4,659,929,336,891 $3,683,559,545,240

Economic indicators

Angola Germany
Gross domestic product
$80.4B
2024
$4.66T
2024
GDP rank
81/197
2024
3/197
2024
GDP growth
-5.28%
2023-2024
2.97%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,122
2024
$55,800
2024
GDP per capita rank
156/197
2024
18/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$8,348
2024
$72,300
2024
Government debt
$50.2B
2024
$2.98T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
64.5%
2025
65.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,326
2024
$35,650
2024
Government debt per person rank
135/185
2024
21/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$33,074
2025
$39,481
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.04T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,820,819
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
171
2025
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
25%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
2.9%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2025
49.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
21.6%
2024-2025
2.26%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
18%
2023
n/a
Unemployment rate
14.1%
2022
3.37%
2024
Population
39983997
83039665

GDP per capita in Angola vs Germany

Angola's GDP per capita is $2,122, ranking 156/197, compared to $55,800 in Germany, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 136th at $8,348, while Germany ranks 19th at $72,300.

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Angola Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $1,162 -
1961 - - $1,316 -
1962 - - $1,431 -
1963 - - $1,502 -
1964 - - $1,637 -
1965 - - $1,774 -
1966 - - $1,871 -
1967 - - $1,886 -
1968 - - $2,025 -
1969 - - $2,281 -
1970 - - $2,771 -
1971 - - $3,204 -
1972 - - $3,824 -
1973 - - $5,065 -
1974 - - $5,660 -
1975 - - $6,259 -
1976 - - $6,659 -
1977 - - $7,711 -
1978 - - $9,517 -
1979 - - $11,322 -
1980 $729 - $12,183 -
1981 $658 - $10,246 -
1982 $634 - $9,950 -
1983 $637 - $9,900 -
1984 $650 - $9,347 -
1985 $772 - $9,464 -
1986 $698 - $13,511 -
1987 $770 - $16,739 -
1988 $807 - $17,997 -
1989 $908 - $17,829 -
1990 $966 $3,341 $22,386 $19,521
1991 $882 $3,373 $23,443 $21,058
1992 $669 $3,143 $26,560 $21,806
1993 $450 $2,369 $25,617 $21,940
1994 $335 $2,374 $27,202 $22,887
1995 $404 $2,696 $31,747 $23,615
1996 $531 $3,013 $30,600 $24,160
1997 $522 $3,178 $27,047 $24,644
1998 $429 $3,254 $27,396 $25,444
1999 $393 $3,263 $26,965 $26,518
2000 $564 $3,327 $23,926 $27,468
2001 $534 $3,428 $23,878 $28,677
2002 $882 $3,824 $25,487 $29,514
2003 $993 $3,879 $30,711 $30,305
2004 $1,266 $4,263 $34,567 $31,757
2005 $1,916 $4,876 $35,084 $32,314
2006 $2,617 $5,404 $36,980 $34,749
2007 $3,141 $6,096 $42,351 $36,915
2008 $4,103 $6,651 $46,386 $38,444
2009 $3,137 $6,498 $42,487 $37,554
2010 $3,597 $6,607 $42,410 $39,730
2011 $4,616 $6,711 $47,647 $43,398
2012 $5,086 $7,355 $44,736 $44,229
2013 $5,058 $7,561 $47,220 $45,889
2014 $5,006 $7,990 $48,971 $47,939
2015 $3,214 $7,120 $41,911 $48,558
2016 $1,808 $6,844 $42,961 $51,570
2017 $2,437 $6,993 $45,527 $54,110
2018 $2,539 $7,348 $48,875 $56,273
2019 $2,190 $7,528 $47,624 $59,271
2020 $1,450 $6,451 $47,380 $58,686
2021 $1,926 $7,408 $52,266 $62,531
2022 $2,930 $7,925 $49,686 $67,590
2023 $2,310 $8,047 $53,940 $68,693
2024 $2,122 $8,348 $55,800 $72,300

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Angola's government spending was $14.1B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while Germany's spent $2.31T, or 49.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 64.5% in Angola and 65.4% in Germany, ranking 67/185 and 65/185, respectively.

