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Economy of Germany vs Suriname compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Germany has a GDP of $5.05T compared to $4.52B for Suriname, ranking 3/197 and 165/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $3.18T in government debt (62.9% of GDP), compared to $4.79B (105.8% of GDP) in Suriname.

Germany vs Suriname GDP by year

Germany
Suriname
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Suriname
2025 $5,050,922,925,047 $4,523,657,797
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $4,416,775,113
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $3,472,693,412
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $3,791,603,200
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $3,107,923,198
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $2,911,807,496
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $4,016,040,575
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $3,996,198,867
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $3,591,679,431
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $3,317,421,648
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $5,126,237,646
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $5,240,606,061
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $5,145,757,576
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $4,980,000,000
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $4,422,276,622
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $4,368,370,998
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $3,875,409,836
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $3,532,969,035
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $2,936,612,022
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $2,626,380,435
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $1,793,410,397
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $1,484,092,538
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $1,274,190,311
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $1,093,574,468
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $834,279,358
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $947,671,970
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $886,290,698
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $1,110,850,000
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $926,422,500
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $861,372,806
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $691,590,498
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $605,492,537
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $428,764,706
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $404,600,000
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $448,100,000
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $388,400,000
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $542,600,000
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $1,161,000,000
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $980,000,000
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $891,000,000
1985 $735,218,723,093 $873,000,000
1984 $727,767,760,979 $864,000,000
1983 $773,507,930,295 $883,500,000
1982 $779,421,633,755 $915,000,000
1981 $803,404,797,058 $889,000,000
1980 $953,772,499,462 $795,000,000
1979 $884,574,218,333 $782,500,000
1978 $743,182,891,918 $735,500,000
1977 $602,698,323,086 $641,500,000
1976 $521,658,712,133 $505,500,000
1975 $492,434,094,920 $465,500,000
1974 $446,934,971,657 $409,850,000
1973 $399,833,571,167 $339,450,000
1972 $300,899,944,795 $311,950,000
1971 $250,900,942,397 $301,000,000
1970 $216,629,229,947 $274,900,000
1969 $177,733,486,326 $259,650,000
1968 $156,527,292,653 $241,350,000
1967 $145,100,667,773 $220,700,000
1966 $143,304,275,684 $190,350,000
1965 $134,774,688,191 $154,150,000
1964 $123,330,404,665 $134,400,000
1963 $112,232,503,744 $125,950,000
1962 $105,895,435,234 $116,150,000
1961 $96,558,204,043 $107,700,000
1960 $84,619,845,881 $99,650,000

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Suriname by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Suriname
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Suriname
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,496 - $7,070 -
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $6,962 $21,801
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $5,522 $21,110
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $6,084 $20,079
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $5,030 $18,458
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $4,755 $16,947
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $6,630 $19,772
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $6,666 $17,855
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $6,050 $17,568
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $5,644 $14,475
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $8,814 $16,544
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $9,108 $16,598
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $9,043 $16,173
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $8,851 $15,185
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $7,950 $13,926
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $7,944 $13,039
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $7,130 $12,393
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $6,576 $12,097
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $5,530 $11,530
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $5,003 $10,803
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $3,453 $10,014
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $2,888 $9,389
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $2,516 $8,552
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $2,202 $8,046
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $1,715 $7,865
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $1,988 $7,535
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $1,898 $7,367
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $2,429 $7,521
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $2,068 $7,422
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $1,963 $7,048
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $1,610 $7,000
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $1,434 $6,973
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $1,022 $6,650
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $969 $6,992
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $1,080 $6,852
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $942 $6,493
1989 $17,829 - $1,329 -
1988 $17,997 - $2,886 -
1987 $16,739 - $2,469 -
1986 $13,511 - $2,271 -
1985 $9,464 - $2,256 -
1984 $9,347 - $2,261 -
1983 $9,900 - $2,333 -
1982 $9,950 - $2,430 -
1981 $10,246 - $2,368 -
1980 $12,183 - $2,118 -
1979 $11,322 - $2,072 -
1978 $9,517 - $1,928 -
1977 $7,711 - $1,666 -
1976 $6,659 - $1,302 -
1975 $6,259 - $1,190 -
1974 $5,660 - $1,041 -
1973 $5,065 - $858 -
1972 $3,824 - $785 -
1971 $3,204 - $768 -
1970 $2,771 - $724 -
1969 $2,281 - $708 -
1968 $2,025 - $681 -
1967 $1,886 - $644 -
1966 $1,871 - $575 -
1965 $1,774 - $482 -
1964 $1,637 - $435 -
1963 $1,502 - $424 -
1962 $1,431 - $409 -
1961 $1,316 - $395 -
1960 $1,162 - $378 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $60,496, ranking 18/197, compared to $7,070 in Suriname, ranking 104/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Suriname ranks 89th at $21,801.

