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Economy of Angola vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Angola has a GDP of $101B compared to $4.03T for Japan, ranking 71/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Angola has $60.5B in government debt (59.9% of GDP), compared to $9.51T (236.1% of GDP) in Japan.

Angola vs Japan GDP by year

Angola
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Angola Japan
2024 $100,998,916,781 $4,027,597,523,551
2023 $107,167,747,140 $4,213,167,237,906
2022 $131,212,208,930 $4,262,463,317,797
2021 $79,559,543,805 $5,039,148,168,861
2020 $58,852,456,454 $5,054,068,005,376
2019 $80,734,428,593 $5,117,993,853,017
2018 $89,512,794,227 $5,040,880,939,325
2017 $84,376,935,689 $4,930,837,369,151
2016 $59,878,249,719 $5,003,677,627,544
2015 $102,543,067,841 $4,444,930,651,964
2014 $153,449,860,496 $4,896,994,405,353
2013 $148,845,200,697 $5,212,328,181,166
2012 $143,572,907,528 $6,272,362,996,105
2011 $125,551,634,704 $6,233,147,172,341
2010 $95,546,919,755 $5,759,071,769,013
2009 $81,705,175,408 $5,289,493,117,994
2008 $98,790,432,989 $5,106,679,115,127
2007 $73,037,821,927 $4,579,750,920,355
2006 $58,653,659,980 $4,601,663,122,650
2005 $41,396,636,383 $4,831,467,035,390
2004 $26,997,977,897 $4,893,116,005,657
2003 $20,342,128,112 $4,519,561,645,254
2002 $17,311,512,432 $4,182,846,045,874
2001 $8,936,079,118 $4,374,711,694,091
2000 $9,129,594,970 $4,968,359,075,957
1999 $6,152,923,310 $4,635,982,224,064
1998 $6,506,221,616 $4,098,362,709,531
1997 $7,648,380,196 $4,492,448,605,639
1996 $7,526,421,519 $4,923,391,533,852
1995 $5,538,749,260 $5,545,563,663,890
1994 $4,438,321,017 $4,998,797,547,741
1993 $5,768,720,422 $4,536,940,479,038
1992 $8,307,810,974 $3,980,702,922,118
1991 $10,603,784,541 $3,648,065,760,649
1990 $11,229,515,599 $3,185,904,656,664
1989 $10,201,780,977 $3,109,455,047,824
1988 $8,769,836,769 $3,125,724,434,401
1987 $8,084,412,414 $2,580,748,422,781
1986 $7,072,536,109 $2,120,083,812,110
1985 $7,554,065,410 $1,427,019,759,717
1984 $6,131,475,065 $1,345,824,500,837
1983 $5,784,341,596 $1,270,859,919,743
1982 $5,550,483,036 $1,158,731,426,906
1981 $5,550,483,036 $1,245,221,410,764
1980 $5,930,503,401 $1,129,377,244,854
1979 - $1,077,910,077,676
1978 - $1,035,611,588,217
1977 - $737,069,290,928
1976 - $598,883,902,156
1975 - $532,861,438,885
1974 - $490,035,789,970
1973 - $441,460,582,536
1972 - $324,933,841,269
1971 - $245,364,056,622
1970 - $217,223,652,719
1969 - $184,298,841,305
1968 - $156,897,496,759
1967 - $132,475,614,227
1966 - $113,046,784,179
1965 - $97,338,107,606
1964 - $87,490,590,818
1963 - $74,379,284,603
1962 - $64,987,857,542
1961 - $57,266,758,180
1960 - $47,419,238,274

