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Economy of Mexico vs Turkey compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Mexico has a GDP of $1.83T compared to $1.6T for Turkey, ranking 14/197 and 16/197 by economy size, respectively.

Mexico has $1.13T in government debt (61.8% of GDP), compared to $375B (23.5% of GDP) in Turkey.

Mexico vs Turkey GDP by year

Mexico
Turkey
1x
Year GDP, current $
Mexico Turkey
2025 $1,832,641,364,776 $1,597,293,229,287
2024 $1,830,489,311,089 $1,359,123,768,774
2023 $1,794,410,347,718 $1,141,242,864,657
2022 $1,466,934,724,243 $926,097,476,914
2021 $1,316,569,466,834 $839,938,668,172
2020 $1,121,064,767,169 $733,628,247,119
2019 $1,304,106,204,006 $775,853,144,223
2018 $1,256,300,182,984 $788,356,985,774
2017 $1,190,721,475,853 $863,874,522,365
2016 $1,112,233,497,453 $870,818,016,910
2015 $1,213,294,467,654 $865,460,050,684
2014 $1,364,507,717,689 $942,343,431,929
2013 $1,327,436,290,439 $962,167,643,589
2012 $1,255,110,424,742 $885,327,622,479
2011 $1,229,013,703,417 $844,192,507,381
2010 $1,105,424,238,652 $782,545,664,268
2009 $943,437,414,951 $653,894,449,921
2008 $1,161,553,459,985 $775,415,944,333
2007 $1,102,355,554,880 $685,228,481,017
2006 $1,020,265,057,882 $559,668,118,237
2005 $917,571,853,437 $508,314,210,213
2004 $819,459,227,375 $410,156,784,496
2003 $765,549,967,889 $315,392,899,922
2002 $810,666,116,402 $240,778,008,474
2001 $796,064,590,549 $202,195,080,239
2000 $742,061,329,749 $274,748,463,179
1999 $631,249,359,702 $256,673,939,248
1998 $557,461,102,631 $276,035,372,655
1997 $523,449,530,464 $263,817,553,748
1996 $432,157,945,024 $250,366,965,174
1995 $380,157,469,867 $234,699,627,004
1994 $553,618,247,901 $130,650,447,499
1993 $530,160,763,663 $180,415,757,852
1992 $363,157,832,924 $159,104,772,992
1991 $313,139,656,146 $151,034,731,544
1990 $261,253,675,693 $150,655,500,192
1989 $221,403,098,267 $107,127,191,329
1988 $181,611,150,497 $90,875,175,809
1987 $147,542,558,209 $87,190,081,680
1986 $134,556,034,673 $75,673,037,037
1985 $195,241,069,482 $67,232,758,621
1984 $184,230,754,105 $59,937,602,180
1983 $156,167,000,433 $61,803,555,556
1982 $184,602,611,610 $64,369,325,153
1981 $263,797,827,860 $71,180,180,180
1980 $205,577,055,466 $68,823,684,211
1979 $134,531,900,899 $89,616,129,032
1978 $102,648,570,299 $65,912,500,000
1977 $81,912,018,784 $58,683,333,333
1976 $88,875,923,765 $51,450,000,000
1975 $88,000,000,000 $46,042,857,143
1974 $72,000,000,000 $35,414,285,714
1973 $55,280,000,000 $26,000,000,000
1972 $45,200,000,000 $20,650,000,000
1971 $39,200,000,000 $16,166,666,667
1970 $35,520,000,000 $17,863,636,364
1969 $32,480,000,000 $19,466,666,667
1968 $29,360,000,000 $17,500,000,000
1967 $26,560,000,000 $15,644,444,444
1966 $24,320,000,000 $14,100,000,000
1965 $21,840,000,000 $11,966,666,667
1964 $20,080,000,000 $11,177,777,778
1963 $16,960,000,000 $10,355,555,556
1962 $15,200,000,000 $8,922,222,222
1961 $14,160,000,000 $7,988,888,889
1960 $13,040,000,000 $7,566,666,667

