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Economy of Kazakhstan vs Mexico compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Kazakhstan has a GDP of $288B compared to $1.85T for Mexico, ranking 50/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Kazakhstan has $71.5B in government debt (25.4% of GDP), compared to $1.08T (60.7% of GDP) in Mexico.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Kazakhstan
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Mexico
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Kazakhstan Mexico
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 - - $13,040,000,000 $152,252,652,598
1961 - - $14,160,000,000 $159,865,285,229
1962 - - $15,200,000,000 $167,322,065,050
1963 - - $16,960,000,000 $180,886,675,668
1964 - - $20,080,000,000 $202,422,104,048
1965 - - $21,840,000,000 $216,794,073,430
1966 - - $24,320,000,000 $230,010,142,146
1967 - - $26,560,000,000 $243,477,063,183
1968 - - $29,360,000,000 $266,420,585,705
1969 - - $32,480,000,000 $275,528,493,195
1970 - - $35,520,000,000 $293,444,689,476
1971 - - $39,200,000,000 $304,485,451,090
1972 - - $45,200,000,000 $329,540,972,155
1973 - - $55,280,000,000 $355,446,582,966
1974 - - $72,000,000,000 $375,980,117,960
1975 - - $88,000,000,000 $397,578,239,622
1976 - - $88,875,923,765 $415,141,036,255
1977 - - $81,912,018,784 $429,216,973,069
1978 - - $102,648,570,299 $467,661,689,808
1979 - - $134,531,900,899 $513,016,316,151
1980 - - $205,577,055,466 $557,939,217,940
1981 - - $263,797,827,860 $611,422,385,110
1982 - - $184,602,611,610 $611,119,202,971
1983 - - $156,167,000,433 $582,860,269,038
1984 - - $184,230,754,105 $603,338,559,538
1985 - - $195,241,069,482 $614,917,928,417
1986 - - $134,556,034,673 $590,751,900,364
1987 - - $147,542,558,209 $602,941,257,835
1988 - - $181,611,150,497 $610,286,657,415
1989 - - $221,403,098,267 $632,412,287,313
1990 $26,932,016,270 $95,326,487,410 $261,253,675,693 $665,614,206,228
1991 $24,923,076,923 $84,840,573,793 $313,139,656,146 $692,078,394,544
1992 $24,917,355,372 $80,344,023,383 $363,157,832,924 $716,775,997,868
1993 $23,409,260,880 $72,952,373,230 $530,160,763,663 $737,325,961,817
1994 $21,250,792,886 $63,760,374,204 $553,618,247,901 $769,725,007,528
1995 $20,374,302,652 $58,532,023,519 $380,157,469,867 $724,231,953,306
1996 $21,035,357,937 $58,824,683,638 $432,157,945,024 $769,266,848,281
1997 $22,165,932,063 $59,824,703,259 $523,449,530,464 $824,645,415,973
1998 $22,135,245,507 $58,688,033,898 $557,461,102,631 $875,650,385,851
1999 $16,870,817,182 $60,272,610,812 $631,249,359,702 $899,774,820,117
2000 $18,291,990,662 $66,179,326,673 $742,061,329,749 $945,027,051,125
2001 $22,152,689,180 $75,113,535,772 $796,064,590,549 $940,766,441,524
2002 $24,636,598,527 $82,474,662,278 $810,666,116,402 $938,540,700,997
2003 $30,833,692,900 $90,144,805,870 $765,549,967,889 $949,667,522,103
2004 $43,151,647,003 $98,798,707,234 $819,459,227,375 $983,527,357,549
2005 $57,123,671,734 $108,382,181,835 $917,571,853,529 $1,004,311,721,055
2006 $81,003,864,630 $119,979,075,292 $1,020,265,057,882 $1,052,569,035,001
2007 $104,849,915,058 $130,657,212,993 $1,102,355,554,880 $1,074,439,987,418
2008 $133,441,648,852 $134,968,901,022 $1,161,553,459,985 $1,084,575,522,275
2009 $115,308,686,941 $136,588,527,833 $943,437,415,025 $1,016,298,775,560
2010 $148,047,348,241 $146,559,490,370 $1,105,424,238,573 $1,066,822,388,005
2011 $192,626,464,617 $157,404,892,659 $1,229,013,703,578 $1,103,564,231,791
2012 $207,998,568,866 $164,960,327,499 $1,255,110,424,666 $1,142,776,194,764
2013 $236,634,603,409 $174,857,947,144 $1,327,436,290,439 $1,152,513,808,435
2014 $221,415,613,595 $182,201,980,934 $1,364,507,717,765 $1,181,370,028,487
2015 $184,388,404,706 $184,388,404,706 $1,213,294,467,780 $1,213,294,467,780
2016 $137,278,320,084 $186,416,677,156 $1,112,233,497,453 $1,234,800,030,130
2017 $166,805,788,827 $194,059,760,924 $1,190,721,475,906 $1,257,912,134,729
2018 $179,339,977,690 $202,016,211,109 $1,256,300,182,776 $1,282,719,194,482
2019 $181,667,184,855 $211,106,940,611 $1,304,106,203,902 $1,277,682,077,999
2020 $171,082,365,861 $205,829,267,103 $1,121,064,767,402 $1,170,944,075,562
2021 $197,112,255,361 $214,679,925,583 $1,316,569,466,735 $1,241,768,434,264
2022 $225,496,328,925 $221,549,683,201 $1,466,464,899,304 $1,287,850,323,410
2023 $261,840,101,060 $232,848,717,044 $1,793,798,859,343 $1,330,290,026,508
2024 $288,406,138,231 $244,025,455,462 $1,852,722,885,258 $1,349,633,274,638