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Angola vs Japan by year

Angola
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Angola Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,666 $10,119 $32,487 $52,039
2023 $2,916 $9,754 $33,836 $50,662
2022 $3,682 $9,588 $34,066 $47,192
2021 $2,304 $8,862 $40,095 $44,355
2020 $1,759 $7,827 $40,029 $42,426
2019 $2,494 $8,573 $40,416 $42,678
2018 $2,860 $8,278 $39,751 $42,142
2017 $2,791 $8,007 $38,834 $41,444
2016 $2,052 $7,767 $39,375 $40,597
2015 $3,642 $8,067 $34,961 $40,899
2014 $5,650 $9,018 $38,475 $39,555
2013 $5,689 $8,504 $40,899 $39,402
2012 $5,702 $8,246 $49,145 $37,606
2011 $5,184 $7,538 $48,760 $36,214
2010 $4,102 $7,412 $44,968 $35,336
2009 $3,645 $7,228 $41,309 $33,543
2008 $4,578 $7,316 $39,876 $35,274
2007 $3,515 $6,728 $35,779 $35,015
2006 $2,930 $6,018 $35,992 $33,632
2005 $2,146 $5,416 $37,813 $32,170
2004 $1,451 $4,771 $38,299 $30,832
2003 $1,134 $4,322 $35,387 $29,392
2002 $999 $4,241 $32,821 $28,624
2001 $534 $3,802 $34,406 $27,943
2000 $564 $3,690 $39,169 $27,288
1999 $393 $3,619 $36,610 $25,736
1998 $429 $3,609 $32,424 $25,508
1997 $522 $3,525 $35,638 $25,619
1996 $531 $3,342 $39,150 $24,999
1995 $404 $2,990 $44,198 $23,858
1994 $335 $2,633 $39,934 $22,823
1993 $450 $2,628 $36,345 $22,168
1992 $669 $3,486 $31,993 $21,825
1991 $882 $3,740 $29,428 $21,227
1990 $966 $3,705 $25,801 $19,912
1989 $908 - $25,266 -
1988 $807 - $25,500 -
1987 $770 - $21,142 -
1986 $698 - $17,452 -
1985 $772 - $11,809 -
1984 $650 - $11,207 -
1983 $637 - $10,652 -
1982 $634 - $9,780 -
1981 $658 - $10,583 -
1980 $729 - $9,669 -
1979 - - $9,301 -
1978 - - $9,012 -
1977 - - $6,473 -
1976 - - $5,310 -
1975 - - $4,776 -
1974 - - $4,448 -
1973 - - $4,061 -
1972 - - $3,031 -
1971 - - $2,321 -
1970 - - $2,101 -
1969 - - $1,803 -
1968 - - $1,553 -
1967 - - $1,326 -
1966 - - $1,144 -
1965 - - $994 -
1964 - - $903 -
1963 - - $776 -
1962 - - $685 -
1961 - - $609 -
1960 - - $509 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

Angola's GDP per capita is $2,666, ranking 144/197, compared to $32,487 in Japan, ranking 38/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Angola ranks 133rd at $10,119, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Angola Japan
Gross domestic product
$101B
2024
$4.03T
2024
GDP rank
71/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP growth
4.42%
2023-2024
0.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,666
2024
$32,487
2024
GDP per capita rank
144/197
2024
38/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$10,119
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
133/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$60.5B
2024
$9.51T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.9%
2024
236.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,597
2024
$76,704
2024
Government debt per person rank
127/185
2024
3/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$28,080
2026
$23,653
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$6.31T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,732,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
39.6%
2018
23.9%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2018
2.4%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.4%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
28.2%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
18%
2023
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
14.1%
2022
2.54%
2024
Population
40555924
122677250

