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Economy of Mexico vs Sri Lanka compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Mexico has a GDP of $1.86T compared to $99B for Sri Lanka, ranking 13/197 and 72/197 by economy size, respectively.

Mexico has $1.08T in government debt (58.3% of GDP), compared to $99.8B (100.8% of GDP) in Sri Lanka.

Mexico vs Sri Lanka GDP by year

Mexico
Sri Lanka
1x
Year GDP, current $
Mexico Sri Lanka
2024 $1,856,365,616,166 $98,963,185,510
2023 $1,798,317,581,487 $83,716,142,582
2022 $1,466,934,724,293 $74,143,020,263
2021 $1,316,569,466,686 $88,556,698,938
2020 $1,121,064,767,308 $84,335,574,582
2019 $1,304,106,203,902 $88,998,706,297
2018 $1,256,300,182,880 $94,450,015,983
2017 $1,190,721,475,906 $94,369,350,286
2016 $1,112,233,497,453 $88,000,211,172
2015 $1,213,294,467,717 $85,090,301,052
2014 $1,364,507,717,614 $82,531,125,191
2013 $1,327,436,290,283 $76,976,203,829
2012 $1,255,110,424,818 $70,447,217,164
2011 $1,229,013,703,417 $67,753,285,897
2010 $1,105,424,238,731 $58,636,049,434
2009 $943,437,415,025 $42,066,224,093
2008 $1,161,553,459,715 $40,713,826,215
2007 $1,102,355,554,972 $32,350,238,760
2006 $1,020,265,057,882 $28,267,410,543
2005 $917,571,853,529 $24,405,791,045
2004 $819,459,227,375 $20,662,525,941
2003 $765,549,967,703 $18,881,765,437
2002 $810,666,116,402 $16,536,535,647
2001 $796,064,590,549 $15,749,753,805
2000 $742,061,329,749 $16,595,882,819
1999 $631,249,359,702 $15,711,933,513
1998 $557,461,102,631 $15,760,736,956
1997 $523,449,530,464 $15,091,913,884
1996 $432,157,945,024 $13,897,738,375
1995 $380,157,469,867 $13,029,697,561
1994 $553,618,247,901 $11,717,604,209
1993 $530,160,763,663 $10,338,679,636
1992 $363,157,832,924 $9,703,011,636
1991 $313,139,656,146 $9,000,362,582
1990 $261,253,675,693 $8,032,551,173
1989 $221,403,098,267 $6,987,267,684
1988 $181,611,150,497 $6,978,371,581
1987 $147,542,558,209 $6,682,167,120
1986 $134,556,034,673 $6,405,210,564
1985 $195,241,069,482 $5,978,460,972
1984 $184,230,754,105 $6,043,474,843
1983 $156,167,000,433 $5,167,913,302
1982 $184,602,611,610 $4,768,765,017
1981 $263,797,827,860 $4,415,844,156
1980 $205,577,055,466 $4,024,621,900
1979 $134,531,900,899 $3,364,611,432
1978 $102,648,570,299 $2,733,183,857
1977 $81,912,018,784 $4,104,509,583
1976 $88,875,923,765 $3,591,319,857
1975 $88,000,000,000 $3,791,298,146
1974 $72,000,000,000 $3,574,586,466
1973 $55,280,000,000 $2,875,625,000
1972 $45,200,000,000 $2,553,936,348
1971 $39,200,000,000 $2,369,308,600
1970 $35,520,000,000 $2,296,470,588
1969 $32,480,000,000 $1,965,546,218
1968 $29,360,000,000 $1,801,344,538
1967 $26,560,000,000 $1,859,465,021
1966 $24,320,000,000 $1,751,470,588
1965 $21,840,000,000 $1,698,319,328
1964 $20,080,000,000 $1,309,747,899
1963 $16,960,000,000 $1,240,672,269
1962 $15,200,000,000 $1,434,156,379
1961 $14,160,000,000 $1,444,327,731
1960 $13,040,000,000 $1,409,873,950