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

GDP per capita in Mexico vs Turkey by year

Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Turkey
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Mexico Turkey
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $13,889 - $18,599 -
2024 $13,988 $26,185 $15,893 $45,639
2023 $13,831 $25,243 $13,375 $42,786
2022 $11,406 $23,135 $10,898 $39,564
2021 $10,314 $20,783 $9,982 $32,106
2020 $8,841 $19,354 $8,798 $29,209
2019 $10,370 $20,964 $9,395 $29,016
2018 $10,085 $20,921 $9,684 $28,640
2017 $9,649 $20,489 $10,756 $28,354
2016 $9,098 $20,105 $10,984 $26,731
2015 $10,021 $19,071 $11,065 $25,890
2014 $11,391 $18,821 $12,209 $24,193
2013 $11,217 $18,170 $12,636 $22,475
2012 $10,744 $18,005 $11,777 $20,739
2011 $10,664 $17,267 $11,374 $19,717
2010 $9,729 $15,909 $10,699 $17,466
2009 $8,424 $15,191 $9,077 $15,560
2008 $10,524 $15,681 $10,913 $16,142
2007 $10,134 $15,032 $9,767 $14,951
2006 $9,513 $14,540 $7,990 $13,555
2005 $8,672 $13,260 $7,332 $11,803
2004 $7,850 $12,658 $5,980 $10,759
2003 $7,434 $12,066 $4,650 $9,474
2002 $7,983 $11,762 $3,591 $9,154
2001 $7,953 $11,739 $3,052 $9,014
2000 $7,524 $11,705 $4,199 $9,326
1999 $6,500 $11,031 $3,974 $8,470
1998 $5,833 $10,756 $4,331 $8,763
1997 $5,567 $10,182 $4,197 $11,514
1996 $4,674 $9,496 $4,041 $10,624
1995 $4,184 $8,933 $3,846 $9,962
1994 $6,202 $9,466 $2,176 $9,253
1993 $6,048 $9,041 $3,058 $9,751
1992 $4,221 $9,470 $2,744 $8,969
1991 $3,709 $9,079 $2,649 $8,418
1990 $3,154 $8,578 $2,690 $8,208
1989 $2,725 - $1,949 -
1988 $2,279 - $1,686 -
1987 $1,888 - $1,650 -
1986 $1,757 - $1,461 -
1985 $2,602 - $1,326 -
1984 $2,506 - $1,209 -
1983 $2,170 - $1,276 -
1982 $2,621 - $1,360 -
1981 $3,829 - $1,537 -
1980 $3,055 - $1,516 -
1979 $2,049 - $2,013 -
1978 $1,604 - $1,510 -
1977 $1,315 - $1,372 -
1976 $1,465 - $1,228 -
1975 $1,492 - $1,122 -
1974 $1,256 - $881 -
1973 $993 - $661 -
1972 $837 - $537 -
1971 $748 - $431 -
1970 $699 - $488 -
1969 $660 - $544 -
1968 $616 - $501 -
1967 $576 - $459 -
1966 $545 - $425 -
1965 $506 - $370 -
1964 $481 - $354 -
1963 $420 - $337 -
1962 $388 - $298.2 -
1961 $374 - $274.4 -
1960 $355 - $267.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

Mexico's GDP per capita is $13,889, ranking 76/197, compared to $18,599 in Turkey, ranking 66/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185, while Turkey ranks 51st at $45,639.

Economic indicators

Mexico Turkey
Gross domestic product
$1.83T
2025
$1.6T
2025
GDP rank
14/197
2025
16/197
2025
GDP growth
0.56%
2024-2025
3.6%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$13,889
2025
$18,599
2025
GDP per capita rank
76/197
2025
66/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,185
2024
$45,639
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
80/197
2024
51/197
2024
Government debt
$1.13T
2025
$375B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
61.8%
2025
23.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$8,577
2025
$4,367
2025
Government debt per person rank
66/185
2025
92/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,482
2026
$12,616
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$560B
2025
$404B
2025
Number of millionaires
333,000
2026
93,000
2026
Number of billionaires
22
2026
32
2026
Income share by richest 10%
33.4%
2024
34.4%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2024
2.1%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.8%
2025
32.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.81%
2024-2025
34.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2026
37%
2026
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2025
8.4%
2025
Population
133551566
86225430