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Angola
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Angola Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 18.4% 59.9% 39.1% 236.1%
2023 18.8% 72.4% 39.2% 240.5%
2022 19.5% 56.1% 41.8% 248.2%
2021 17.3% 74.3% 42.5% 253.7%
2020 20% 119.1% 44.5% 258.4%
2019 18.2% 101.4% 37.3% 236.4%
2018 18.3% 82.5% 36.7% 232.4%
2017 21% 60.5% 36.7% 231.3%
2016 19.4% 66.7% 37.2% 232.4%
2015 23.9% 50.4% 37.3% 228.3%
2014 32.3% 35.3% 38.4% 233.3%
2013 32.9% 29.5% 38.8% 229.5%
2012 33.2% 23.8% 38.6% 226.1%
2011 33.3% 26.3% 38.6% 219.2%
2010 34.6% 32.6% 37.7% 205.9%
2009 38.7% 48.4% 38.7% 198.8%
2008 47.2% 28.1% 34.1% 180.9%
2007 34.1% 18.8% 33.1% 173%
2006 27.3% 16.7% 33.1% 174.1%
2005 23.7% 29.9% 33.5% 174.6%
2004 26% 41.6% 33.7% 169.5%
2003 30.1% 50.8% 35% 160%
2002 27.6% 65.1% 35.4% 154.1%
2001 30.3% 100.2% 35.2% 145.1%
2000 35.8% 118.2% 36% 135.6%
1999 39.4% 104.8% 35.6% 129.5%
1998 26.1% 96.3% 38.6% 116%
1997 26.8% 73.5% 33.1% 105%
1996 25.2% 92% 33.8% 98.1%
1995 - - 33.4% 92.5%
1994 - - 32.8% 84.4%
1993 - - 32.1% 72.8%
1992 - - 30.3% 66.8%
1991 - - 29.3% 62.4%
1990 - - 29.5% 63.2%
1989 - - 29.2% 65.7%
1988 - - 29.9% 71.9%
1987 - - 30.6% 75.8%
1986 - - 30.4% 74.1%
1985 - - 30.4% 68.3%
1984 - - 31.2% 65.6%
1983 - - 31.8% 63.5%
1982 - - 31.7% 57.7%
1981 - - 31.5% 52.8%
1980 - - 33.5% 47.8%
1979 - - 33.2% 43.8%
1978 - - 32.1% 39%
1977 - - 30.4% 31.1%
1976 - - 29.1% 26.1%
1975 - - 28.5% 20.9%
1974 - - 25.5% 16.7%
1973 - - 23.3% 15.9%
1972 - - 23.1% 16.3%
1971 - - 21.8% 12.6%
1970 - - 20.2% 11.2%
1969 - - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 - - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 - - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 - - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 - - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 - - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 - - 20% 8.66%
1962 - - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 - - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 - - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Angola's government spending was $18.6B, accounting for 18.4% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.57T, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.9% in Angola and 236.1% in Japan, ranking 78/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Angola

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Angola Japan
2024 -1.01% -1.53%
2023 -1.83% -2.26%
2022 0.58% -4.21%
2021 3.4% -6.13%
2020 -1.66% -9.08%
2019 0.69% -3.04%
2018 2.03% -2.47%
2017 -5.75% -3.1%
2016 -3.98% -3.6%
2015 -2.57% -3.68%
2014 -5.07% -5.62%
2013 -0.27% -7.61%
2012 3.68% -8.2%
2011 7.2% -8.99%
2010 2.98% -9.08%
2009 -6.8% -9.69%
2008 -3.8% -4.11%
2007 3.85% -2.9%
2006 8.42% -3.03%
2005 6.4% -4.44%
2004 1.03% -5.31%
2003 -4.1% -7.43%
2002 -2.24% -7.34%
2001 2.8% -6.2%
2000 2.02% -7.28%
1999 -8.1% -6.75%
1998 -5.1% -10%
1997 -0.23% -3.53%
1996 4.49% -4.87%
1995 - -4.3%
1994 - -3.76%
1993 - -2.39%
1992 - 0.57%
1991 - 1.67%
1990 - 1.96%
1989 - 1.23%
1988 - 0.49%
1987 - -0.36%
1986 - -1.36%
1985 - -1.37%
1984 - -2.62%
1983 - -3.95%
1982 - -3.81%
1981 - -3.85%
1980 - -4.66%
1979 - -5%
1978 - -5.79%
1977 - -4.02%
1976 - -3.89%
1975 - -2.92%
1974 - 0.38%
1973 - 0.56%
1972 - -0.13%
1971 - 1.21%
1970 - 1.74%
1969 - 1.26%
1968 - 0.88%
1967 - 0.8%
1966 - -0.34%
1965 - 0.48%
1964 - 0.85%
1963 - 1.08%
1962 - 1.49%
1961 - 2.58%
1960 - 1.85%
1959 - 0.97%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - 1.27%
1956 - 1.39%
1955 - -0.67%
1954 - 0.7%
1953 - 1.65%
1952 - 2.22%
1951 - 5.06%
1950 - 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Angola's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.02B, equivalent to 1.01% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $61.6B, or 1.53% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Angola recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Angola posted an annual deficit equal to 0.1% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.57% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Angola