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

GDP per capita in Mexico vs Sri Lanka by year

Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sri Lanka
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Mexico Sri Lanka
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $14,186 $26,185 $4,516 $15,633
2023 $13,861 $25,243 $3,799 $14,456
2022 $11,406 $23,135 $3,343 $14,194
2021 $10,314 $20,783 $3,997 $14,316
2020 $8,841 $19,354 $3,848 $12,941
2019 $10,370 $20,964 $4,082 $14,113
2018 $10,085 $20,921 $4,359 $14,178
2017 $9,649 $20,489 $4,399 $13,610
2016 $9,098 $20,105 $4,149 $13,079
2015 $10,021 $19,071 $4,058 $12,227
2014 $11,391 $18,821 $3,972 $11,721
2013 $11,217 $18,170 $3,739 $11,253
2012 $10,744 $18,005 $3,328 $10,249
2011 $10,664 $17,267 $3,225 $9,076
2010 $9,729 $15,909 $2,808 $8,234
2009 $8,424 $15,191 $2,027 $7,576
2008 $10,524 $15,681 $1,974 $7,317
2007 $10,134 $15,032 $1,579 $6,820
2006 $9,513 $14,540 $1,389 $6,261
2005 $8,672 $13,260 $1,207 $5,679
2004 $7,850 $12,658 $1,029 $5,216
2003 $7,434 $12,066 $946 $4,850
2002 $7,983 $11,762 $835 $4,522
2001 $7,953 $11,739 $804 $4,328
2000 $7,524 $11,705 $860 $4,368
1999 $6,500 $11,031 $829 $4,103
1998 $5,833 $10,756 $848 $3,952
1997 $5,567 $10,182 $827 $3,804
1996 $4,674 $9,496 $776 $3,582
1995 $4,184 $8,933 $742 $3,454
1994 $6,202 $9,466 $678 $3,260
1993 $6,048 $9,041 $607 $3,067
1992 $4,221 $9,470 $580 $2,851
1991 $3,709 $9,079 $546 $2,713
1990 $3,154 $8,578 $491 $2,527
1989 $2,725 - $430 -
1988 $2,279 - $434 -
1987 $1,888 - $420 -
1986 $1,757 - $407 -
1985 $2,602 - $385 -
1984 $2,506 - $391 -
1983 $2,170 - $336 -
1982 $2,621 - $312 -
1981 $3,829 - $292.5 -
1980 $3,055 - $271.1 -
1979 $2,049 - $230.8 -
1978 $1,604 - $191 -
1977 $1,315 - $292.1 -
1976 $1,465 - $260.3 -
1975 $1,492 - $279.8 -
1974 $1,256 - $268.7 -
1973 $993 - $220.2 -
1972 $837 - $199.4 -
1971 $748 - $188.8 -
1970 $699 - $186.9 -
1969 $660 - $163.6 -
1968 $616 - $153.5 -
1967 $576 - $162.3 -
1966 $545 - $156.6 -
1965 $506 - $155.6 -
1964 $481 - $122.9 -
1963 $420 - $119.4 -
1962 $388 - $141.4 -
1961 $374 - $145.9 -
1960 $355 - $145.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

Mexico's GDP per capita is $14,186, ranking 69/197, compared to $4,516 in Sri Lanka, ranking 124/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185, while Sri Lanka ranks 111th at $15,633.

Economic indicators

Mexico Sri Lanka
Gross domestic product
$1.86T
2024
$99B
2024
GDP rank
13/197
2024
72/197
2024
GDP growth
1.43%
2023-2024
5.01%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$14,186
2024
$4,516
2024
GDP per capita rank
69/197
2024
124/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,185
2024
$15,633
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
80/197
2024
111/197
2024
Government debt
$1.08T
2024
$99.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
58.3%
2024
100.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,272
2024
$4,554
2024
Government debt per person rank
63/185
2024
85/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,231
2026
$2,874
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$418B
2024
$19.5B
2024
Number of millionaires
399,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
22
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
34.4%
2022
30.8%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2022
3.1%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
30.3%
2024
19.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.72%
2023-2024
-0.43%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
7%
2025
7.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.62%
2024
4.67%
2023
Population
133323134
22185425

