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Economy of Mexico vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Mexico has a GDP of $1.83T compared to $604B for Singapore, ranking 14/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Mexico has $1.13T in government debt (61.8% of GDP), compared to $1.03T (171.3% of GDP) in Singapore.

Mexico vs Singapore GDP by year

Mexico
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Mexico Singapore
2025 $1,832,641,364,776 $603,869,516,999
2024 $1,830,489,311,089 $572,877,260,178
2023 $1,794,410,347,718 $511,181,761,244
2022 $1,466,934,724,243 $514,252,535,239
2021 $1,316,569,466,834 $441,110,903,525
2020 $1,121,064,767,169 $351,226,533,656
2019 $1,304,106,204,006 $376,827,390,962
2018 $1,256,300,182,984 $377,976,367,877
2017 $1,190,721,475,853 $344,795,119,214
2016 $1,112,233,497,453 $320,759,207,439
2015 $1,213,294,467,654 $307,998,545,269
2014 $1,364,507,717,689 $314,863,580,758
2013 $1,327,436,290,439 $307,576,360,585
2012 $1,255,110,424,742 $295,092,888,077
2011 $1,229,013,703,417 $279,356,499,090
2010 $1,105,424,238,652 $239,807,980,591
2009 $943,437,414,951 $194,150,283,772
2008 $1,161,553,459,985 $193,617,323,539
2007 $1,102,355,554,880 $180,941,701,358
2006 $1,020,265,057,882 $148,627,286,361
2005 $917,571,853,437 $127,807,848,728
2004 $819,459,227,375 $115,033,593,101
2003 $765,549,967,889 $97,646,401,096
2002 $810,666,116,402 $92,538,372,870
2001 $796,064,590,549 $89,793,790,670
2000 $742,061,329,749 $96,076,539,926
1999 $631,249,359,702 $86,286,849,755
1998 $557,461,102,631 $85,728,207,782
1997 $523,449,530,464 $100,123,787,215
1996 $432,157,945,024 $96,293,086,513
1995 $380,157,469,867 $87,812,540,788
1994 $553,618,247,901 $73,688,724,431
1993 $530,160,763,663 $60,603,815,716
1992 $363,157,832,924 $52,131,320,033
1991 $313,139,656,146 $45,466,164,978
1990 $261,253,675,693 $36,144,336,769
1989 $221,403,098,267 $30,465,364,739
1988 $181,611,150,497 $25,371,462,488
1987 $147,542,558,209 $20,919,215,578
1986 $134,556,034,673 $18,586,746,057
1985 $195,241,069,482 $19,156,532,746
1984 $184,230,754,105 $19,749,361,098
1983 $156,167,000,433 $17,784,112,150
1982 $184,602,611,610 $16,084,252,378
1981 $263,797,827,860 $14,175,228,844
1980 $205,577,055,466 $11,896,256,783
1979 $134,531,900,899 $9,296,921,724
1978 $102,648,570,299 $7,517,176,355
1977 $81,912,018,784 $6,618,585,074
1976 $88,875,923,765 $6,327,077,974
1975 $88,000,000,000 $5,633,673,930
1974 $72,000,000,000 $5,221,534,956
1973 $55,280,000,000 $3,696,213,333
1972 $45,200,000,000 $2,721,440,981
1971 $39,200,000,000 $2,263,785,444
1970 $35,520,000,000 $1,920,574,150
1969 $32,480,000,000 $1,659,893,768
1968 $29,360,000,000 $1,425,706,091
1967 $26,560,000,000 $1,238,035,816
1966 $24,320,000,000 $1,096,425,608
1965 $21,840,000,000 $974,644,096
1964 $20,080,000,000 $894,153,311
1963 $16,960,000,000 $917,608,012
1962 $15,200,000,000 $826,239,212
1961 $14,160,000,000 $764,629,788
1960 $13,040,000,000 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Mexico vs Singapore by year

Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Mexico Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $13,889 - $98,814 -
2024 $13,988 $26,185 $94,897 $150,689
2023 $13,831 $25,243 $86,383 $143,786
2022 $11,406 $23,135 $91,228 $143,095
2021 $10,314 $20,783 $80,885 $132,617
2020 $8,841 $19,354 $61,773 $101,518
2019 $10,370 $20,964 $66,069 $105,335
2018 $10,085 $20,921 $67,033 $103,963
2017 $9,649 $20,489 $61,436 $95,744
2016 $9,098 $20,105 $57,204 $89,902
2015 $10,021 $19,071 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $11,391 $18,821 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $11,217 $18,170 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $10,744 $18,005 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $10,664 $17,267 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $9,729 $15,909 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $8,424 $15,191 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $10,524 $15,681 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $10,134 $15,032 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $9,513 $14,540 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $8,672 $13,260 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $7,850 $12,658 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $7,434 $12,066 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $7,983 $11,762 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $7,953 $11,739 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $7,524 $11,705 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $6,500 $11,031 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $5,833 $10,756 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $5,567 $10,182 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $4,674 $9,496 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $4,184 $8,933 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $6,202 $9,466 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $6,048 $9,041 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $4,221 $9,470 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $3,709 $9,079 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $3,154 $8,578 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $2,725 - $10,395 -
1988 $2,279 - $8,914 -
1987 $1,888 - $7,539 -
1986 $1,757 - $6,800 -
1985 $2,602 - $7,002 -
1984 $2,506 - $7,228 -
1983 $2,170 - $6,633 -
1982 $2,621 - $6,078 -
1981 $3,829 - $5,597 -
1980 $3,055 - $4,928 -
1979 $2,049 - $3,901 -
1978 $1,604 - $3,194 -
1977 $1,315 - $2,846 -
1976 $1,465 - $2,759 -
1975 $1,492 - $2,490 -
1974 $1,256 - $2,342 -
1973 $993 - $1,685 -
1972 $837 - $1,264 -
1971 $748 - $1,071 -
1970 $699 - $926 -
1969 $660 - $813 -
1968 $616 - $709 -
1967 $576 - $626 -
1966 $545 - $567 -
1965 $506 - $517 -
1964 $481 - $486 -
1963 $420 - $511 -
1962 $388 - $472 -
1961 $374 - $449 -
1960 $355 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

Mexico's GDP per capita is $13,889, ranking 76/197, compared to $98,814 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Mexico Singapore
Gross domestic product
$1.83T
2025
$604B
2025
GDP rank
14/197
2025
28/197
2025
GDP growth
0.56%
2024-2025
5.03%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$13,889
2025
$98,814
2025
GDP per capita rank
76/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$26,185
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
80/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$1.13T
2025
$1.03T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
61.8%
2025
171.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$8,577
2025
$169,228
2025
Government debt per person rank
66/185
2025
1/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,482
2026
$51,296
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$560B
2025
$824B
2025
Number of millionaires
333,000
2026
244,000
2026
Number of billionaires
22
2026
55
2026
Income share by richest 10%
33.4%
2024
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2024
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.8%
2025
15.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.81%
2024-2025
0.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2025
3.26%
2025
Population
133551566
6167445

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Mexico
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Mexico Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.8% 61.8% 15.5% 171.3%
2024 30.8% 59.1% 14.3% 166%
2023 28.6% 52.8% 14.6% 170.4%
2022 28.5% 53.8% 14.9% 153.3%
2021 26.7% 56.7% 15.4% 139.9%
2020 27.8% 58.5% 24% 147.1%
2019 25.3% 51.9% 14% 127.7%
2018 25% 52.2% 13.9% 109.2%
2017 25% 52.5% 13.6% 107.3%
2016 26.5% 55% 15.2% 105.9%
2015 26.6% 51% 14.4% 102.1%
2014 26.9% 47.1% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 26.7% 44.1% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 27% 40.8% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 26.6% 41.2% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 26.5% 40.2% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 26.5% 41.7% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 26.5% 40.6% 14% 97.9%
2007 22.5% 35.5% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 21.6% 35.8% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 21.2% 36.8% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 20.5% 38.9% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 21.5% 42.1% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 19.8% 39.9% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 19.5% 37.3% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 19.4% 38.5% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 20.1% 41.7% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 19.5% 39.7% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 20.7% 39.1% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 20.8% 42.5% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 18.9% 30.7% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 18.9% 26.8% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 18.2% 19.2% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 19% 21.5% 14.5% 79%
1991 20.1% 29.2% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 22.9% 35.7% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 19.2% 36% - -
1988 23.6% 36.5% - -
1987 26.7% 52.7% - -
1986 25.1% 47.8% - -
1985 21.4% 30.4% - -
1984 19.8% 25.2% - -
1983 21.6% 25.3% - -
1982 24.7% 29.8% - -
1981 20.1% 41.7% - -
1980 17.5% 31.4% - -
1979 16.5% 35.8% - -
1978 15.7% 39% - -
1977 15.5% 41.5% - -
1976 15.5% 31.3% - -
1975 14.7% 24.4% - -
1974 13.8% 21.7% - -
1973 12.7% 20% - -
1972 11.9% 17.9% - -
1971 10.6% 17% - -
1970 10.9% 17.1% - -
1969 11.8% 10.7% - -
1968 10.9% 7.85% - -
1967 10.4% 8.22% - -
1966 11.6% 5.14% - -
1965 10.7% 9.99% - -
1964 9.21% 6.22% - -
1963 8.51% 4.13% - -
1962 8.26% 4.2% - -
1961 8.01% 4.38% - -
1960 9.5% 4.58% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Mexico's government spending was $547B, accounting for 29.8% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $93.3B, or 15.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 61.8% in Mexico and 171.3% in Singapore, ranking 73/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Mexico