Economic indicators

Kazakhstan Mexico
Gross domestic product
$288B
2024
$1.85T
2024
GDP rank
50/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP growth
10.1%
2023-2024
3.28%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$14,005
2024
$14,158
2024
GDP per capita rank
72/197
2024
71/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$40,813
2024
$25,688
2024
Government debt
$71.5B
2024
$1.08T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.4%
2025
60.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,474
2024
$8,272
2024
Government debt per person rank
96/185
2024
64/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,117
2025
$9,601
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$62.8B
2024
$418B
2024
Number of millionaires
44,307
2024
331,538
2024
Number of billionaires
6
2025
22
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2021
34.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2021
2.1%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2025
29%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
11.4%
2024-2025
4.72%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
16.5%
2025
7.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.86%
2022
2.62%
2024
Population
21036432
132790957

GDP per capita in Kazakhstan vs Mexico

Kazakhstan's GDP per capita is $14,005, ranking 72/197, compared to $14,158 in Mexico, ranking 71/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Kazakhstan ranks 58th at $40,813, while Mexico ranks 80th at $25,688.

Kazakhstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Kazakhstan Mexico
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 - - $355 -
1961 - - $374 -
1962 - - $388 -
1963 - - $420 -
1964 - - $481 -
1965 - - $506 -
1966 - - $545 -
1967 - - $576 -
1968 - - $616 -
1969 - - $660 -
1970 - - $699 -
1971 - - $748 -
1972 - - $837 -
1973 - - $993 -
1974 - - $1,256 -
1975 - - $1,492 -
1976 - - $1,465 -
1977 - - $1,315 -
1978 - - $1,604 -
1979 - - $2,049 -
1980 - - $3,055 -
1981 - - $3,829 -
1982 - - $2,621 -
1983 - - $2,170 -
1984 - - $2,506 -
1985 - - $2,602 -
1986 - - $1,757 -
1987 - - $1,888 -
1988 - - $2,279 -
1989 - - $2,725 -
1990 $1,570 $7,874 $3,154 $8,578
1991 $1,442 $7,193 $3,709 $9,079
1992 $1,438 $6,945 $4,221 $9,470
1993 $1,355 $6,477 $6,048 $9,041
1994 $1,247 $5,860 $6,202 $9,466
1995 $1,218 $5,595 $4,184 $8,933
1996 $1,281 $5,836 $4,674 $9,496
1997 $1,382 $6,178 $5,567 $10,183
1998 $1,415 $6,284 $5,833 $10,756
1999 $1,092 $6,626 $6,500 $11,031
2000 $1,180 $7,418 $7,524 $11,704
2001 $1,422 $8,568 $7,953 $11,739
2002 $1,574 $9,504 $7,983 $11,762
2003 $1,958 $10,532 $7,434 $12,066
2004 $2,722 $11,777 $7,850 $12,658
2005 $3,577 $13,226 $8,672 $13,260
2006 $5,030 $14,966 $9,513 $14,542
2007 $6,449 $16,581 $10,134 $15,032
2008 $8,124 $17,278 $10,524 $15,681
2009 $6,938 $17,389 $8,424 $15,193
2010 $8,793 $18,642 $9,729 $15,909
2011 $11,287 $20,160 $10,664 $17,267
2012 $12,019 $21,367 $10,744 $18,005
2013 $13,478 $23,754 $11,217 $18,170
2014 $12,428 $23,958 $11,391 $18,821
2015 $10,196 $22,484 $10,021 $19,075
2016 $7,476 $23,023 $9,098 $20,105
2017 $8,943 $23,973 $9,649 $20,489
2018 $9,472 $25,096 $10,085 $20,921
2019 $9,457 $28,689 $10,370 $20,964
2020 $8,782 $29,040 $8,841 $19,354
2021 $9,984 $32,946 $10,314 $20,783
2022 $11,255 $35,895 $11,402 $23,380
2023 $12,879 $38,515 $13,826 $24,855
2024 $14,005 $40,813 $14,158 $25,688

