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Economy of Lesotho vs Luxembourg compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Lesotho has a GDP of $2.27B compared to $93.2B for Luxembourg, ranking 174/197 and 73/197 by economy size, respectively.

Lesotho has $1.36B in government debt (59.7% of GDP), compared to $24.2B (26.4% of GDP) in Luxembourg.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Lesotho
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Luxembourg
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Lesotho Luxembourg
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $34,579,986 $193,508,327 $709,941,874 $8,747,570,888
1961 $35,699,986 $197,116,861 $710,163,719 $9,082,601,376
1962 $41,859,983 $227,338,452 $747,846,862 $9,206,004,653
1963 $47,039,981 $251,470,588 $797,902,154 $9,522,609,145
1964 $51,939,979 $272,219,723 $910,877,686 $10,271,641,280
1965 $54,879,978 $278,083,623 $929,477,285 $10,196,151,536
1966 $56,699,977 $276,955,935 $976,717,015 $10,308,911,196
1967 $59,261,976 $307,177,537 $983,052,315 $10,331,253,782
1968 $61,445,975 $306,049,827 $1,075,561,623 $10,763,500,261
1969 $65,967,974 $310,786,060 $1,245,432,991 $11,836,928,852
1970 $68,739,973 $317,552,094 $1,457,768,455 $12,045,250,967
1971 $76,480,285 $333,790,811 $1,518,773,421 $12,366,526,037
1972 $80,913,200 $333,114,189 $1,901,697,370 $13,182,493,346
1973 $121,188,716 $421,072,595 $2,609,875,802 $14,278,312,012
1974 $150,851,317 $467,306,740 $3,183,637,117 $14,879,781,081
1975 $149,558,896 $404,157,255 $3,123,333,333 $13,901,975,445
1976 $147,660,037 $448,813,113 $3,423,586,207 $14,254,297,207
1977 $193,315,048 $546,694,921 $3,789,321,328 $14,478,058,110
1978 $266,570,067 $646,832,346 $4,718,539,772 $15,068,034,768
1979 $290,134,593 $665,551,149 $5,516,982,664 $15,421,471,918
1980 $431,542,537 $647,283,239 $6,019,805,490 $15,551,149,194
1981 $434,188,034 $651,779,515 $5,053,665,797 $15,465,469,051
1982 $348,741,684 $680,830,657 $4,602,316,793 $15,640,429,654
1983 $386,699,309 $694,353,080 $4,524,217,751 $16,107,934,816
1984 $333,163,670 $732,784,813 $4,438,435,493 $17,104,523,017
1985 $268,629,926 $751,912,324 $4,577,211,767 $17,582,030,661
1986 $318,858,423 $787,138,334 $6,685,595,088 $19,337,409,140
1987 $402,768,324 $792,882,304 $8,320,902,215 $20,101,425,486
1988 $470,395,801 $861,085,399 $9,418,167,855 $21,802,666,470
1989 $495,409,233 $910,987,402 $10,037,674,038 $23,938,904,807
1990 $596,410,264 $966,060,902 $12,778,792,854 $25,212,438,592
1991 $704,325,367 $1,033,362,572 $13,834,219,728 $27,391,849,868
1992 $831,029,862 $1,105,247,043 $15,518,702,635 $27,890,286,478
1993 $835,582,062 $1,144,038,630 $15,925,521,222 $29,061,858,948
1994 $878,250,945 $1,212,450,693 $17,701,798,891 $30,172,289,819
1995 $1,001,894,000 $1,252,351,696 $20,853,093,870 $30,604,417,414
1996 $946,112,493 $1,322,446,272 $20,895,314,658 $31,032,290,275
1997 $998,004,259 $1,371,424,437 $19,563,836,265 $32,714,187,914
1998 $928,460,893 $1,392,512,226 $20,150,053,345 $34,897,700,608
1999 $912,773,681 $1,399,140,933 $21,899,317,599 $37,750,651,094
2000 $887,291,688 $1,453,365,294 $21,230,182,989 $40,369,840,253
2001 $825,706,961 $1,505,128,088 $21,387,533,703 $41,610,952,661
2002 $775,777,239 $1,516,022,748 $23,649,833,332 $42,953,079,744
2003 $1,157,825,435 $1,585,150,007 $29,667,268,248 $44,078,183,529
2004 $1,511,236,656 $1,611,976,677 $35,064,843,793 $45,943,523,456
2005 $1,682,343,527 $1,667,849,759 $37,672,280,120 $47,084,243,707
2006 $1,800,092,564 $1,738,401,392 $42,910,146,296 $49,917,168,650
2007 $1,682,131,785 $1,811,204,149 $51,587,401,416 $53,959,794,030
2008 $1,766,902,709 $1,911,244,555 $58,844,277,702 $53,797,819,881
2009 $1,740,894,965 $1,887,282,177 $54,467,289,898 $52,055,333,193
2010 $2,234,754,242 $1,986,735,735 $56,213,985,987 $54,012,829,513
2011 $2,579,409,620 $2,078,451,680 $61,696,281,326 $54,576,884,710
2012 $2,477,702,216 $2,210,102,550 $59,776,383,527 $55,477,349,892
2013 $2,367,112,932 $2,249,719,203 $65,203,276,467 $57,236,974,872
2014 $2,441,063,054 $2,288,201,773 $68,804,811,898 $58,738,350,400
2015 $2,359,686,725 $2,359,686,725 $60,071,584,216 $60,071,584,216
2016 $2,114,426,452 $2,444,845,631 $62,216,885,436 $63,062,061,884
2017 $2,306,741,672 $2,368,122,099 $65,712,180,343 $63,892,707,251
2018 $2,556,247,292 $2,333,058,898 $71,085,623,495 $64,922,207,641
2019 $2,390,702,296 $2,299,976,266 $69,872,035,114 $66,707,126,419
2020 $2,053,699,870 $2,112,391,150 $73,670,782,100 $66,366,885,631
2021 $2,412,130,022 $2,160,272,945 $86,386,759,695 $70,965,934,441
2022 $2,354,980,884 $2,211,855,515 $80,801,680,397 $70,188,819,484
2023 $2,117,962,430 $2,252,257,826 $87,574,021,092 $69,701,966,861
2024 $2,271,541,846 $2,314,470,552 $93,197,329,012 $70,421,024,000