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Mexico
Spending

Debt
Turkey
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Mexico Turkey
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.8% 61.8% 32.4% 23.5%
2024 30.8% 59.1% 32.9% 23.6%
2023 28.6% 52.8% 32.7% 28.2%
2022 28.5% 53.8% 26.8% 29.4%
2021 26.7% 56.7% 30.5% 38.9%
2020 27.8% 58.5% 34% 38.3%
2019 25.3% 51.9% 34.8% 31.2%
2018 25% 52.2% 33.9% 28.8%
2017 25% 52.5% 32.4% 26.9%
2016 26.5% 55% 33.8% 27%
2015 26.6% 51% 32.4% 26.5%
2014 26.9% 47.1% 32.5% 27.4%
2013 26.7% 44.1% 33.5% 29.5%
2012 27% 40.8% 34% 30.8%
2011 26.6% 41.2% 32.6% 34.8%
2010 26.5% 40.2% 35.2% 38.6%
2009 26.5% 41.7% 37% 42.4%
2008 26.5% 40.6% 33.5% 37%
2007 22.5% 35.5% 32.7% 37.1%
2006 21.6% 35.8% 33.4% 44.2%
2005 21.2% 36.8% 32% 50.2%
2004 20.5% 38.9% 34.5% 57%
2003 21.5% 42.1% 38.3% 63.6%
2002 19.8% 39.9% 40.9% 71.2%
2001 19.5% 37.3% 43.9% 75.6%
2000 19.4% 38.5% 39.4% 51.2%
1999 20.1% 41.7% 32.7% 52.1%
1998 19.5% 39.7% 27.9% 36.5%
1997 20.7% 39.1% 26.4% 32.5%
1996 20.8% 42.5% 24.5% 35.5%
1995 18.9% 30.7% 19.4% 34.6%
1994 18.9% 26.8% 20.5% 39.2%
1993 18.2% 19.2% 22% 29.1%
1992 19% 21.5% 18.6% 29.2%
1991 20.1% 29.2% 18.2% 28.4%
1990 22.9% 35.7% 14.1% 25.8%
1989 19.2% 36% 13.8% 33.5%
1988 23.6% 36.5% 12.9% 38.6%
1987 26.7% 52.7% 13.3% 40.3%
1986 25.1% 47.8% 12.1% 38.2%
1985 21.4% 30.4% 18% 44.3%
1984 19.8% 25.2% 14.1% 42.6%
1983 21.6% 25.3% 14.9% 32.7%
1982 24.7% 29.8% 19.2% 33.4%
1981 20.1% 41.7% 24% 32%
1980 17.5% 31.4% 25.5% 22.4%
1979 16.5% 35.8% 28.3% 23.6%
1978 15.7% 39% 27.6% 25.8%
1977 15.5% 41.5% 27.8% 24%
1976 15.5% 31.3% 23.3% 20.4%
1975 14.7% 24.4% 22% 20.2%
1974 13.8% 21.7% 19% 19%
1973 12.7% 20% 21.8% 23.1%
1972 11.9% 17.9% 21.9% 30.1%
1971 10.6% 17% 24.8% 34.4%
1970 10.9% 17.1% 22.7% 39.8%
1969 11.8% 10.7% 20.5% 33.2%
1968 10.9% 7.85% 19% 33.2%
1967 10.4% 8.22% 20.1% 33.3%
1966 11.6% 5.14% 18.9% 33.4%
1965 10.7% 9.99% 19% 33.4%
1964 9.21% 6.22% 18.9% 25.7%
1963 8.51% 4.13% 17.5% 27.6%
1962 8.26% 4.2% 15.7% 28.8%
1961 8.01% 4.38% 22.9% 28.9%
1960 9.5% 4.58% 15.6% 19.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

In 2025, Mexico's government spending was $547B, accounting for 29.8% of its GDP, while Turkey spent $517B, or 32.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 61.8% in Mexico and 23.5% in Turkey, ranking 73/185 and 169/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Mexico