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Kazakhstan's government spending was $60.7B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while Mexico's spent $563B, or 29% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 25.4% in Kazakhstan and 60.7% in Mexico, ranking 169/185 and 76/185, respectively.

Kazakhstan
Government spending

Government debt
Mexico
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Kazakhstan Mexico
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 9.5% 4.58%
1961 - - 8.01% 4.38%
1962 - - 8.26% 4.2%
1963 - - 8.51% 4.13%
1964 - - 9.21% 6.22%
1965 - - 10.7% 9.99%
1966 - - 11.6% 5.14%
1967 - - 10.4% 8.22%
1968 - - 10.9% 7.85%
1969 - - 11.8% 10.7%
1970 - - 10.9% 17.1%
1971 - - 10.6% 17%
1972 - - 11.9% 17.9%
1973 - - 12.7% 20%
1974 - - 13.8% 21.7%
1975 - - 14.7% 24.4%
1976 - - 15.5% 31.3%
1977 - - 15.5% 41.5%
1978 - - 15.7% 39%
1979 - - 16.5% 35.8%
1980 - - 17.5% 31.4%
1981 - - 20.1% 41.7%
1982 - - 24.7% 29.8%
1983 - - 21.6% 25.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 25.2%
1985 - - 21.4% 30.4%
1986 - - 25.1% 47.8%
1987 - - 26.7% 52.7%
1988 - - 23.6% 36.5%
1989 - - 19.2% 36%
1990 - - 22.9% 35.7%
1991 - - 20.1% 29.2%
1992 - - 19% 21.5%
1993 - - 18.2% 19.2%
1994 - - 18.9% 26.8%
1995 - - 18.9% 30.7%
1996 - - 20.8% 42.5%
1997 - - 20.7% 39.1%
1998 - - 19.5% 39.7%
1999 - - 20.1% 41.7%
2000 - - 19.4% 38.5%
2001 - - 19.5% 37.3%
2002 20.5% 17.6% 19.8% 39.9%
2003 21.4% 15% 21.5% 42.1%
2004 21.3% 11.4% 20.5% 38.9%
2005 22% 8.1% 21.2% 36.8%
2006 19.8% 6.68% 21.6% 35.8%
2007 23.7% 4.09% 22.5% 35.5%
2008 27.1% 6.77% 26.5% 40.6%
2009 23.5% 10.2% 26.5% 41.7%
2010 22.5% 10.7% 26.5% 40.2%
2011 21.2% 10.2% 26.6% 41.2%
2012 21.9% 12.1% 27% 40.8%
2013 19.8% 12.6% 26.7% 44.1%
2014 21.3% 14.5% 26.9% 47.1%
2015 22.9% 21.9% 26.6% 51%
2016 21.5% 19.7% 26.5% 55%
2017 24.1% 19.9% 25% 52.5%
2018 18.8% 20.3% 25% 52.2%
2019 20.2% 19.9% 25.3% 51.9%
2020 24.5% 26.4% 27.8% 58.5%
2021 22.1% 25.1% 26.7% 56.7%
2022 21.7% 23.5% 28.5% 53.8%
2023 23.4% 23% 28.6% 52.8%
2024 21% 24.8% 30.4% 58.4%
2025 20.6% 25.4% 29% 60.7%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Kazakhstan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$4.68B, equivalent to -1.62% of GDP. This compares to Mexico's deficit of -$106B, or -5.72% of GDP.