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Mexico Singapore
2025 -4.86% 4.16%
2024 -5.78% 3.79%
2023 -4.3% 3.42%
2022 -4.32% 1.2%
2021 -3.75% 1.11%
2020 -4.29% -6.68%
2019 -2.27% 3.76%
2018 -2.14% 3.67%
2017 -1.03% 5.23%
2016 -2.68% 3.24%
2015 -3.86% 2.86%
2014 -4.37% 4.6%
2013 -3.56% 5.96%
2012 -3.57% 7.34%
2011 -3.2% 7.96%
2010 -3.8% 5.68%
2009 -3.94% -0.09%
2008 -0.68% 3.59%
2007 -1.46% 7.12%
2006 -1.23% 2.16%
2005 -1.43% 2.56%
2004 -1.35% 2.06%
2003 -2.24% 0.68%
2002 -2.18% 2.23%
2001 -2.57% 1.2%
2000 -2.69% 4.59%
1999 -4.49% 5.2%
1998 -4.49% 2.41%
1997 -3.48% 5.66%
1996 -3.66% 1.98%
1995 -2.28% 4.8%
1994 -2.25% 7.9%
1993 -1.51% 4.36%
1992 2.26% 2.7%
1991 1.49% 0.68%
1990 -3.11% 1.97%
1989 -4.75% -
1988 -8.76% -
1987 -11.6% -
1986 -11.2% -
1985 -7.2% -
1984 -5.79% -
1983 -6.03% -
1982 -11.4% -
1981 -4.9% -
1980 -1.75% -
1979 -2.15% -
1978 -1.88% -
1977 -2.43% -
1976 -3.14% -
1975 -2.64% -
1974 -3.33% -
1973 -2.75% -
1972 -2.3% -
1971 -1.43% -
1970 -1.71% -
1969 -2.74% -
1968 -2.06% -
1967 -2.12% -
1966 -3.2% -
1965 -2.51% -
1964 -1.44% -
1963 -0.92% -
1962 -0.79% -
1961 -0.88% -
1960 -1.36% -
1959 -0.73% -
1958 0.24% -
1957 -0.03% -
1956 0.52% -
1955 0.6% -
1954 -0.94% -
1953 -0.58% -
1952 0.42% -
1951 -0.26% -
1950 -0.2% -
1949 0.44% -
1948 -1.55% -
1947 -0.93% -
1946 0.66% -
1945 -1.11% -
1944 -1.12% -
1943 0.05% -
1942 -0.93% -
1941 -0.26% -
1940 -0.4% -
1939 -0.06% -
1938 -0.91% -
1937 -0.41% -
1936 -0.39% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.72% -
1933 -0.58% -
1932 0% -
1931 0.71% -
1930 0.21% -
1929 0.95% -
1928 0.24% -
1927 -0.3% -
1926 -0.29% -
1925 0.46% -
1924 1.34% -
1923 1.02% -
1922 1.13% -
1921 0.64% -
1920 0.91% -
1919 0.41% -
1918 -0.19% -
1917 0.63% -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.28% -
1912 -0.79% -
1911 -0.31% -
1910 0.1% -
1909 0.15% -
1908 -0.08% -
1907 0.43% -
1906 0.72% -
1905 0.35% -
1904 1.09% -
1903 3.82% -
1902 0.42% -
1901 0.62% -
1900 0.76% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Mexico's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $89B, equivalent to 4.86% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $25.1B, or 4.16% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Mexico recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Mexico posted an annual deficit equal to 2.75% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Mexico