Turkey
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Mexico Turkey
2025 -4.86% -2.78%
2024 -5.78% -4.51%
2023 -4.3% -5.19%
2022 -4.32% -1.1%
2021 -3.75% -2.98%
2020 -4.29% -4.64%
2019 -2.27% -4.69%
2018 -2.14% -3.1%
2017 -1.03% -1.87%
2016 -2.68% -1.68%
2015 -3.86% -0.51%
2014 -4.37% -0.96%
2013 -3.56% -1.21%
2012 -3.57% -1.78%
2011 -3.2% -0.35%
2010 -3.8% -2.99%
2009 -3.94% -5.14%
2008 -0.68% -2.13%
2007 -1.46% -1.37%
2006 -1.23% -0.22%
2005 -1.43% -0.75%
2004 -1.35% -4.11%
2003 -2.24% -7.55%
2002 -2.18% -11.3%
2001 -2.57% -11.6%
2000 -2.69% -8.36%
1999 -4.49% -13.8%
1998 -4.49% -9.84%
1997 -3.48% -10.1%
1996 -3.66% -10.7%
1995 -2.28% -5.95%
1994 -2.25% -6.04%
1993 -1.51% -8.84%
1992 2.26% -6.73%
1991 1.49% -6.86%
1990 -3.11% -3.65%
1989 -4.75% -3.87%
1988 -8.76% -3.2%
1987 -11.6% -3.47%
1986 -11.2% -2.43%
1985 -7.2% -5.84%
1984 -5.79% -3.77%
1983 -6.03% -1.45%
1982 -11.4% -1.61%
1981 -4.9% -1.5%
1980 -1.75% -3.67%
1979 -2.15% -3.06%
1978 -1.88% -1.83%
1977 -2.43% -5.1%
1976 -3.14% -0.6%
1975 -2.64% -0.19%
1974 -3.33% -1.02%
1973 -2.75% -0.98%
1972 -2.3% -0.13%
1971 -1.43% -3.05%
1970 -1.71% 0.14%
1969 -2.74% -1.45%
1968 -2.06% -0.62%
1967 -2.12% 0.1%
1966 -3.2% -0.66%
1965 -2.51% -1.18%
1964 -1.44% -0.84%
1963 -0.92% 0%
1962 -0.79% -0.16%
1961 -0.88% -1%
1960 -1.36% -0.83%
1959 -0.73% -0.78%
1958 0.24% -0.45%
1957 -0.03% -0.66%
1956 0.52% -0.84%
1955 0.6% -0.85%
1954 -0.94% -1.12%
1953 -0.58% -0.12%
1952 0.42% -0.1%
1951 -0.26% 0.48%
1950 -0.2% -0.53%
1949 0.44% 0.81%
1948 -1.55% 0.84%
1947 -0.93% -
1946 0.66% -
1945 -1.11% 1.01%
1944 -1.12% -
1943 0.05% 0.22%
1942 -0.93% -
1941 -0.26% -
1940 -0.4% -
1939 -0.06% -
1938 -0.91% 1.18%
1937 -0.41% -
1936 -0.39% 1.43%
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.72% -
1933 -0.58% -
1932 0% -
1931 0.71% -
1930 0.21% -
1929 0.95% -
1928 0.24% -
1927 -0.3% -
1926 -0.29% -
1925 0.46% -
1924 1.34% -
1923 1.02% -
1922 1.13% -
1921 0.64% -
1920 0.91% -
1919 0.41% -
1918 -0.19% -
1917 0.63% -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.28% -
1912 -0.79% -
1911 -0.31% -
1910 0.1% -
1909 0.15% -
1908 -0.08% -
1907 0.43% -
1906 0.72% -
1905 0.35% -
1904 1.09% -
1903 3.82% -
1902 0.42% -
1901 0.62% -
1900 0.76% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

In 2025, Mexico's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $89B, equivalent to 4.86% of GDP. This compares to Turkey's deficit of $44.4B, or 2.78% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Mexico recorded a fiscal deficit in 64 of those years, while Turkey ran a deficit in 63 years. On average, Mexico posted an annual deficit equal to 3.25% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.47% of GDP for Turkey.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Mexico