Over the past 23 years, Kazakhstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 9 of those years, while Mexico ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Kazakhstan posted an annual surplus equal to +0.83% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.93% of GDP for Mexico.

Deficit/surplus
Kazakhstan

Mexico
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Kazakhstan Mexico
1900 - 0.76%
1901 - 0.62%
1902 - 0.42%
1903 - 3.82%
1904 - 1.09%
1905 - 0.35%
1906 - 0.72%
1907 - 0.43%
1908 - -0.08%
1909 - 0.15%
1910 - 0.1%
1911 - -0.31%
1912 - -0.79%
1913 - 0.28%
1914 - 0.28%
1915 - 0.28%
1916 - 0.28%
1917 - 0.63%
1918 - -0.19%
1919 - 0.41%
1920 - 0.91%
1921 - 0.64%
1922 - 1.13%
1923 - 1.02%
1924 - 1.34%
1925 - 0.46%
1926 - -0.29%
1927 - -0.3%
1928 - 0.24%
1929 - 0.95%
1930 - 0.21%
1931 - 0.71%
1932 - 0%
1933 - -0.58%
1934 - 0.72%
1935 - 0.26%
1936 - -0.39%
1937 - -0.41%
1938 - -0.91%
1939 - -0.06%
1940 - -0.4%
1941 - -0.26%
1942 - -0.93%
1943 - 0.05%
1944 - -1.12%
1945 - -1.11%
1946 - 0.66%
1947 - -0.93%
1948 - -1.55%
1949 - 0.44%
1950 - -0.2%
1951 - -0.26%
1952 - 0.42%
1953 - -0.58%
1954 - -0.94%
1955 - 0.6%
1956 - 0.52%
1957 - -0.03%
1958 - 0.24%
1959 - -0.73%
1960 - -1.36%
1961 - -0.88%
1962 - -0.79%
1963 - -0.92%
1964 - -1.44%
1965 - -2.51%
1966 - -3.2%
1967 - -2.12%
1968 - -2.06%
1969 - -2.74%
1970 - -1.71%
1971 - -1.43%
1972 - -2.3%
1973 - -2.75%
1974 - -3.33%
1975 - -2.64%
1976 - -3.14%
1977 - -2.43%
1978 - -1.88%
1979 - -2.15%
1980 - -1.75%
1981 - -4.9%
1982 - -11.4%
1983 - -6.03%
1984 - -5.79%
1985 - -7.2%
1986 - -11.2%
1987 - -11.6%
1988 - -8.76%
1989 - -4.75%
1990 - -3.11%
1991 - 1.49%
1992 - 2.26%
1993 - -1.51%
1994 - -2.25%
1995 - -2.28%
1996 - -3.66%
1997 - -3.48%
1998 - -4.49%
1999 - -4.49%
2000 - -2.69%
2001 - -2.57%
2002 1.92% -2.18%
2003 4% -2.24%
2004 3.29% -1.35%
2005 6.08% -1.43%
2006 7.65% -1.23%
2007 5.13% -1.46%
2008 1.23% -0.68%
2009 -1.33% -3.94%
2010 1.47% -3.8%
2011 5.81% -3.2%
2012 4.43% -3.57%
2013 4.95% -3.56%
2014 2.48% -4.37%
2015 -6.26% -3.86%
2016 -4.5% -2.68%
2017 -4.27% -1.03%
2018 2.58% -2.14%
2019 -0.57% -2.27%
2020 -7.04% -4.29%
2021 -4.97% -3.75%
2022 0.11% -4.32%
2023 -1.52% -4.3%
2024 -1.62% -5.72%
2025 -3.15% -4.02%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Kazakhstan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 10%, compared with 7.12% in Mexico. In 2024, inflation was 11.4% in Kazakhstan and 4.72% in Mexico.