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Mexico
Spending

Debt
Sri Lanka
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Mexico Sri Lanka
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 30.3% 58.3% 19.3% 100.8%
2023 28.5% 52.6% 19.5% 110.4%
2022 28.5% 53.8% 18.6% 115.9%
2021 26.7% 56.7% 20% 102.7%
2020 27.8% 58.5% 22.1% 96.9%
2019 25.3% 51.9% 19.5% 82.6%
2018 25% 52.2% 17.5% 83.6%
2017 25% 52.5% 17.9% 72.3%
2016 26.5% 55% 18.2% 75%
2015 26.6% 51% 19.3% 76.3%
2014 26.9% 47.1% 17.2% 69.6%
2013 26.7% 44.1% 16.6% 69.5%
2012 27% 40.8% 17.3% 67.5%
2011 26.6% 41.2% 19.1% 69.4%
2010 26.5% 40.2% 19.3% 68.7%
2009 26.5% 41.7% 21% 72.8%
2008 26.5% 40.6% 19.1% 68.8%
2007 22.5% 35.5% 19.9% 71.8%
2006 21.6% 35.8% 20.5% 74.3%
2005 21.2% 36.8% 20.1% 76.6%
2004 20.5% 38.9% 19.3% 86.5%
2003 21.5% 42.1% 19.3% 86.5%
2002 19.8% 39.9% 20.8% 96.3%
2001 19.5% 37.3% 22.4% 84.4%
2000 19.4% 38.5% 21.7% 79.2%
1999 20.1% 41.7% 20.5% 77.7%
1998 19.5% 39.7% 21.4% 74.2%
1997 20.7% 39.1% 21.4% 70.1%
1996 20.8% 42.5% 23.1% 76.2%
1995 18.9% 30.7% 24.8% 77.8%
1994 18.9% 26.8% 24.1% 77.9%
1993 18.2% 19.2% 23.2% 79.2%
1992 19% 21.5% 23% 77.9%
1991 20.1% 29.2% 26.4% 80.5%
1990 22.9% 35.7% 25.4% 78.9%
1989 19.2% 36% - -
1988 23.6% 36.5% - -
1987 26.7% 52.7% - -
1986 25.1% 47.8% - -
1985 21.4% 30.4% - -
1984 19.8% 25.2% - -
1983 21.6% 25.3% - -
1982 24.7% 29.8% - -
1981 20.1% 41.7% - -
1980 17.5% 31.4% - -
1979 16.5% 35.8% - -
1978 15.7% 39% - -
1977 15.5% 41.5% - -
1976 15.5% 31.3% - -
1975 14.7% 24.4% - -
1974 13.8% 21.7% - -
1973 12.7% 20% - -
1972 11.9% 17.9% - -
1971 10.6% 17% - -
1970 10.9% 17.1% - -
1969 11.8% 10.7% - -
1968 10.9% 7.85% - -
1967 10.4% 8.22% - -
1966 11.6% 5.14% - -
1965 10.7% 9.99% - -
1964 9.21% 6.22% - -
1963 8.51% 4.13% - -
1962 8.26% 4.2% - -
1961 8.01% 4.38% - -
1960 9.5% 4.58% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

In 2024, Mexico's government spending was $563B, accounting for 30.3% of its GDP, while Sri Lanka spent $19.1B, or 19.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 58.3% in Mexico and 100.8% in Sri Lanka, ranking 84/185 and 23/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Mexico

Sri Lanka
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Mexico Sri Lanka
2024 -5.73% -5.64%
2023 -4.29% -8.32%
2022 -4.32% -10.2%
2021 -3.75% -11.7%
2020 -4.29% -13.4%
2019 -2.27% -7.52%
2018 -2.14% -4.96%
2017 -1.03% -5.1%
2016 -2.68% -5%
2015 -3.86% -6.64%
2014 -4.37% -5.99%
2013 -3.56% -5%
2012 -3.57% -5.44%
2011 -3.2% -6.01%
2010 -3.8% -6.73%
2009 -3.94% -8.33%
2008 -0.68% -5.93%
2007 -1.46% -5.81%
2006 -1.23% -5.91%
2005 -1.43% -5.93%
2004 -1.35% -6.32%
2003 -2.24% -6.15%
2002 -2.18% -6.9%
2001 -2.57% -8.48%
2000 -2.69% -7.78%
1999 -4.49% -5.58%
1998 -4.49% -6.79%
1997 -3.48% -5.71%
1996 -3.66% -6.89%
1995 -2.28% -7.11%
1994 -2.25% -7.41%
1993 -1.51% -5.77%
1992 2.26% -4.95%
1991 1.49% -7.97%
1990 -3.11% -6.39%
1989 -4.75% -
1988 -8.76% -
1987 -11.6% -
1986 -11.2% -
1985 -7.2% -
1984 -5.79% -
1983 -6.03% -
1982 -11.4% -
1981 -4.9% -
1980 -1.75% -
1979 -2.15% -
1978 -1.88% -
1977 -2.43% -
1976 -3.14% -
1975 -2.64% -
1974 -3.33% -
1973 -2.75% -
1972 -2.3% -
1971 -1.43% -
1970 -1.71% -
1969 -2.74% -
1968 -2.06% -
1967 -2.12% -
1966 -3.2% -
1965 -2.51% -
1964 -1.44% -
1963 -0.92% -
1962 -0.79% -
1961 -0.88% -
1960 -1.36% -
1959 -0.73% -
1958 0.24% -
1957 -0.03% -
1956 0.52% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 -0.94% -
1953 -0.58% -
1952 0.42% -
1951 -0.26% -
1950 -0.2% -
1949 0.44% -
1948 -1.55% -
1947 -0.93% -
1946 0.66% -
1945 -1.11% -
1944 -1.12% -
1943 0.05% -
1942 -0.93% -
1941 -0.26% -
1940 -0.4% -
1939 -0.06% -
1938 -0.91% -
1937 -0.41% -
1936 -0.39% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.72% -
1933 -0.58% -
1932 0% -
1931 0.71% -
1930 0.21% -
1929 0.95% -
1928 0.24% -
1927 -0.3% -
1926 -0.29% -
1925 0.46% -
1924 1.34% -
1923 1.02% -
1922 1.13% -
1921 0.64% -
1920 0.91% -
1919 0.41% -
1918 -0.19% -
1917 0.63% -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.28% -
1912 -0.79% -
1911 -0.31% -
1910 0.1% -
1909 0.15% -
1908 -0.08% -
1907 0.43% -
1906 0.72% -
1905 0.35% -
1904 1.09% -
1903 3.82% -
1902 0.42% -
1901 0.62% -
1900 0.76% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