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Mexico Singapore
2025 3.81% 0.9%
2024 4.72% 2.39%
2023 5.53% 4.83%
2022 7.9% 6.13%
2021 5.69% 2.32%
2020 3.4% -0.17%
2019 3.64% 0.57%
2018 4.9% 0.44%
2017 6.04% 0.58%
2016 2.82% -0.53%
2015 2.72% -0.52%
2014 4.02% 1.03%
2013 3.81% 2.36%
2012 4.11% 4.58%
2011 3.41% 5.25%
2010 4.16% 2.83%
2009 5.3% 0.59%
2008 5.12% 6.64%
2007 3.97% 2.11%
2006 3.63% 0.97%
2005 3.99% 0.43%
2004 4.69% 1.66%
2003 4.55% 0.51%
2002 5.03% -0.39%
2001 6.37% 1%
2000 9.49% 1.36%
1999 16.6% 0.02%
1998 15.9% -0.27%
1997 20.6% 2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Mexico has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.07%, compared with 1.71% in Singapore. In 2025, inflation was 3.81% in Mexico and 0.9% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Mexico
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.12B
Miscellaneous $60.9M
Chemicals & pharma $47.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $30.3M
Raw materials & minerals $25.9M
Metals $25.4M
Raw agricultural goods $3.7M
Wood & paper products $2.28M
Animal & marine products $1.78M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.37M
Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $6.87B
Raw materials & minerals $472M
Chemicals & pharma $88.9M
Miscellaneous $50.4M
Metals $28.7M
Wood & paper products $19.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $14M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.6M
Precious metals & jewellery $7.62M
Animal & marine products $4.1M

Balance of trade

Mexico Singapore
Current account balance
-$8.2B
2025
$101B
2025
Current account balance ranking
171/190
2025
8/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.45%
2025
+16.7%
2025
Goods imports
$665B
2025
$475B
2025
Goods exports
$666B
2025
$652B
2025
Service imports
$75.4B
2025
$385B
2025
Service exports
$64B
2025
$422B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.3%
2025
142.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.6%
2025
177.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Mexico Singapore
Economic freedom 59.8 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 102/197 1/197
Property rights 37.6 89.2
Government integrity 28.8 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 40.4 58.3
Tax burden 75.4 89.5
Government spending 74.6 93.4
Fiscal health 56.7 80
Business freedom 67 90.6
Labor freedom 57.3 77
Monetary freedom 70.6 83.5
Trade freedom 74.2 95
Investment freedom 75 90
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Mexico
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Mexico Singapore
2026 59.8 84.4
2025 61.3 84.1
2024 62 83.5
2023 63.2 83.9
2022 63.7 84.4
2021 65.5 89.7
2020 66 89.4
2019 64.7 89.4
2018 64.8 88.8
2017 63.6 88.6
2016 65.2 87.8
2015 66.4 89.4
2014 66.8 89.4
2013 67 88
2012 65.3 87.5
2011 67.8 87.2
2010 68.3 86.1
2009 65.8 87.1
2008 66.2 87.3
2007 66 87.1
2006 64.7 88
2005 65.2 88.6
2004 66 88.9
2003 65.3 88.2
2002 63 87.4
2001 60.6 87.8
2000 59.3 87.7
1999 58.5 86.9
1998 57.9 87
1997 57.1 87.3
1996 61.2 86.5
1995 63.1 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Mexico is 59.8, ranking 102/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Mexico Singapore
Services, % of GDP
58.9%
2025
71.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
30.6%
2025
22.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.88%
2025
0.02%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.81T
2025
$500B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$25,070
2025
$135,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$256B
2025
$432B
2025
Total reserves ranking
17/177
2025
11/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$31.8B
2025
-$64.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$45.5B
2024
$135B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.77%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
29.6%
2024
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.6%
2025
22.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/mexico/singapore | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.