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Angola Japan
2024 28.2% 2.74%
2023 13.6% 3.27%
2022 21.4% 2.5%
2021 25.8% -0.23%
2020 22.3% -0.02%
2019 17.1% 0.47%
2018 19.6% 0.99%
2017 29.8% 0.48%
2016 30.7% -0.13%
2015 9.2% 0.8%
2014 7.3% 2.76%
2013 8.8% 0.34%
2012 10.3% -0.04%
2011 13.5% -0.27%
2010 14.5% -0.73%
2009 13.7% -1.35%
2008 12.5% 1.38%
2007 12.2% 0.06%
2006 13.3% 0.25%
2005 23% -0.28%
2004 43.5% -0.009%
2003 98.2% -0.26%
2002 108.9% -0.92%
2001 152.6% -0.74%
2000 325% -0.68%
1999 248.2% -0.34%
1998 107.4% 0.66%
1997 221.5% 1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Angola has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 59%, compared with 0.44% in Japan. In 2024, inflation was 28.2% in Angola and 2.74% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Angola
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $2.39M
Animal & marine products $850K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $244K
Machinery & equipment $127K
Textiles & consumer goods $9K
Wood & paper products $3K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K
Japan
Export category Export value
Metals $27.4M
Machinery & equipment $20.2M
Raw materials & minerals $2.11M
Chemicals & pharma $1.43M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.34M
Miscellaneous $642K
Textiles & consumer goods $493K
Animal & marine products $72K
Wood & paper products $49K
Raw agricultural goods $6K

Balance of trade

Angola Japan
Current account balance
$6.31B
2024
$194B
2024
Current account balance ranking
30/190
2024
3/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+6.25%
2024
+4.82%
2024
Goods imports
$14.2B
2024
$719B
2024
Goods exports
$36.8B
2024
$694B
2024
Service imports
$8.49B
2024
$246B
2024
Service exports
$129M
2024
$228B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
19.4%
2024
23.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.5%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Angola Japan
Economic freedom 54.4 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 133/197 36/197
Property rights 36.9 94.2
Government integrity 28.3 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 26.3 97.9
Tax burden 86.9 63
Government spending 89.3 52
Fiscal health 91.9 41.7
Business freedom 42.8 77.8
Labor freedom 50.8 65.9
Monetary freedom 59 74.3
Trade freedom 70.4 76.2
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Angola
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Angola Japan
2026 54.4 70.3
2025 55 70.2
2024 54.3 67.5
2023 53 69.3
2022 52.6 69.9
2021 54.2 74.1
2020 52.2 73.3
2019 50.6 72.1
2018 48.6 72.3
2017 48.5 69.6
2016 48.9 73.1
2015 47.9 73.3
2014 47.7 72.4
2013 47.3 71.8
2012 46.7 71.6
2011 46.2 72.8
2010 48.4 72.9
2009 47 72.8
2008 46.9 73
2007 44.7 72.7
2006 43.5 73.3
2005 - 67.3
2004 - 64.3
2003 - 67.6
2002 - 66.7
2001 - 70.9
2000 24.3 70.7
1999 23.7 69.1
1998 24.9 70.2
1997 24.2 70.3
1996 24.4 72.6
1995 27.4 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Angola is 54.4, ranking 133/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Angola Japan
Services, % of GDP
41.1%
2024
69.8%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
34.6%
2024
28.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
22.1%
2024
0.94%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$108B
2024
$4.46T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$9,460
2024
$55,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$14.2B
2024
$1.23T
2024
Total reserves ranking
69/177
2024
2/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2024
$191B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.11B
2024
$16.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$33.1M
2024
$203B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
11.5%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.6%
2020
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
10.4%
2024
26.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/angola/japan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.