In 2024, Mexico's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $106B, equivalent to 5.73% of GDP. This compares to Sri Lanka's deficit of $5.58B, or 5.64% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Mexico recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Sri Lanka ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Mexico posted an annual deficit equal to 2.69% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.85% of GDP for Sri Lanka.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Mexico

Sri Lanka
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Mexico Sri Lanka
2024 4.72% -0.43%
2023 5.53% 16.5%
2022 7.9% 49.7%
2021 5.69% 7.01%
2020 3.4% 6.15%
2019 3.64% 3.53%
2018 4.9% 2.14%
2017 6.04% 7.7%
2016 2.82% 3.96%
2015 2.72% 3.77%
2014 4.02% 3.18%
2013 3.81% 6.91%
2012 4.11% 7.54%
2011 3.41% 6.72%
2010 4.16% 6.22%
2009 5.3% 3.46%
2008 5.12% 22.6%
2007 3.97% 15.8%
2006 3.63% 10%
2005 3.99% 11.6%
2004 4.69% 7.58%
2003 4.55% 6.31%
2002 5.03% 9.55%
2001 6.37% 14.2%
2000 9.49% 6.18%
1999 16.6% 4.69%
1998 15.9% 9.36%
1997 20.6% 9.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Mexico has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.15%, compared with 9.34% in Sri Lanka. In 2024, inflation was 4.72% in Mexico and -0.43% in Sri Lanka.

Top exports between countries

Mexico
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $642K
Textiles & consumer goods $263K
Metals $251K
Chemicals & pharma $117K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $32K
Sri Lanka
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $85.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $68.7M
Machinery & equipment $14.4M
Raw materials & minerals $11.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $854K
Chemicals & pharma $680K
Animal & marine products $341K
Wood & paper products $241K
Miscellaneous $138K
Precious metals & jewellery $5K

Balance of trade

Mexico Sri Lanka
Current account balance
-$16.7B
2024
$1.21B
2024
Current account balance ranking
181/190
2024
53/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.9%
2024
+1.22%
2024
Goods imports
$637B
2024
$18.8B
2024
Goods exports
$618B
2024
$12.8B
2024
Service imports
$72B
2024
$3.48B
2024
Service exports
$63B
2024
$6.91B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.9%
2024
22.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
36.7%
2024
19.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Mexico Sri Lanka
Economic freedom 59.8 50.3
Economic freedom ranking 102/197 162/197
Property rights 37.6 47.3
Government integrity 28.8 37.3
Judicial effectiveness 40.4 47.2
Tax burden 75.4 77
Government spending 74.6 89
Fiscal health 56.7 0
Business freedom 67 60.1
Labor freedom 57.3 54.3
Monetary freedom 70.6 65.9
Trade freedom 74.2 65.6
Investment freedom 75 30
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Mexico
Sri Lanka
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Mexico Sri Lanka
2026 59.8 50.3
2025 61.3 49.4
2024 62 49.2
2023 63.2 52.2
2022 63.7 53.3
2021 65.5 55.7
2020 66 57.4
2019 64.7 56.4
2018 64.8 57.8
2017 63.6 57.4
2016 65.2 59.9
2015 66.4 58.6
2014 66.8 60
2013 67 60.7
2012 65.3 58.3
2011 67.8 57.1
2010 68.3 54.6
2009 65.8 56
2008 66.2 58.4
2007 66 59.4
2006 64.7 58.7
2005 65.2 61
2004 66 61.6
2003 65.3 62.5
2002 63 64
2001 60.6 66
2000 59.3 63.2
1999 58.5 64
1998 57.9 64.6
1997 57.1 65.5
1996 61.2 62.5
1995 63.1 60.6

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Mexico is 59.8, ranking 102/197, compared to 50.3 for Sri Lanka, ranking 162/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Mexico Sri Lanka
Services, % of GDP
58.1%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.8%
2024
25.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.72%
2024
8.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.68T
2024
$84.6B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$25,460
2024
$15,240
2024
Total reserves including gold
$232B
2024
$6.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
16/177
2024
92/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$32.3B
2024
-$651M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$45.5B
2024
$761M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13B
2024
$110M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.71%
2024
4.98%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
29.6%
2024
14.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/sri-lanka | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.