Inflation
Kazakhstan

Mexico
Year Inflation
Kazakhstan Mexico Kazakhstan Mexico
1996 39.2% 34.4%
1997 17.4% 20.6%
1998 7.1% 15.9%
1999 8.3% 16.6%
2000 13.2% 9.49%
2001 8.4% 6.37%
2002 6% 5.03%
2003 6.4% 4.55%
2004 7% 4.69%
2005 7.4% 3.99%
2006 8.6% 3.63%
2007 10.8% 3.97%
2008 17.2% 5.12%
2009 7.3% 5.3%
2010 7.1% 4.16%
2011 8.4% 3.41%
2012 5.1% 4.11%
2013 5.8% 3.81%
2014 6.6% 4.02%
2015 6.8% 2.72%
2016 14.6% 2.82%
2017 7.5% 6.04%
2018 6% 4.9%
2019 5.3% 3.64%
2020 6.8% 3.4%
2021 8% 5.69%
2022 15% 7.9%
2023 14.5% 5.53%
2024 8.7% 4.72%
2025 11.4% -

Top exports between countries

Kazakhstan
Export category Export value
Metals $3.4M
Raw materials & minerals $2.78M
Machinery & equipment $319K
Chemicals & pharma $107K
Miscellaneous $15K
Wood & paper products $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K
Mexico
Export category Export value
Metals $4.92M
Machinery & equipment $1.58M
Chemicals & pharma $27K

Balance of trade

Kazakhstan Mexico
Current account balance
-$4.98B
2024
-$16.7B
2024
Current account balance ranking
166/189
2024
181/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.73%
2024
-0.9%
2024
Goods imports
$61.2B
2024
$637B
2024
Goods exports
$78.8B
2024
$618B
2024
Service imports
$13B
2024
$72B
2024
Service exports
$11.8B
2024
$63B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27.5%
2023
37.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.5%
2023
36.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Kazakhstan Mexico
Economic freedom 63.8 61.3
Economic freedom ranking 74/197 88/197
Property rights 54.7 41.1
Government integrity 39.9 29.5
Judicial effectiveness 34.8 39.9
Tax burden 91.7 75.6
Government spending 85.1 76.5
Fiscal health 91.8 67.3
Business freedom 69.3 71.9
Labor freedom 63.2 57.6
Monetary freedom 61.3 69.3
Trade freedom 73.2 72.2
Investment freedom 50 75
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Kazakhstan is 63.8, ranking 74/197, compared to 61.3 for Mexico, ranking 88/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Kazakhstan
Mexico
Year Economic freedom index
Kazakhstan Mexico
1995 - 63.1
1996 - 61.2
1997 - 57.1
1998 41.7 57.9
1999 47.3 58.5
2000 50.4 59.3
2001 51.8 60.6
2002 52.4 63
2003 52.3 65.3
2004 49.7 66
2005 53.9 65.2
2006 60.2 64.7
2007 59.6 66
2008 61.1 66.2
2009 60.1 65.8
2010 61 68.3
2011 62.1 67.8
2012 63.6 65.3
2013 63 67
2014 63.7 66.8
2015 63.3 66.4
2016 63.6 65.2
2017 69 63.6
2018 69.1 64.8
2019 65.4 64.7
2020 69.6 66
2021 71.1 65.5
2022 64.4 63.7
2023 62.1 63.2
2024 62 62
2025 63.8 61.3

More economic indicators

Kazakhstan Mexico
Services, % of GDP
58.2%
2024
58.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
31.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.94%
2024
3.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$250B
2024
$1.67T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$37,870
2024
$24,920
2024
Total reserves including gold
$45.8B
2024
$232B
2024
Total reserves ranking
43/177
2024
16/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.21B
2024
-$32.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$682M
2024
$45.3B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.89B
2024
$13B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
19%
2023
3.1%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
5%
2024
29.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.8%
2023
24.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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Economy comparisons

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.