Economic indicators

Lesotho Luxembourg
Gross domestic product
$2.27B
2024
$93.2B
2024
GDP rank
174/197
2024
73/197
2024
GDP growth
7.25%
2023-2024
6.42%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$972
2024
$137,517
2024
GDP per capita rank
180/197
2024
3/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$2,998
2024
$150,772
2024
Government debt
$1.36B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.7%
2025
26.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$581
2024
$35,728
2024
Government debt per person rank
160/185
2024
20/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,614
2025
$64,450
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$41.9B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
32.9%
2017
25%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.7%
2017
2.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
52.4%
2025
48.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
6.11%
2023-2024
2.05%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
6.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
18.7%
2024
6.42%
2024
Population
2384217
690832

GDP per capita in Lesotho vs Luxembourg

Lesotho's GDP per capita is $972, ranking 180/197, compared to $137,517 in Luxembourg, ranking 3/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Lesotho ranks 180th at $2,998, while Luxembourg ranks 1st at $150,772.

Lesotho
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Luxembourg
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Lesotho Luxembourg
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $47 - $2,261 -
1961 $47 - $2,241 -
1962 $53.5 - $2,332 -
1963 $58.4 - $2,462 -
1964 $62.6 - $2,779 -
1965 $64.3 - $2,804 -
1966 $64.3 - $2,925 -
1967 $64.8 - $2,935 -
1968 $64.8 - $3,203 -
1969 $67.1 - $3,690 -
1970 $67.4 - $4,298 -
1971 $72.4 - $4,435 -
1972 $74 - $5,487 -
1973 $107 - $7,447 -
1974 $128.7 - $8,967 -
1975 $123.2 - $8,701 -
1976 $117.8 - $9,491 -
1977 $149.9 - $10,486 -
1978 $200.8 - $13,034 -
1979 $212.4 - $15,204 -
1980 $307 - $16,531 -
1981 $299.8 - $13,837 -
1982 $233.9 - $12,591 -
1983 $252 - $12,374 -
1984 $211 - $12,127 -
1985 $165.4 - $12,482 -
1986 $191.4 - $18,150 -
1987 $236.5 - $22,443 -
1988 $270.4 - $25,219 -
1989 $279 - $26,618 -
1990 $330 $764 $33,465 $29,929
1991 $382 $830 $35,747 $33,168
1992 $444 $893 $39,571 $34,086
1993 $439 $932 $40,067 $35,875
1994 $456 $995 $43,933 $37,526
1995 $513 $1,037 $51,032 $38,320
1996 $480 $1,103 $50,444 $39,707
1997 $502 $1,154 $46,642 $42,478
1998 $465 $1,179 $47,445 $44,267
1999 $456 $1,199 $50,872 $49,845
2000 $443 $1,273 $48,660 $55,124
2001 $413 $1,350 $48,440 $56,142
2002 $389 $1,385 $53,006 $58,576
2003 $583 $1,484 $65,689 $60,200
2004 $767 $1,561 $76,545 $64,694
2005 $861 $1,681 $80,988 $68,788
2006 $925 $1,813 $90,789 $78,878
2007 $861 $1,932 $107,475 $85,129
2008 $898 $2,064 $120,422 $90,971
2009 $879 $2,036 $109,420 $86,873
2010 $1,119 $2,153 $110,886 $90,346
2011 $1,281 $2,279 $119,025 $94,475
2012 $1,218 $2,291 $112,585 $96,636
2013 $1,151 $2,538 $120,000 $100,925
2014 $1,174 $2,771 $123,679 $105,296
2015 $1,121 $3,035 $105,462 $107,889
2016 $992 $2,942 $106,899 $113,365
2017 $1,069 $2,619 $110,193 $114,986
2018 $1,171 $2,632 $116,927 $116,638
2019 $1,082 $2,568 $112,697 $121,372
2020 $919 $2,559 $116,860 $122,067
2021 $1,067 $2,545 $134,966 $136,772
2022 $1,030 $2,761 $123,720 $143,382
2023 $916 $2,881 $131,408 $142,425
2024 $972 $2,998 $137,517 $150,772