Economic indicators

Germany Suriname
Gross domestic product
$5.05T
2025
$4.52B
2025
GDP rank
3/197
2025
165/197
2025
GDP growth
0.24%
2024-2025
1.79%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,496
2025
$7,070
2025
GDP per capita rank
18/197
2025
104/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$21,801
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
89/197
2024
Government debt
$3.18T
2025
$4.79B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
62.9%
2025
105.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,071
2025
$7,483
2025
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2025
69/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,352
2026
$3,363
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.9T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,648,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
212
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.2%
2022
30.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
2.2%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.5%
2025
37.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.17%
2024-2025
9.21%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
10%
2013
Unemployment rate
3.8%
2025
7.92%
2016
Population
82830814
648096

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Suriname
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Suriname
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 50.5% 62.9% 37.3% 105.8%
2024 49.4% 62.2% 29.3% 88%
2023 48.1% 62.3% 28.9% 97.7%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 28.2% 111.7%
2021 50.7% 67.9% 32% 115.8%
2020 51.1% 68% 30.2% 146.4%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 40.5% 84%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 29.5% 68.6%
2017 44.5% 64% 28.7% 73%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 27.9% 75.4%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 29.9% 41.2%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 25.2% 25.2%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 26.2% 27.9%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 25.1% 20.1%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 21% 18.7%
2010 48.1% 81% 21% 17.3%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 24% 14.6%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 20.5% 14.8%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 22.6% 16.4%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 22.2% 22.5%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 22.2% 27.1%
2004 47% 65% 20.8% 29.4%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 19.2% 31.5%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 22.2% 37.4%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 21.8% 37.2%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 24.4% 48.4%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 19.6% 32.3%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 30.3% 21.6%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 21.1% 16.8%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 21.4% 11.8%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 20.2% 16.3%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 19.8% 30.5%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 21.2% 51.1%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 24.4% 64.4%
1991 46.5% 39% 26.6% 75.7%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 22.7% 72.9%
1989 44.3% 39.2% - -
1988 45.6% 40.5% - -
1987 46% 40.1% - -
1986 45.7% 39.1% - -
1985 46.6% 39.2% - -
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% - -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% - -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government spending was $2.55T, accounting for 50.5% of its GDP, while Suriname spent $1.69B, or 37.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 62.9% in Germany and 105.8% in Suriname, ranking 70/185 and 18/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Suriname
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Suriname
2025 -2.67% -9.61%
2024 -2.66% -3.36%
2023 -2.49% -1.67%
2022 -1.91% -2.57%
2021 -3.17% -5.66%
2020 -4.38% -12%
2019 1.33% -20.2%
2018 1.88% -8.56%
2017 1.34% -8.62%
2016 1.13% -10.2%
2015 0.91% -8.29%
2014 0.73% -2.65%
2013 0.12% -2.64%
2012 -0.05% -0.38%
2011 -0.84% 2.32%
2010 -4.42% -0.15%
2009 -3.18% 2.03%
2008 -0.26% 2.39%
2007 0.15% 5.01%
2006 -1.76% 0.59%
2005 -3.37% -3.39%
2004 -3.42% -1.2%
2003 -3.83% -0.11%
2002 -4.09% -3.3%
2001 -3.12% 3.49%
2000 -1.71% -7.76%
1999 -1.87% -4.92%
1998 -2.65% -6.39%
1997 -3.03% -0.32%
1996 -3.64% 3.42%
1995 -9.44% 1.17%
1994 -2.54% -1.89%
1993 -3.11% -4.68%
1992 -2.63% -6.45%
1991 -3.21% -9.8%
1990 -1.94% -3.04%
1989 0.08% -
1988 -2.02% -
1987 -1.85% -
1986 -1.18% -
1985 -1.18% -
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% -
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Suriname's deficit of $435M, or 9.61% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Suriname ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 2.05% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.59% of GDP for Suriname.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Suriname
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Suriname
2025 2.17% 9.21%
2024 2.26% 16.2%
2023 5.95% 51.6%
2022 6.87% 52.4%
2021 3.07% 59.1%
2020 0.14% 34.9%
2019 1.45% -
2018 1.73% -
2017 1.51% 22%
2016 0.49% 55.4%
2015 0.51% 6.89%
2014 0.91% 3.38%
2013 1.5% 1.92%
2012 2.01% 5.01%
2011 2.08% 17.7%
2010 1.1% 6.94%
2009 0.31% -0.13%
2008 2.63% 14.7%
2007 2.3% 6.43%
2006 1.58% 11.3%
2005 1.55% 9.9%
2004 1.67% 9.99%
2003 1.03% 23%
2002 1.42% 15.5%
2001 1.98% 38.6%
2000 1.44% 59.4%
1999 0.59% 98.8%
1998 0.91% 19%
1997 1.94% 7.15%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 24.3% in Suriname. In 2025, inflation was 2.17% in Germany and 9.21% in Suriname.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $26.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.5M
Chemicals & pharma $4.46M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.5M
Raw agricultural goods $1.88M
Miscellaneous $1.84M
Raw materials & minerals $1.79M
Metals $1.03M
Precious metals & jewellery $855K
Animal & marine products $802K
Suriname
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.15M
Metals $850K
Wood & paper products $244K
Machinery & equipment $169K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $158K
Raw agricultural goods $120K
Animal & marine products $113K
Chemicals & pharma $15K
Textiles & consumer goods $2K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Germany Suriname
Current account balance
$228B
2025
-$2.48B
2025
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2025
146/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.51%
2025
-54.9%
2025
Goods imports
$1.32T
2025
$1.91B
2025
Goods exports
$1.53T
2025
$2.97B
2025
Service imports
$602B
2025
$3.59B
2025
Service exports
$518B
2025
$218M
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
38.1%
2025
38.4%
2010
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
52.5%
2010