Turkey
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Mexico Turkey
2025 3.81% 34.9%
2024 4.72% 58.5%
2023 5.53% 53.9%
2022 7.9% 72.3%
2021 5.69% 19.6%
2020 3.4% 12.3%
2019 3.64% 15.2%
2018 4.9% 16.3%
2017 6.04% 11.1%
2016 2.82% 7.78%
2015 2.72% 7.67%
2014 4.02% 8.85%
2013 3.81% 7.49%
2012 4.11% 8.89%
2011 3.41% 6.47%
2010 4.16% 8.57%
2009 5.3% 6.25%
2008 5.12% 10.4%
2007 3.97% 8.76%
2006 3.63% 9.6%
2005 3.99% 8.18%
2004 4.69% 8.6%
2003 4.55% 21.6%
2002 5.03% 45%
2001 6.37% 54.4%
2000 9.49% 54.9%
1999 16.6% 64.9%
1998 15.9% 84.6%
1997 20.6% 85.7%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Mexico has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.07%, compared with 28% in Turkey. In 2025, inflation was 3.81% in Mexico and 34.9% in Turkey.

Top exports between countries

Mexico
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $143M
Machinery & equipment $68.1M
Chemicals & pharma $15.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $13.7M
Miscellaneous $9.97M
Raw materials & minerals $7.99M
Metals $7.95M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.26M
Precious metals & jewellery $4.21M
Wood & paper products $772K
Turkey
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $474M
Precious metals & jewellery $348M
Metals $138M
Textiles & consumer goods $107M
Raw materials & minerals $101M
Chemicals & pharma $91.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $26.1M
Raw agricultural goods $17.1M
Wood & paper products $12.6M
Business & finance services $10.9M

Balance of trade

Mexico Turkey
Current account balance
-$8.2B
2025
-$10.4B
2024
Current account balance ranking
171/190
2025
175/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.45%
2025
-0.77%
2024
Goods imports
$665B
2025
$313B
2024
Goods exports
$666B
2025
$257B
2024
Service imports
$75.4B
2025
$55.8B
2024
Service exports
$64B
2025
$117B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.3%
2025
25.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.6%
2025
24.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Mexico Turkey
Economic freedom 59.8 55
Economic freedom ranking 102/197 129/197
Property rights 37.6 36.4
Government integrity 28.8 35.3
Judicial effectiveness 40.4 23.5
Tax burden 75.4 72
Government spending 74.6 71.8
Fiscal health 56.7 77.8
Business freedom 67 61.6
Labor freedom 57.3 44.3
Monetary freedom 70.6 36.5
Trade freedom 74.2 71
Investment freedom 75 70
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Mexico
Turkey
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Mexico Turkey
2026 59.8 55
2025 61.3 56.1
2024 62 56.2
2023 63.2 56.9
2022 63.7 56.9
2021 65.5 64
2020 66 64.4
2019 64.7 64.6
2018 64.8 65.4
2017 63.6 65.2
2016 65.2 62.1
2015 66.4 63.2
2014 66.8 64.9
2013 67 62.9
2012 65.3 62.5
2011 67.8 64.2
2010 68.3 63.8
2009 65.8 61.6
2008 66.2 59.9
2007 66 57.4
2006 64.7 57
2005 65.2 50.6
2004 66 52.8
2003 65.3 51.9
2002 63 54.2
2001 60.6 60.6
2000 59.3 63.4
1999 58.5 59.2
1998 57.9 60.9
1997 57.1 60.8
1996 61.2 56.7
1995 63.1 58.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/turkey | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Mexico is 59.8, ranking 102/197, compared to 55 for Turkey, ranking 129/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Mexico Turkey
Services, % of GDP
58.9%
2025
59.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
30.6%
2025
24%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.88%
2025
5.21%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.81T
2025
$1.4T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$25,070
2025
$44,630
2025
Total reserves including gold
$256B
2025
$186B
2025
Total reserves ranking
17/177
2025
20/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$31.8B
2025
-$5.08B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$45.5B
2024
$11.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13B
2024
$6.61B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.77%
2024
6.68%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
29.6%
2024
13%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
31.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.