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Lesotho's government spending was $1.18B, accounting for 52.4% of its GDP, while Luxembourg's spent $43.7B, or 48.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.7% in Lesotho and 26.4% in Luxembourg, ranking 81/185 and 167/185, respectively.

Lesotho
Government spending

Government debt
Luxembourg
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Lesotho Luxembourg
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1982 29.9% 61.4% - -
1983 27.2% 56.7% - -
1984 26.8% 57.2% - -
1985 32.8% 86.3% - -
1986 33.2% 92.5% - -
1987 40.3% 97.4% - -
1988 35.3% 105.2% - -
1989 35.8% 112.5% - -
1990 32.9% 18% - -
1991 31.3% 11.9% - -
1992 35.3% 64.4% - -
1993 36% 71.2% - -
1994 40.2% 67% - -
1995 42.1% 62.8% 42% 10.3%
1996 41.5% 71.6% 42.5% 10.2%
1997 44.6% 65.7% 44.2% 10.1%
1998 51.4% 79.4% 43.9% 9.51%
1999 50.8% 83% 41.7% 8.39%
2000 39.3% 88.5% 38% 7.49%
2001 41.4% 108.7% 38.1% 7.62%
2002 41.2% 79.6% 41.8% 7.45%
2003 39.8% 52.6% 43.3% 7.43%
2004 36.3% 49.4% 43.7% 7.83%
2005 37.6% 41% 43.4% 7.95%
2006 43.2% 43.7% 39.4% 8.21%
2007 48.1% 49.6% 37.4% 8.09%
2008 54.1% 47% 37.9% 14.6%
2009 66.4% 35.9% 42.7% 15.3%
2010 55.3% 33.8% 42% 19.1%
2011 60.2% 36.2% 41.5% 18.5%
2012 58.1% 39.8% 41.8% 20.8%
2013 58.4% 41.2% 41.2% 22.4%
2014 50.1% 41.5% 40.6% 21.9%
2015 51.7% 45.8% 40.4% 21.1%
2016 54.1% 41.5% 40% 19.6%
2017 50.4% 41% 41.3% 21.8%
2018 51.9% 48.2% 42.3% 20.9%
2019 53.6% 58.2% 43.1% 22.3%
2020 54.4% 54.7% 47% 24.5%
2021 53.8% 58% 42.4% 24.2%
2022 50.8% 64.6% 44.3% 24.9%
2023 49.4% 61.5% 47% 25%
2024 51.9% 59.8% 46.9% 26%
2025 52.4% 59.7% 48.2% 26.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Lesotho's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $201M, equivalent to 8.87% of GDP. This compares to Luxembourg's surplus of $961M, or 1.03% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Lesotho recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Luxembourg ran a deficit in 6 years. On average, Lesotho posted an annual deficit equal to -0.37% of GDP, compared to surplus of +1.57% of GDP for Luxembourg.