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Suriname
Economic freedom 71.7 53
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 143/197
Property rights 95.5 40.5
Government integrity 84.5 41
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 46.5
Tax burden 60.5 69.1
Government spending 28.8 74.3
Fiscal health 83.1 76.6
Business freedom 79.8 56.9
Labor freedom 52.2 69
Monetary freedom 72.5 56.4
Trade freedom 79.4 65.2
Investment freedom 60 20
Financial freedom 70 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Suriname
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Suriname
2026 71.7 53
2025 71.6 50.9
2024 72.1 46.7
2023 73.7 46.1
2022 76.1 48.1
2021 72.5 46.4
2020 73.5 49.5
2019 73.5 48.1
2018 74.2 48.1
2017 73.8 48
2016 74.4 53.8
2015 73.8 54.2
2014 73.4 54.2
2013 72.8 52
2012 71 52.6
2011 71.8 53.1
2010 71.1 52.5
2009 70.5 54.1
2008 70.6 54.3
2007 70.8 54.8
2006 70.8 55.1
2005 68.1 51.9
2004 69.5 47.9
2003 69.7 46.9
2002 70.4 48
2001 69.5 44.3
2000 65.7 45.8
1999 65.6 40.1
1998 64.3 39.9
1997 67.5 35.9
1996 69.1 36.7
1995 69.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 53 for Suriname, ranking 143/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Suriname
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
50.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
35.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.87%
2025
6.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$5.03T
2025
$3.93B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$78,140
2025
$21,000
2025
Total reserves including gold
$572B
2025
$1.62B
2025
Total reserves ranking
7/177
2025
132/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2025
-$2.04B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$62.6B
2024
$666M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$87B
2024
-$9.05M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
20.5%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
70%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
36.2%
2010

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/suriname | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.