Angola
Government spending

Government debt
Germany
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Angola Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 22.9% 18.4%
1961 - - 28.8% 18.7%
1962 - - 29.2% 17.6%
1963 - - 29.1% 18.1%
1964 - - 29% 18.2%
1965 - - 28.4% 18.7%
1966 - - 28.3% 19.8%
1967 - - 28.8% 22.5%
1968 - - 28.5% 22.5%
1969 - - 29.7% 20.3%
1970 - - 39.5% 17.7%
1971 - - 40.9% 17.7%
1972 - - 41.8% 18%
1973 - - 42.4% 17.3%
1974 - - 46% 18.5%
1975 - - 50.3% 23.7%
1976 - - 49.4% 25.1%
1977 - - 49% 26%
1978 - - 47.7% 27.4%
1979 - - 47.4% 28.2%
1980 - - 48.2% 30.1%
1981 - - 49% 33.6%
1982 - - 49.1% 36.4%
1983 - - 47.9% 38%
1984 - - 47.2% 38.7%
1985 - - 46.6% 39.2%
1986 - - 45.7% 39.1%
1987 - - 46% 40.1%
1988 - - 45.6% 40.5%
1989 - - 44.3% 39.2%
1990 - - 44.7% 40.7%
1991 - - 46.5% 39.5%
1992 - - 47.4% 41.9%
1993 - - 48.3% 45.5%
1994 - - 48.3% 47.9%
1995 - - 55.2% 55.3%
1996 25.2% 92% 49.6% 58.1%
1997 26.8% 73.5% 48.8% 59.2%
1998 26.1% 96.3% 48.3% 59.8%
1999 39.4% 104.8% 48.5% 60.3%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 48.1% 59.2%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 47.7% 58.1%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 48.2% 59.8%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 48.5% 63.3%
2004 26% 41.6% 47% 65%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 46.9% 67.1%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 45.3% 66.4%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 43.5% 63.7%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 44.4% 65.2%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 48.3% 72.3%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 48.1% 81%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 45.3% 78.5%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 45.1% 79.8%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 45.2% 77.4%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 44.5% 74.5%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 44.5% 71.2%
2016 19.4% 66.7% 44.7% 68.3%
2017 21% 60.5% 44.6% 64%
2018 18.3% 82.5% 44.7% 60.8%
2019 18.2% 101.4% 45.6% 58.7%
2020 20% 119.1% 51.1% 68%
2021 17.3% 74.3% 50.7% 68.1%
2022 19.5% 56.1% 49% 65%
2023 19.2% 71.4% 48.4% 62.9%
2024 17.5% 62.5% 49.5% 63.9%
2025 17.3% 64.5% 49.9% 65.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$818M, equivalent to -1.02% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of -$129B, or -2.76% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to -0.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.67% of GDP for Germany.

Deficit/surplus
Angola

Germany
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola Germany
1880 - -0.13%
1881 - 0.12%
1882 - 0.41%
1883 - 0.55%
1884 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1886 - 0.23%
1887 - 0.88%
1888 - 0.62%
1889 - 1.16%
1890 - 0.12%
1891 - 1.18%
1892 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.42%
1894 - 0.44%
1895 - 0.47%
1896 - 0.63%
1897 - 0.39%
1898 - 0.47%
1899 - 0.6%
1900 - 0.27%
1901 - 0.91%
1902 - 0.08%
1903 - 0.88%
1904 - 0.41%
1905 - 1.21%
1906 - 0.76%
1907 - -0.14%
1908 - -0.11%
1909 - 0.11%
1910 - -0.21%
1911 - 0.06%
1912 - -0.26%
1913 - 0.007%
1914 - 0.007%
1915 - 0.007%
1916 - 0.007%
1917 - 0.007%
1918 - 0.007%
1919 - 0.007%
1920 - 0.007%
1921 - 0.007%
1922 - 0.007%
1923 - 0.007%
1924 - 0.007%
1925 - 0.34%
1926 - -1.3%
1927 - -0.44%
1928 - -1.47%
1929 - -0.9%
1930 - -1.52%
1931 - -1.03%
1932 - -1.11%
1933 - -0.43%
1934 - -0.64%
1935 - -0.64%
1936 - -0.64%
1937 - -0.64%
1938 - -0.64%
1939 - -0.64%
1940 - -0.64%
1941 - -0.64%
1942 - -0.64%
1943 - -0.64%
1944 - -0.64%
1945 - -0.64%
1946 - -0.64%
1947 - -0.64%
1948 - -0.64%
1949 - -0.64%
1950 - 1.81%
1951 - 1.15%
1952 - 0%
1953 - -0.13%
1954 - -0.37%
1955 - -1.41%
1956 - 0.59%
1957 - 1.99%
1958 - 1.77%
1959 - 0.77%
1960 - -0.34%
1961 - -0.12%
1962 - 0.49%
1963 - 1.43%
1964 - 1.49%
1965 - 2.26%
1966 - 1.76%
1967 - 2.73%
1968 - 1.39%
1969 - -0.43%
1970 - 0.53%
1971 - 0.16%
1972 - -0.37%
1973 - 1.14%
1974 - -1.69%
1975 - -5.78%
1976 - -3.5%
1977 - -2.56%
1978 - -2.62%
1979 - -2.71%
1980 - -3.02%
1981 - -4.03%
1982 - -3.56%
1983 - -2.95%
1984 - -2.04%
1985 - -1.18%
1986 - -1.18%
1987 - -1.85%
1988 - -2.02%
1989 - 0.08%
1990 - -1.94%
1991 - -3.21%
1992 - -2.63%
1993 - -3.11%
1994 - -2.54%
1995 - -9.44%
1996 4.49% -3.64%
1997 -0.23% -3.03%
1998 -5.1% -2.65%
1999 -8.1% -1.87%
2000 2.02% -1.71%
2001 2.8% -3.12%
2002 -2.24% -4.09%
2003 -4.1% -3.83%
2004 1.03% -3.42%
2005 6.4% -3.37%
2006 8.42% -1.76%
2007 3.85% 0.15%
2008 -3.8% -0.26%
2009 -6.8% -3.17%
2010 2.98% -4.42%
2011 7.2% -0.84%
2012 3.68% -0.05%
2013 -0.27% 0.12%
2014 -5.07% 0.73%
2015 -2.57% 0.92%
2016 -3.98% 1.13%
2017 -5.75% 1.34%
2018 2.03% 1.88%
2019 0.69% 1.33%
2020 -1.66% -4.38%
2021 3.4% -3.17%
2022 0.58% -2.15%
2023 -1.88% -2.48%
2024 -1.02% -2.76%
2025 -2.31% -2.95%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 199.9%, compared with 1.81% in Germany. In 2024, inflation was 21.6% in Angola and 2.26% in Germany.