Deficit/surplus
Lesotho

Luxembourg
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Lesotho Luxembourg
1982 -2.03% -
1983 1.85% -
1984 4.82% -
1985 1.68% -
1986 0.87% -
1987 -2.85% -
1988 -1.87% -
1989 3.88% -
1990 8.78% -
1991 9.74% -
1992 4.65% -
1993 7.55% -
1994 5.69% -
1995 5.13% 2.71%
1996 2.11% 2.37%
1997 0.27% 2.65%
1998 -11.8% 2.98%
1999 -15.3% 3.24%
2000 -0.95% 5.55%
2001 -2.76% 5.62%
2002 -2.44% 2.03%
2003 0.89% 0.28%
2004 6.05% -1.39%
2005 4.46% -0.21%
2006 11.6% 1.9%
2007 10.8% 4.35%
2008 8.1% 3.37%
2009 -4.16% -0.21%
2010 -1.49% -0.26%
2011 -9.85% 0.65%
2012 4.56% 0.5%
2013 -2.58% 0.84%
2014 3.16% 1.33%
2015 -1.38% 1.3%
2016 -9.43% 1.89%
2017 -2.02% 1.37%
2018 -4.41% 3.17%
2019 -5.72% 2.68%
2020 1.18% -3.09%
2021 -4.95% 1%
2022 -6.41% 0.18%
2023 7.32% -0.79%
2024 8.87% 1.03%
2025 6.05% -0.78%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Lesotho has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.29%, compared with 2.07% in Luxembourg. In 2024, inflation was 6.11% in Lesotho and 2.05% in Luxembourg.

Inflation
Lesotho

Luxembourg
Year Inflation
Lesotho Luxembourg Lesotho Luxembourg
1996 9.33% 1.18%
1997 - 1.37%
1998 - 0.96%
1999 - 1.03%
2000 6.13% 3.15%
2001 -9.62% 2.66%
2002 33.8% 2.07%
2003 6.63% 2.05%
2004 5.02% 2.23%
2005 3.44% 2.49%
2006 6.07% 2.67%
2007 8.01% 2.31%
2008 10.7% 3.4%
2009 -16.9% 0.37%
2010 -2.41% 2.27%
2011 5.04% 3.41%
2012 6.05% 2.66%
2013 4.87% 1.73%
2014 5.37% 0.63%
2015 3.22% 0.47%
2016 6.6% 0.29%
2017 4.45% 1.73%
2018 4.75% 1.53%
2019 5.19% 1.74%
2020 4.98% 0.82%
2021 6.05% 2.53%
2022 8.27% 6.34%
2023 6.34% 3.74%
2024 6.11% 2.05%

Top exports between countries

Lesotho
Export category Export value
Luxembourg
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $26K
Machinery & equipment $24K

Balance of trade

Lesotho Luxembourg
Current account balance
$84.4M
2024
$6.43B
2024
Current account balance ranking
67/189
2024
28/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.72%
2024
+6.9%
2024
Goods imports
$1.67B
2024
$29.7B
2024
Goods exports
$968M
2024
$31B
2024
Service imports
$415M
2024
$138B
2024
Service exports
$15.4M
2024
$171B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
98.6%
2023
182.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.9%
2023
215.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Lesotho Luxembourg
Economic freedom 54.1 79.5
Economic freedom ranking 137/197 6/197
Property rights 42.4 97.8
Government integrity 39.3 85.7
Judicial effectiveness 43.6 97.2
Tax burden 68 62.7
Government spending 23.8 39.4
Fiscal health 92 98.5
Business freedom 49.6 89.2
Labor freedom 58 57.5
Monetary freedom 73.5 71.9
Trade freedom 63.8 79.6
Investment freedom 55 95
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Lesotho is 54.1, ranking 137/197, compared to 79.5 for Luxembourg, ranking 6/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Lesotho
Luxembourg
Year Economic freedom index
Lesotho Luxembourg
1996 47 72.5
1997 47.2 72.8
1998 48.4 72.7
1999 48.2 72.4
2000 48.4 76.4
2001 50.6 80.1
2002 48.9 79.4
2003 52 79.9
2004 50.3 78.9
2005 53.9 76.3
2006 54.7 75.3
2007 53.2 74.6
2008 52.1 74.7
2009 49.7 75.2
2010 48.1 75.4
2011 47.5 76.2
2012 46.6 74.5
2013 47.9 74.2
2014 49.5 74.2
2015 49.6 73.2
2016 50.6 73.9
2017 53.9 75.9
2018 53.9 76.4
2019 53.1 75.9
2020 54.5 75.8
2021 53.5 76
2022 48.1 80.6
2023 51.6 78.4
2024 51.9 79.2
2025 54.1 79.5

More economic indicators

Lesotho Luxembourg
Services, % of GDP
48%
2024
81.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31%
2024
9.01%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.5%
2024
0.17%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.75B
2024
$62B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,580
2024
$106,980
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.01B
2024
$2.79B
2024
Total reserves ranking
142/177
2024
119/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$12.6M
2024
$53.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$12.6M
2024
$106B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
1989
$109B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.07%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
49.7%
2017
17.3%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.2%
2023
15.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.