Inflation
Angola

Germany
Year Inflation
Angola Germany Angola Germany
1996 4,146% 1.45%
1997 221.5% 1.94%
1998 107.4% 0.91%
1999 248.2% 0.59%
2000 325% 1.44%
2001 152.6% 1.98%
2002 108.9% 1.42%
2003 98.2% 1.03%
2004 43.5% 1.67%
2005 23% 1.55%
2006 13.3% 1.58%
2007 12.2% 2.3%
2008 12.5% 2.63%
2009 13.7% 0.31%
2010 14.5% 1.1%
2011 13.5% 2.08%
2012 10.3% 2.01%
2013 8.8% 1.5%
2014 7.3% 0.91%
2015 9.2% 0.51%
2016 30.7% 0.49%
2017 29.8% 1.51%
2018 19.6% 1.73%
2019 17.1% 1.45%
2020 22.3% 0.14%
2021 25.8% 3.07%
2022 21.4% 6.87%
2023 13.6% 5.95%
2024 28.2% 2.26%
2025 21.6% -

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $48.4M
Machinery & equipment $3.04M
Chemicals & pharma $581K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $483K
Textiles & consumer goods $229K
Precious metals & jewellery $28K
Raw agricultural goods $19K
Metals $16K
Wood & paper products $5K
Miscellaneous $1K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $158M
Raw agricultural goods $57.6M
Chemicals & pharma $26.6M
Metals $20.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $9.16M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.61M
Raw materials & minerals $7.2M
Animal & marine products $4.4M
Miscellaneous $3.77M
Wood & paper products $1.97M

Balance of trade

Angola Germany
Current account balance
$6.31B
2024
$264B
2024
Current account balance ranking
30/189
2024
2/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+7.85%
2024
+5.67%
2024
Goods imports
$14.2B
2024
$1.21T
2024
Goods exports
$36.8B
2024
$1.47T
2024
Service imports
$8.49B
2024
$551B
2024
Service exports
$129M
2024
$470B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.4%
2024
38.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
42.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola Germany
Economic freedom 55 71.6
Economic freedom ranking 130/197 28/197
Property rights 39.9 95.4
Government integrity 28.2 86
Judicial effectiveness 25.7 93.5
Tax burden 86.9 60.5
Government spending 89.5 26.9
Fiscal health 89.1 81.1
Business freedom 45.2 83.7
Labor freedom 50.8 53.3
Monetary freedom 64.2 69
Trade freedom 70.4 79.6
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 55, ranking 130/197, compared to 71.6 for Germany, ranking 28/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Angola
Germany
Year Economic freedom index
Angola Germany
1995 27.4 69.8
1996 24.4 69.1
1997 24.2 67.5
1998 24.9 64.3
1999 23.7 65.6
2000 24.3 65.7
2001 - 69.5
2002 - 70.4
2003 - 69.7
2004 - 69.5
2005 - 68.1
2006 43.5 70.8
2007 44.7 70.8
2008 46.9 70.6
2009 47 70.5
2010 48.4 71.1
2011 46.2 71.8
2012 46.7 71
2013 47.3 72.8
2014 47.7 73.4
2015 47.9 73.8
2016 48.9 74.4
2017 48.5 73.8
2018 48.6 74.2
2019 50.6 73.5
2020 52.2 73.5
2021 54.2 72.5
2022 52.6 76.1
2023 53 73.7
2024 54.3 72.1
2025 55 71.6

More economic indicators

Angola Germany
Services, % of GDP
39.3%
2024
63.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
44.2%
2024
25.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.4%
2024
0.83%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$84B
2024
$4.59T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,660
2024
$74,880
2024
Total reserves including gold
$14.2B
2024
$378B
2024
Total reserves ranking
69/177
2024
10/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2024
$32.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$47.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$80.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
16.3%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25%
2024
21%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.